




A»U ,<^1 



^-^^ijik*''^''^^ 












U-^ 






^^^r^^ 







Book OJ4 













*Mi^^>'W ^i^t^ ■±:W'^W ^ 



^^ ^ *^ vr^- 1:^^ Vii/ '^ ' ^ VV >^^ V|^ '^^^" ^'v 







^]!^^%i. 

















• ^'-^■'1 '-" '^ >• m^ 3*% >^'> ^1^ 

IS 







*^^^ 

















f^^-sf^^^ 


























i^ 




=ik¥''M\!%f''- 



HISTORY 



Fifty-second Regiment 

Massachusetts Volunteers 



BY THE CHAPLAIN 



J. F. MOORS 



( A."-,. 10 1893 

BOSTON 

Press of George H. Ellis, 141 Franklin Street 

1893 



CoV.'^ 



_-.l^ 






COPYRIGHT 

BY J. F. MOORS 

lS93 



r 



TO THE MEMBERS OF THE 52D REGIMENT. 



;^' /^^ RATEFUL for many acts of kindness extended to me, it 

I gives me great pleasure to put on record some of thie 

incidents of our brief but eventful campaign in Louisiana. 
1 hope you will receive this in the spirit of charity and good 
will which has marked all your intercourse with the chaplain. 

J. F. M. 



6 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

{e) That Chaplain Moors be requested to arrange the 
material and prepare the book for publication. 

(/) A sub-committee was appointed of one from each 
company to secure the facts for the personal sketches, 
which they have done according to the best of their ability, 
though in many cases they have been unable to secure the 
returns. 

J. B. Whitmore. 



CONTENTS. 



I. Organization and Camp Miller 9 

II. The "Illinois," 16 

III. Baton Rouge, 29 

IV. Baton Rouge, with an Account of the Plaque- 

mine Expedition, 43 

V. Baton Rouge, 61 

VI. The March to Port Hudson, 68 

VII. March back from Port Hudson, 81 

VIII. The Cotton Raid, 91 

IX. Baton Rouge to Brashear City, 98 

X. Up the Teche.— Brashear City to Indian Ridge 

or Irish Bend, iii 

XI. Up the Teche. — Indian Ridge to Opelousas, . . 121 

XII. Opelousas to Barre's Landing, 129 

XIII. Down the Teche, 140 

XIV. Letters from New Orleans, 147 

XV. New Iberia, 153 

XVI. Port Hudson and Clinton, 159 

XVII. Before Port Hudson, and the Assault on the 

14TH OF June, 164 

XVIII. Port Hudson, 177 

XIX. The Surrender of Port Hudson, 186 

XX. Col. Greenleaf's Account of a Foraging Expedi- 
tion TO Jackson Cross-roads, 193 

XXI. Within Port Hudson and the Journey Home, . . 201 
Roster of the Regiment. 
Notes. 



HISTORY OF THE ^2D REGIMENT MASSA- 
CHUSETTS VOLUNTEERS. 



ORGANIZATION AND CAMP MILLER. 
[Greenfield to New York, Sept. 13 to Dec. 20, 1862.] 

September, 1862. — The war was dragging slowly, wearisomely 
on, and a half-year had passed since the stars and stripes had 
been assailed by rebellious foes in the harbor of Charleston, S.C., 
a year and two months since the disastrous defeat of (he Union 
Army at Bull Run. The first impulse of enthusiasm resulting 
from the firing upon Fort Sumter in April, 186 1, had carried us 
hopefully through the first campaign, which ended in disaster and 
shame in June, 1861. Then came the real hour of trial. This 
country never saw so dark a week as that which followed that dis- 
grace. " Are our men cowards when danger is to be faced ? " was 
asked. "Will the North give up in despair, and yield principle and 
honor ? " " No," was the emphatic reply. " We know we are right, 
and we will prevail." Armies melted away like dew before the sun, 
but new ones sprung up to take their places. Fifty thousand failed 
in June, 1861. Two hundred thousand are in camp in December 
of that year. Disaster followed next year on the peninsula ; but the 
strength and courage of the loyal North had not been exhausted, 
and in the public mind the determination was stronger than ever 
to put down the rebellion and maintain, at all hazards, the unity 
of the nation. 

On the fourth day of August, 1862, an order was issued from 
the War Department for a draft of three hundred thousand 
troops, t-o serve nine months ; but the people and the State offi- 
cials were opposed to a draft, and it was not resorted to, and the 
call was for three hundred thousand volunteers. The quota de- 
manded of Massachusetts under this call was nineteen thousand 
and ninety men. The great number of men already in the ser- 
vice made it more difficult to secure the additional nineteen thou- 



lO HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

sand and ninety. The demand for so large a force made this one 
of the hardest and most anxious years of the war, alike to the 
State and national government. But the work of recruiting was 
entered upon with great alacrity and enthusiasm. It was ordered 
that Hampshire and Franklin Counties should raise a regiment, 
to be designated the Fifty-second. It is the story of this regi- 
ment I am to try to tell in these pages. Enthusiastic war meet- 
ings were held in every town and village of these two counties. 
Every device was used to stir to greater heat the already awakened 
flame of loyalty and patriotism. We shared the universal spirit of 
the loyal North. The nation was fully aroused. Defeat at first 
had been needed to accomplish this result. No one thought of 
giving up, but joined in the exultant shout, "We are coming, 
Father Abraham, three hundred thousand more." 

I hope I may be able to give the outlines, at least, of a picture 
of army life; for, though our experience was not a long one, it 
was varied. We saw almost every variety of soldier's life. We 
had an experience of the crowded transport, of monotonous camjD 
life, of the exhausting march, of the terrible battle, of dishearten- 
ing defeat, and of exulting victory. We knew what it was to have 
our blood thrill at the sound of inspiring music : we knew what it 
was to have the blood chill at sights of mortal agony. We saw a 
portion of army life in all its aspects, except as prisoners of war. 
We lost but two men as prisoners, and one of them reached home 
before the rest of us : the other was never heard of after he was 
captured. 

The most earnest and soul-stirring appeals were made to the 
young men to heed this call of their country in this hour of peril. 
The appeal was to their pride, their love of adventure, their heroic 
desire to do something in the great cause to which so many thou- 
sands of their countrymen had given their lives. The most gener- 
ous promises were made to the young men on condition of their 
enlisting. They should have all the places of profit and honor 
their fellow-citizens could furnish if they returned in safety. If 
the fortunes of war were fatal, the public would watch over those 
dependent on them, and see to it that they had every comfort a 
grateful people could bestow. And every new recruit left the 
war meeting loaded with bouquets of choice flowers, bestowed by 
those he looked upon as the fairest and bravest of his acquaint- 
ance. With this overflow of patriotic zeal, the ranks were 
speedily filled, and on the thirteenth day of September the regi- 



ORGANIZATION AND CAMP MILLER H 

ment was gathered together at Greenfield, with James L. Hartwell 
as Post Commander, and a camp organized as Camp Miller, 
named in honor of Major Ozro Miller, of the loth Regiment, who 
had been killed at the battle of Fair Oaks, a personal friend of 
Col. Greenleaf. 

None of the companies had received their full quota when they 
entered on camp life, but recruits came in ; and, when the regiment 
was mustered and took the oath of allegiance, the ranks were 
nearly full. 

Capt. H. S. Greenleaf, of Shelburne Falls, Co. E, was chosen 
colonel, and Lieut. Richmond was promoted to the vacant place. 
Capt. J. J. Storrs, of Amherst, Co. G, was chosen lieutenant 
colonel, Henry Winn, of Shelburne Falls, was elected major. 
J, M. Decker, formerly lieutenant colonel of the loth Massachu- 
setts Regiment, became adjutant ; E. C. Clark, of Northampton, 
quartermaster; Dr. F. A. Sawyer, of Greenfield, surgeon; Dr. 
J. H. Richardson, of Chesterfield, assistant surgeon ; Rev. J. F. 
Moors, of Greenfield, chaplain ; Dr. Henry M. Sabine, of Lenox, 
was added to the medical staff April 20, 1863 ; Henry M. Whit- 
ney, of Northampton, sergeant major; Edward A. Whitney, of 
Northampton, quartermasfer sergeant ; William W. Ward, of 
Worthington, commissary-sergeant ; George D. Clark, of North- 
ampton, hospital steward. 

The ten companies were officered as follows : — 

Co. A. — Alanson B. Long, Greenfield, captain; Eben S. Hurl- 
burt, Bernardston, ist lieutenant; Franklin C. Severence, Green- 
field, 2d lieutenant ; W. Scott Keith, Greenfield, orderly sergeant. 

This company mustered 95 men. Of this number Greenfield 
furnished 62 ; Bernardston, 19 ; Gill, 5 ; Shelburne, 3 ; Leyden and 
Northfield, 2 each ; Hawley and New Salem, i each. Total, 95. 

7 died in service. 3 were discharged for disability. 

Co. B. — Alvah P. Nelson, Colrain, captain ; Leonard B. Rice, 
Charlemont, ist lieutenant; John W. Buddington, Leyden, 2d 
lieutenant ; Arthur A. Smith, Colrain, orderly sergeant. 

This company mustered 94 men. Of these Colrain furnished 
41 ; Charlemont, 20 ; Heath, 9 ; Leyden, S ; Rowe, 7 ; Monroe, 5 ; 
Halifax, Vt., 3 ; Adams, i. Total, 94. 

Died in service, 14. Discharged, i. 

Co. C. — Mark H. Spaulding, Northampton, captain; Edwin C. 
Clark, Northampton, ist lieutenant, commissioned quartermaster; 
John R. Hillman, Northampton, ist lieutenant; Luther A. Clark, 



12 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

Northampton, 2d lieutenant; Henry H. Strong, Northampton, 
orderly sergeant. 

Mustered 95 men. Of these Northampton furnished 79 ; East- 
hampton, 3 ; Cummington, 3 ; Williamsburg, 2 ; Ware, South Deer- 
field, Worthington, Northfield, Orange, Conn., Goshen, Westfield, 
and Springfield, i each. Total, 95. 
Died in service, 10. Deserted, 2. 

Co. D. — Fred M. Patrick, Conway, captain (resigned Oct. 29, 
1862); Horace Hosford, Conway, captain; Samuel F. Edwards, 
Deerfield, ist lieutenant; Oliver P. Egerton, Conway, 2d lieuten- 
ant ; Edward J. Hosmer, Deerfield, orderly sergeant. 

The company mustered 96 men. Of these Deerfield furnished 
39; Conway, 32 ; Whately, 17; Buckland, Lynnfield, South Had- 
ley, New Salem, Hawley, Colrain, Prescott, Leverett, i each. 
Total, 96. 

Died in service, 16. 

Co. E. — Halbert S. Greenleaf, Shelburne, captain (promoted 
colonel) ; Josiah A. Richmond, Shelburne, captain ; Ansel K. Brad- 
ford, Plainfield, I St lieutenant; Samuel H. Blackwell, Waterville, 
Me., 2d lieutenant; Samuel A. Little, Buckland, orderly ser- 
geant. 

Mustered 91 men. Of these Shelburne furnished 27 ; Buckland, 
26; Hawley, 17; Ashfield, 10; Charlemont, 2 ; Plainfield, Water- 
ville, Me., Cheshire, Colrain, Northampton, Chesterfield, i each ; 
Heath, 3. Total, 91. 

Died in service, 10. Discharged, 3. 

Co. F. — Lucian H. Stone, Montague, captain ; Alphonso Ballou, 
Orange, ist lieutenant; Marshall S. Stearns, Northfield, 2d 
lieutenant ; Samuel H. Crandall, Shutesbury, orderly sergeant. 

Mustered its full quota of 100 men. Of these Orange furnished 
29 ; Montague, 28 ; Northfield, 22 ; Leverett, 9 ; Shutesbury, 7 ; 
Erving, 4; Wendell, i. Total, 100. 
Died in service, 13. Discharged, 2. 

Co. G. — Samuel S. Storrs, Amherst, captain (promoted lieu- 
tenant colonel) ; George L. Bliss, Northampton, captain ; Justin P. 
Kellogg, Amherst, ist lieutenant; Asa A. Spear, Amherst, 2d 
lieutenant ; James W. Stebbins, Sunderland, orderly sergeant ; 
Edgar J. Pomeroy, Sunderland, orderly sergeant at last. 

Mustered 86 men. Of these Amherst furnished 42 ; Sunder- 
land, 24; Pelham, 11; Leverett, 2; Montague, 2; Shutesbury, 
Wendell, Conway, Northampton, Bernardston, i each. Total, 86. 
Died in service, 8. Discharged, 4. 



ORGANIZATION AND CAMP MILLER 



13 



Co, H. — VVilliam Perkins, Hadley, captain; S. Alonzo Will- 
iams, South Hadley, ist lieutenant; Malcolm Bridgman, Granby, 
2d lieutenant ; H. Weston Smith, South Hadley, orderly 
sergeant. 

Mustered 93 men. Of these Hadley furnished 37 ; South 
Hadley, 32 ; Granby, 16; Holyoke, 2 ; Hinsdale, N.H., 2 ; Chico- 
pee, Williamsburg, Whately, Burke, N.Y., i each. Total, 93, 

Died in service, 12, Deserted, i. 

Co. I, — Charles E. Tileston, Williamsburg, captain; Lucius 
C. Taylor, Chesterfield, ist lieutenant ; James W. Clark, North- 
ampton, 2d lieutenant ; Edward F. Hamlin, Northampton, 
orderly sergeant. 

Numbered 90 men. Of these Williamsburg furnished ;^2 ; Ches- 
terfield, 19; Cummington, 15; Northampton, 10; Greenwich, 6; 
Whately, 4 ; Hawley, Hatfield, Goshen, i each. Total, 90. 

Died in service, 8. Discharged, 2. 

Co. K. — Edwin C. Bissell, Westhampton, captain; Lewis 
Clapp, Easthampton, ist lieutenant ; Henry P. Billings, Hat- 
field, 2d lieutenant ; Martin L. Williston, Northampton, orderly 
sergeant. 

Numbered 90 men. Of these Easthampton furnished 37 ; 
Hatfield, 24; Southampton, 14; Westhampton, 12; Northamp- 
ton, Shutesbury, Southboro, i each. Total, 90. 

Died in service, 11. Discharged, 3. 

ORDERS FOR SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 16. 

Officer of the Day, Capt. Nelson. 
Officer of the Guard, LlEUT. Kellogg. 
Officer of the Picket, LiEUT. Williams. 

To-morrow being the Sabbath, divine service will be held on the 
ground at two o'clock. Dress parade immediately afterward. 

Headquarters, Camp " Miller," 
Special order ) Nov. 15, 1862. 

No. 21. S 

The colonel having received marching orders for Wednesday 
morning, the 19 of Nov., 1862, commanders of companies are 
ordered to have their companies in readiness to march at that 
time. By command, 

James L. Hartwell, 
Lieut. E, C. Clark, Co77imanding Post. 

Acting Post Adjiitattt. 



14 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

But few of the men or officers had any practical knowledge of 
military affairs, and the time at Camp Miller was diligently spent 
in securing the requisite information. On the whole, camp life 
here was easy and pleasant, though, when rain or a snow-storm 
came, and the tents were drenched with water, there was not a 
little grumbling at the hard lot the men thought they were endur- 
ing. It was afterward, when they encountered the real hardships 
of the soldier's life, that the boys looked back upon Camp Miller 
with changed feelings. The regiment remained at Camp Miller 
till November 20, and in a cold rain-storm were taken by rail and 
steamboat to New York. 

Of life at Camp Miller not much is to be said. The days were 
spent in company and battalion drill ; and in the nights, if some of 
the farmers in the neighborhood lost their poultry and their green 
corn, it was no more than could be expected. 

Instead of attempting to recall the experiences of nearly thirty 
years ago, I have preferred to avail myself of letters written at the 
time to friends at home and journals kept from day to day, several 
of which have been placed at my disposal. As far as possible I 
want "the boys" to tell their own story in their own way. 

I make here some extracts from the journal of Charles Church, 
Co. H. 

"The morning of September 30 was a momentous event in our 
lives. We gathered in front of the old hotel in South Hadley, and 
nearly the whole population of the village were on hand to bid us 
good-by and God-speed. We were supplied with plenty of food, 
huge bouquets, medicine, writing material, and many other things 
we thought necessary, but afterwards found superfluous. Amid 
the cheers, tears, and good wishes of the assembled crowd, we 
climbed into the big wagon, and started off. We knew not what 
was before us, or we should have shown some feeling not becom- 
ing bold soldier boys. But we yelled for all we were worth, 
waved our hats and bouquets, and were off for Northampton, 
where we took the cars for Greenfield. Our camp was known as 
Camp Miller, in honor of Major Miller of the loth Massachusetts 
and a great friend of our colonel, who wore the sword carried by 
the major when killed at Fair Oaks. 

"I went on guard the next day after our arrival. It was a 
comical experience. Coming to a fellow on beat, he was found 
with his musket across his arm, as though he had been hunting. 
In his unengaged hand he held a huge turnip, and, as he passed 



ORGANIZATION AND CAMP :\IILLER 15 

his beat, gnawed away at his turnip. It was quite a distance from 
the place where the turnip grew, but he communicated his order 
to the new guard who had come to relieve him in this way. ' You 
wanter walk from that ere stick to this ere one ; and, if you 
are hungry, go over there and get a turnip.' We experienced 
here our first snow-storm. The snow fell eight or ten inches, but 
the Greenfield people provided stoves for every tent." 

Daniel W. Lyman writes to the Northampton Gazette, Oct. 28, 
1862 : — 

"The week has been of considerable interest at Camp Miller. 
The uniforms have been distributed, and the men are quite satis- 
fied with their new suits from Uncle Sam. A beautiful banner was 
presented to Co. A, in behalf of the ladies of Greenfield, by Miss 
Ella Grinnell. On Sunday, Capt.— that is. Rev.— Mr. Bissell, 
preached in the Second Congregational Church. On Thursday last, 
the 20th, we broke camp at Greenfield. The morning dawned 
upon us with a cloudy sky and a drizzling rain. The morning was 
spent in packing, and at 2 p.m. came the order to "fall in." The 
regiment formed into line and marched to the station by a cir- 
cuitous route, that we might be seen by the good people of that 
town. The great crowd assembled to see us depart." 

'■'■Camp Aliller, November 20. — The day was rainy and unpleas- 
ant ; but precisely at a quarter to three the regiment, numbering 
930 men, formed a line with their knapsacks, haversacks, and can- 
teens on, when the adjutant read the order for their departure for 
New York. Then Col. Greenleaf's clear and manly voice gave 
the word ' Attention, battalion, right first by sections, march ! ' 
And under the escort of the Greenfield band it marched to the 
depot and passed into the cars. Thousands of people thronged 
the streets, ladies waving their handkerchiefs and the soldiers 
cheering them. Thousands were gathered about the station, where 
the regiment remained for about half an hour. There were tender 
parting scenes during the time, — mothers parting with their only 
sons, wives with husbands, and sisters with brothers. In this reg- 
iment the very flower of Franklin and Hampshire Counties have 
gone, many of them, to find their graves far from friends and 
home, but all tilled with that love of country that makes them will- 
ing to risk all for its welfare." — Greenfield Gazette. 



II. 

THE "ILLINOIS." 
[New York, November 20, to Baton Rouce, La., December 17, 1S62.] 

If "the boys" thought they were playing soldier, and were oil 
for a prolonged picnic, they were disabused of that idea when 
they reached New York. The rain fell in torrents : no provision 
had been made for their coming. They marched, dirty and hungry, 
through the muddy streets to the Park, and toward morning are 
let into the City Hall to get what rest they can on the stone floor, 

— at least they are out of the rain and the mud. The next day 
they march eight or nine miles through Broadway and Grand Street 
over the ferry into Brooklyn to their camp on the old Union race 
track. No tents, no overcoats : it was dreary and dismal enough. 
The next day was Sunday, and the tents came, and the men were 
busy pitching them in long rows. They floor them with rails 
from the fences near by, and carpet them with straw and hay, and 
in spite of rain and cold, raw winds, a measure of comfort is at- 
tained. Thursday was Thanksgiving Day, and a strange Thanks- 
giving it was to us. We ought to have had a religious service, but 
did not till dress parade, when the chaplain, arrayed out with new 
clothes and sash, read the Governor's proclamation and offered 
prayer. 

"In New York, where we landed, the rain had ceased to fall; 
but it was a cold wind and a hard march of ten miles. Our clothes 
were wet, weighed double what they ought to have done, and we 
were green at our work. When we arrived at the Park on Long 
Island, the ground was frozen solid, no tents had been provided, 
and we had to sleep on the ground with no shelter but our 
bla:nkets. It seemed to us that we had been on the down grade 
continually; but we were a jolly crowd, and, when anything unusual 
occurred, some one would shout, * Who takes the next bouquet ? ' 

— one of the numerous stock phrases used at recruiting. 

" After we had been in camp long enough to get immensely 
hungry, some loads of cakes, cookies, and pies, were driven into 
camp. The boys were not overloaded with money, but they all 



THE " ILLINOIS 



17 



took a notion just then to wearing haversacks. So they were 
filled up by the rear of the wagons, while some one bartered with 
the driver at the front. A good deal of food changed hands in 
that way, but not much money. It is sad, no doubt ; but hungry 
men will steal when food is within their reach." — Church's yoiinial. 

The New York Mercury, November 26, pays this compliment to 
the 52d Regiment, and describes the interesting scene of the 
presentation of a flag to the regiment : — 

"This regiment, commanded by Col. H. S. Greenleaf, em- 
barked yesterday on board the steamer ' Illinois,' bound south on 
the Banks expedition. It had been remarked that during their 
stay in the city none have been found intoxicated. During two 
days and nights after their arrival they stood in the mud and rain, 
marched to Union course, their tents not having arrived, and but 
few words of complaint were uttered. We speak for this regiment 
a good name wherever they may be placed. It is made up of a 
splendid body of men, raised principally in Franklin and Hamp- 
shire Counties. On Tuesday last the regiment was presented 
with a magnificent flag. The regiment was drawn up in a square, 
and Col. C. K. Hawks made the presentation speech, of which 
the following is the substance : — 

"* Col. Greenleaf, Officers and Soldiers 0/ the c^2d Regiment, — It is 
my agreeable duty, as it is my pleasure, to present to you in trust 
a stand of national colors. It was expected that our distinguished 
fellow-statesman, the commanding general of the expedition, Gen. 
N. P. Banks, would have performed this agreeable task; but his 
engagements are such as to preclude the possibility of his presence, 
and I, as a mutual friend of the donor and recipient, have under- 
taken it. Would that I possessed the language to express in 
adequate terms the sentiments my heart would utter ! . . , The 
colors bear the same relation to the soldier as honesty and integ- 
rity do to manhood. It is the guiding star to victory. When in 
the smoke and din of battle the voice of the officer is drowned in 
the roar of artillery, the true soldier turns his eye to his color, 
that he stray not too far from it, and, while it floats, is conscious of 
his right and strength. In the name of our friend, I present you 
with this banner, the emblem of our country. On the one side, a 
full Union, with every star set and not a stripe erased ; on the other, 
the insignia of the State from which you hail, the staff composed 
of the bundle of rods by which we are taught to read, " In unity 
there is strength." With full confidence that you will guard and 



l8 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

protect it, and return it with its honor unsullied, I now present it 
to you. Take it, guard it as you would the honor of the mother, 
wife, or friend you leave behind. Take it, and with it the prayers 
and blessings of every Union-loving woman, man, and friend you 
leave.' 

" Col. Greenleaf responded as follows : — 

" ' Accept, sir, my sincere and heartfelt thanks. Language 
would fail, were I to attempt to express the affection I bear the 
star-spangled banner or the sorrow I feel that it is being dis- 
graced and trodden under the feet of rebels and traitors. I 
accept the gift as presented not for myself alone, but in trust as a 
flattering testimonial, as a good will towards the 52d Regiment, 
which I have the honor not only to command, but in this instance 
to represent. Whether we shall prove as worthy of this valuable 
consideration at your hands, time and future events will deter- 
mine ; but of one thing you may be assured, that it will be our 
anxious endeavor so to act in the work that is before us that neither 
you nor any other friend shall have occasion to blush at the 
records of our deeds. We go forth on our country's call, not to 
make for ourselves beds of roses, but to give battle to the un- 
natural foes of our country, and to vindicate with our lives the 
loyalty we profess. We go about the work that is given us to do, 
carrying with us the fondest recollections of home and kindred and 
friends. Even now, as we recall the many delights and associa- 
tions of the past, our dear New England hills, our homes, our 
wives, our children, our parents, our kindred, and linger for a 
moment in the old orchard, in the meadows by the brook near 
the old well, under the old elm, and around the family hearth- 
stone, forgetting all else, we exclaim with the Irish bard, — 

" ' " Long, long be our hearts with such memories filled, 
Like the vase in which roses have once been distilled. 
You may break, you may shatter the vase if you will, 
But the scent of the roses will hang round it still." ' " 

Friday, November 28. — We are ordered off, but shall hardly get 
aboard ship before evening. All sorts of rumors about where we 
are going. 

On Board the Sfeamer "■' I/linois." — We are in pretty close 
quarters, but are as comfortable as can be expected on board 
a vessel with 1,200 men. Lieut. Edwin C. Clark, of Co. C, has 



THE '•' ILLINOIS " 



19 



been appointed quartermaster. I sent ashore Sunday morning 
more than five hundred letters. 

"Saturday, JVov. 29, 1862. — The bunks for privates are all 
below the main deck, and after this fashion : the floor is all cov- 
ered, except the alley-ways ; then a tier of shelves or boards put 
about twenty inches above them, then another set of men, then 
more shelves above them, and so on, one above the other, all in 
the dark, where the men are obliged to stay most of their time, 
and not allowed on the upper deck and only in one part of the 
ship. There is too much difference between officers and privates. 
The bunks are so near each other we cannot sit up in them. Our 
rations are hard bread twice a day, an allowance of four crackers 
to a meal. Have not used a knife, fork, or plate since I left Camp 
Miller." — Corp. Stowe/Z's yournal. 

Dear yudge Mattoo?i, — At three o'clock on Friday we formed 
into line, and marched to Brooklyn. No time for supper. We were 
crowded into a barge, and put aboard this steamer at nine o'clock. 
We have 1,200 men on board, stowed away like cattle. I do not 
know the terms aboard ship. I only know that we are four stories 
deep, swarming with life. My time is very busy with letters. I 
sent off seven hundred the day before yesterday and four hundred 
yesterday. 

"Dec. 3, 1862. — We hauled in our anchors, and steamed out of 
New York Harbor. We have a splendid boat, the ' Illinois,' but 
are very much crowded. It was a novel experience to most of us. 
No land in sight, and we knew not when there would be. The sea 
became very rough, and multitudes were very sick. The fact is, 
most of us were dry-land sailors, though some had crossed the 
Connecticut River once or twice. I was detailed for guard, and 
ordered, with others, to report to the adjutant on the hurricane 
deck. He tried to form us into line for what we came to know 
afterwards very well, — namely, guard moujiting; but, every time the 
steamer pitched over one of those huge waves, away forward we all 
went, and most of us brought up lying on our stomachs, and, when 
the head came up, we went rolling and staggering back like drunken 
men. The adjutant laughed and scolded in the same breath, 
although I think he enjoyed the situation. At last he cried out, 
' Well, if you can't stand still, sit down and see if you can sit still 
long enough to be counted.' 

"Our quarters are crowded, food was poor, somewhat limited in 
quantity : the condensers were not large enough for such a multi- 



20 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

tude. So our tea and coflfee were well flavored with salt water 
and grease. As we sailed up the Mississippi, we saw fine groves 
of orange-trees well laden with fruit. Negroes were plenty on the 
levees, who waved their tattered hats and rags, and cried out, 
' Bless de Lord ! ' They always did so, unless when called to do 
some work; and then their lips would stick out so that you might 
hang your hat on them, and they had 'the wus misery in their 
bowels ' you ever saw." — ChurcJi's journal. 

Following is an extract from an address delivered by Col. 
Greenleaf at a reunion of the regiment at Williamsburg, Aug. 14, 
1883: — 

Comrades of the z^2d Regitnetit, — As probably is already known 
to many of you, I was requested some time ago, by our worthy 
Chairman of the Executive Committee, to give you to-day a chap- 
ter or two of our army history, which, he had been informed, I 
had prepared and delivered elsewhere ; and it affords me pleasure 
to say that I am now here to comply with that request. 

But I think it proper that I should premise my unpretending 
effort by saying that this paper, which I now propose to read to you, 
was originally prepared at the request of the George H. Thomas 
Post, Grand Army of the Republic, of Rochester, N.Y., and that 
it only takes us down to Brashear City on our return march from 
Barre's Landing ; and that, although I have since continued this 
imperfect narrative down to the time we took passage on board of 
the old river steamer " Choteau " for our home voyage up the Mis- 
sissippi, it is my purpose to leave you to-day at Barre's Landing, 
as I prefer not to weary you with too long a story at any one time, 
and do not wish to trespass upon the time that justly belongs to 
others. 

And I may say here that my main object in these opening 
chapters was simply to give my Rochester friends some little idea 
of the military service rendered by a regiment of Massachusetts 
volunteers, composed of as good material as was ever mustered 
into the service of the United States. I wish to tell a plain, 
straightforward story of the army experiences of the 52d Regi- 
ment, without exaggeration and without undue embellishment. 
And I think it but due to you and to me to say further that, had 
I originally prepared this paper for you instead of preparing it for 
veteran strangers, I should naturally have generalized less than I 
have, and have been more personal in many respects than I now 



THE "ILLINOIS 2 1 

am ; but such as I have I now give you, with now and then a brief 
interpolation, without further preliminary. 

I presume, however, you will not expect me to generalize, 
altogether, in what I have to say to-day, but rather that I will 
describe, as best I may, some events which came under my own 
observation during our brief term of military service ; and this I 
propose to do, although I must say that I have little expectation 
that such scenes as deeply interested and affected me, in those 
dark days that " tried men's souls," can be so described by me as 
to make them of any particular interest to the world at large. 

But, however this may be, the 52d Regiment of Massachusetts 
Volunteer Militia, numbering nine hundred and thirty strong, 
which, by virtue of a military commission, I had the honor to 
command, sailed with Gen. Banks from New York Harbor, on his 
famous expedition to the Department of the Gulf, on the second 
day of December, a.d. 1862. 

This regiment, together with the i8th New York Battery, better 
known, perhaps, as " Mack's Battery," of Rochester, N.Y., em- 
barked on the stanch ocean steamer " Illinois," and steamed for 
twenty-four hours in a southerly direction, under sealed orders ; 
no one of the twelve hundred souls on board, in the mean time, 
knowing whither we were bound, or when, if ever, we should 
again return to our Western Massachusetts or Green Mountain 
homes. 

We had on board, in addition to the regiment and battery al- 
ready mentioned, several distinguished gentlemen — Union refu- 
gees from the State of Texas — who, by permission of Gen, 
Banks, had taken passage with us in the expectation that we were 
to be landed at Galveston. These gentlemen, — and among them 
I remember especially, and with pleasure. Judge William Alex- 
ander and Col. Haynes, of Texas Cavalry fame, — these gentle- 
men, together with the commissioned officers of both commands, 
occupied the steamer's cabin, and were made comparatively com- 
fortable and happy throughout the voyage. But not so with the 
rank and file : these poor fellows, notwithstanding the most urgent 
protests made by myself, the surgeon, and by influential personal 
friends of the regiment, to Gen. Banks, were packed on board 
very much like sardines in a box, or, not to exaggerate, we will 
say very much like so many Coolies on a Cuban slave-ship, so 
that, with a very rough sea, — such as is to be expected on the 
Atlantic coast in the month of December, — with nearly every one 



22 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

on board sea-sick, not even excepting the commissaries and cooks, 
with hundreds in the "hold" who were not only painfully sea-sick, 
but were also much of the time nearly stifled from the effect of 
bad odors and worse air, — one can better imagine than describe 
the discomfort, yea, misery, suffered by these unfortunate human 
cattle on that memorable voyage to New Orleans and Baton 
Rouge. 

But at the appointed time — when twenty-four hours at sea — 
our sealed orders were broken, in the presence only of the cap- 
tain of the steamer, the captain of the battery, and the colonel of 
the regiment, to find that the " Illinois," with all on board, to- 
gether with the numerous other vessels of the fleet, was to report, 
with the least possible delay, for further orders at Ship Island in 
the Gulf of Mexico. Up to this time many of us, but especially 
our distinguished Texas friends, had been led to believe that our 
expedition was destined for some point on the coast of Texas ; 
but now it seemed clear that our first objective point was else- 
where, — and this much to the surprise and disappointment of the 
latter, who were anxious to return and help sustain the Union 
cause on the soil of their own State. 

I recall one most tragic event on the passage. When about 
midway on our voyage, we had what I many times had read about, 
but never before witnessed, — "a burial at sea," — the most solemn 
and impressive of any kind I had ever witnessed before, or that I 
have since attended. 

The poor lad Richmond, of Co. E, who had died from the 
effects of sea-sickness and too close confinement, the night pre- 
vious, was sewed up tightly in his woollen blanket, and placed 
in a horizontal position on a wide plank, one end of which pro- 
jected a little over the larboard bulwarks, while the other end, 
a little higher, rested on an old box or other thing adapted to the 
purpose. Heavy weights were attached to the feet. Then, there, 
in the early morning, with the stars and stripes at ''half-mast" 
floating over the inanimate dead, and with hundreds of mourning 
comrades with uncovered heads and pale faces, gathered around, 
the chaplain of the regiment extemporized an eloquent dis- 
course, earnest, tender, and admirably suited to the occasion. 
A fervent prayer to " the Giver of every good and perfect gift " 
was offered, an appropriate hymn sung by a choir of comrades 
standing near, and then, with only the clear blue sky above us, 
and naught but the mad waves of the ocean around us, so far as 



THE " ILLINOIS 23 

the eye could reach, a kinsman, Capt. Richmond, gently lifted 
the higher end of the plank, the soulless form plunged into the sea, 
the blue waves thereof closed over it, and the soldier-lad was lost 
to sight forever ! 

I also remember a serio-comic incident of the voyage. One 
day, when we had been several days at sea, and all were suffering 
great discomfort, as I was going the rounds of the ship to see for 
myself that the actual condition of the command was no worse 
than it need be, I passed down into the "lower hold," where, even 
in the daytime, it was quite dark, except under the several open 
hatchways ; and, as I groped my way along between the many rows 
of " bunks " from the "stern" to the forward part of the vessel, 
brushing against some unhappy sea-sick fellow at almost every 
step until I approached the open " forward " hatchway, and 
while the darkness yet concealed my presence, I heard the voices 
of several men from under the hatchway, who were talking in 
a very loud, angry, boisterous way. Among the angry voices 
I recognized the familiar one of private Niles, Co. I, a comical, 
good-natured soldier, not supposed to be at all vicious. 

I heard him first cursing " the cooks " ; then the " quarter- 
master " ; then, still more violently, "the captain"; and finally, 
just as I emerged from the darkness, came a full, round, very pro- 
fane expletive applied to "the colonel"! I took no notice of 
what I had heard — of what the men must have known I had 
heard — except to say, in a quiet, pleasant way: "You seem ex- 
cited, boys. What is the trouble ? Can I do anything for you ? " 
" Yes, you can, colonel," says Niles, who was standing with his 
back to me as I approached, — " yes, you can. Just look at them 

d d old gravel stones for potatoes, and say if you think we 

ought to be starved into eating them ! " holding up his hands, with 
three, medium-sized potatoes in each one. "Why," said he, "it 
is enough to make the chaplain smear to be served with such 'grub ' 
as this. The potatoes have not been cooked at all ; and our beef 
and pork are quite as bad when served to us." 

Said I, " Let me see those potatoes." He handed them to me, 
and I found them as he said, nearly as hard as brick-bats : they 
were perfectly raw. 

I asked, " Is this the condition in which your potatoes generally 
come to you ? " " Yes, colonel, it is." Then I said, " Well, boys, 
this is all wrong ; but you shall no longer be kept on raw food if 
I can prevent it, and I think I can. Let me take those potatoes 



24 HISTORY OF THE 5 2D REGIMENT 

to * the quartermaster and cooks ' " ; and, with the hard, raw things 
in my hands, I turned to leave, when Niles loudly exclaimed, 
"There, I told you so. Didn't I tell you that the colonel would set 
things right as soon as we reported the matter to him ? " Where- 
upon I turned back, and said : " Why, Niles, I thought I heard 
you cursing and swearing about the colonel as I came up, a mo- 
ment ago ! " " Ah ! " said he, as quick as a flash, " I didn't mean 
you, colonel. I meant the lieutenant colonel!''^ And the poor fel- 
lows had a hearty laugh, in spite of their disagreeable surround- 
ings. 

Our strong, swift steamer was among the first of the fleet to 
reach the rendezvous designated in our sealed orders. We ar- 
rived at Ship Island, and dropped anchor the eleventh day of 
December, having been nine days on the passage. Soon other 
vessels began to arrive, and by the thirteenth nearly the whole 
squadron had come to anchor. On that day we received further 
orders, and steamed away for the mouth of the Mississippi, and 
thence moved up the river, passing many fine sugar plantations, 
and the two celebrated forts, Jackson and St. Phillip, on the 
way to New Orleans, where we learned for the first time that 
Gen. Banks had come to relieve Gen. Butler, and to take com- 
mand of his Military Department. 

We found lying quietly at anchor in the middle of the stream, 
apparently as harmless as the other vessels, the famous flag-ship 
" Hartford," with her great admiral, Farragut, on board ; also, his 
renowned frigates and sloops of war, "Mississippi," "Richmond," 
" Pensacola," and " Albatross," all of which afterwards rendered 
conspicuous service in the river or at Mobile Bay. 

I had spent some months in New Orleans, on different occa- 
sions, before the war ; and the town looked quite familiar to me, 
although full of Union soldiers, and but few of its old inhabitants 
were to be seen on the streets or in any of its public places. 
Remaining here but a day or two, we proceeded up the river to 
Baton Rouge, a beautiful town of some seven thousand inhabi- 
tants, situated on the east bank of the river, one hundred and 
thirty miles above New Orleans, and there disembarked and went 
into camp ; most of the enlisted men and some of the officers 
having been constantly on shipboard from the second to the seven- 
teenth day of December, with what sad effect our hospital re- 
ports made painfully clear to us shortly after. 

I have not these reports to refer to ; but my recollection is that 



THE "ILLINOIS 25 

within a week or ten days from the time of landing the 52d 
Regiment alone had one hundred men in the hospital, and the 
regimental records show that by September, 1863, — that is, after 
our return, — we had buried nearly this number, who had died from 
disease alone, contracted in the service, and which, in the opinions 
of our surgeons, as well as in my own, was directly traceable to 
the inhuman confinement on shipboard heretofore described. 

From Corp. Stowell's journal : — 

'■'■ On Board the Steamer '■ Illinois.^ December 12. — On Tuesday 
afternoon, December 2, we weighed anchor, and soon were quietly 
sailing down the bay. Our fifes and drums played ' Yankee Doodle ' 
and 'The Girl I left behind me.' Early Friday morning the wind 
began to blow and the ship began to rock, and then came the 
sea-sickness which I shall not attempt to describe. It would not 
have taken a large force to capture us at that time. It is amusing 
to go over the ship in the night-time, and see the various places 
the men sleep in. Here is one sitting on a box, another on a 
barrel. There was a box on deck with some augur holes in it. 
Open it, and you find a soldier quietly sleeping there." 

^'■December 6. — Oh, we have had a dreadful time of it ! On Fri- 
day the non-commissioned officers of Co. F were all unfit for 
duty. It commenced blowing in the morning, and by noon blew a 
perfect gale, and on the increase till eleven at night. Such a 
sight I never wish to see again. In the first of the storm the 
little Testaments were out pretty thick ; but it soon got too hard 
for that, and nearly all were sea-sick. The worst was at night. 
All the men were sick and groaning through the night, — sick as 
death. 

"One poor fellow is on deck, sewed up in his blanket, and will 
soon be lowered to his resting-place in the deep. The burial 
service of the Shelburne boy Richmond has just taken place. 
His comrades sang two or three pieces, the chaplain read from 
the Bible, offered prayer, and with uncovered heads we saw the 
poor fellow slide down the plank. I pray that I may be permitted 
to die among my kindred and be buried in my native land." 

" December 9. — The water gave out two days ago. We have none 
but what is condensed from the sea water. A very small allow- 
ance of that, and poor enough." 

'''' December 14. — We have had what we call a cracker pudding. 
Took two barrels of hard tack, put it into a caldron with some 



26 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

salt and water, and boiled it until it became soft, served with a 
little water for drink." 

Daniel W. Lyman, Co. K, wrote to the Northampton Gazette: — 

" U.S. Transport '' Illinois^ Gulf of Mexico. — On the morning of 
the third day a stiff breeze was blowing, which soon increased to a 
gale. The heaving of the ship brought out all the sea-sickness, 
and but few escaped. Such a scene as we presented on board I 
shall not attempt to describe. I never witnessed the like before, 
and I hope I never shall again. This Sabbath morning was a sad 
one to our regiment. Richmond, of Co. E, was stricken with 
typhoid fever, and died in less than a day after he was taken ill. 
The funeral services were held on the hurricane deck, and his re- 
mains consigned to a watery grave. No other services were held 
through the day, except in the evening a few who had the love of 
Christ in their hearts started a prayer-meeting ; and, though the 
surroundings were anything but pleasant, it mattered not, for God 
was with us. The next Sunday we were at the mouth of the Mis- 
sissippi River. Religious services were held on deck, and the 
chaplain preached an appropriate discourse from the text, ' Put 
on the whole armor of God.' After a brief stop at New Orleans, 
where we did not land, we started again up the river for Baton 
Rouge. Our guns that had been boxed up during the voyage were 
now taken out, and forty rounds of ammunition given out to every 
man. We were accompanied by several gunboats, especially one 
turtle-shaped thing called the ' Essex.' At noon orders came for 
the 5 2d Regiment to land, which they did cheerfully, having been 
on board the steamer nineteen days. We marched to the top of 
the bluff and stacked our guns, leaving our baggage on the boat. 
At roll-call at eight in the ev^ening we were ordered to sleep with 
our belts on and to lie on our arms, and turn out at four in the 
morning. The night was pleasant, but cold, and we were very 
uncomfortable without our blankets ; but morning came at last, 
and with it the warm sun. 

'•'•December 19. — Yesterday we were marched out two miles on 
picket duty. The night was cold, and we had to keep very still 
and quiet. No rebels were seen through the night, though we 
hourly expected them. 

"We are now comfortably settled in camp ; and, should the rebels 
attempt to capture us, they would find us ready for them. Every- 
thing about the city looks like desolation. There is no business 
going on, the public buildings are deserted, grass is growing in 
the streets." 



THE "ILLINOIS 27 

Rev. James K. Hosmer, Co. D, was appointed one of the color 
guard, with the title of corporal, and after his return published 
his notes under the title of " The Color Guard," which is regarded 
as one of the best accounts of soldiers' life that the war produced. 
I am permitted to make extracts from this journal, and only regret 
that I cannot make them more complete. 

" On the '•Illinois.^ — Have I mentioned that now our places are 
assigned? The non-coms (please read it non-commissioned, and 
not non-compos) — for some high-minded privates declared it might 
well mean that — have assigned to them an upper cabin over the 
quarters of the officers. The privates are in front, on the lower 
decks and in the hold. Five sergeants of our company and two 
corporals have a state-room together, perhaps six by eight feet. 
Besides us, two officers' servants consider that they have a right 
here. Did any one say elbow ' room ' ? Below there are three 
tiers of bunks, with narrow passages among them. The men lie 
side by side, with but two feet or so of space. 

" This morning I took breakfast in the berth, which is din- 
ing-room, study, and parlor as well. Sergt. S. carves a lump of 
boiled beef with my dirk. 'Just the thing for it!' he exclaims. 
There has been no end to the grumbling. We have all been sea- 
sick, and responsibilities which the disordered stomach should 
shoulder have been thrown on the food. This brings me to speak 
of what I have noticed again and again, since we became soldiers, 
that the first to complain of their rations are those who have come 
from the poorest circumstances. Those who at home have been 
forced to live on the coarsest food are now first and loudest in 
their outcries against the rations. 

"We left Ship Island yesterday (Saturday), having lain at an- 
chor there since Thursday. Sergt. S. was one of the few who went 
ashore, and came back smacking his lips, telling great stories of a 
hoe-cake with butter which he bought of a contraband. He must 
have had a good supper, and became the pet of the non-coms for 
that evening ; for they made him repeat the story again and again, 
endeavoring from the lusciousness of his description to realize the 
actual sensation which the palate of the sergeant had experienced. 
All day long transports laden with troops were arriving. The 
decks of all were dark with troops. We hear from some the drum 
and fife, from others the strains of a full band, and from every 
regiment cheer after cheer, as they round the point of the island, 
pass in among the ships, and finally cast anchor. Word was 



28 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

passed Saturday night that we were bound to New Orleans. The 
day is beautiful as we ascend the river. We pass a plantation 
belonging, as we are told, to Judah P. Benjamin. We come 
within a stone's throw of the orange groves and the balconies. A 
crowd of negroes, of all sizes and both sexes, rush to the bank to 
shout and wave their hands. As night is falling, we can begin to 
see the lights of New Orleans. Ed and I sit on the paddle-box 
watching the light of the hostile city in chains under our cannon. 
The fine band of the 41st on the 'North Star' play 'Twinkling 
Stars are laughing light,' and other pieces to the delight of all of 
the transports. One of our fellows offered to swop our band for 
theirs, which caused a joke on board the 'Illinois'; for we are 
rather lame in point of music. 

" A certain creeper, the pest of camps from time immemorial, has 
made its appearance on the ' Illinois,' and has been the staple horror 
on the latter part of the voyage. Some one must yell out the 
enquiry if the 41st know anything about them. The answer 
comes pealing back, 'We have got them with U. S. marked on 
their backs.' So go the jokes through the evening. 

"Here are the great peacemakers of the city. We find frigate 
after frigate, grim, dangerous, silent ; our flag at the stern, with 
formidable batteries all in perfect trim and trained against the city. 
Blue tars crowd the decks, watchmen with spy-glasses are on the 
tops. Should secession grow ripe again and the watch behold the 
dust arising from ' an emeute,' New Orleans would be blown into 
shreds and splinters. 

"We cast anchor again, the day goes by, we buy oranges ripe 
and sweet from boats which come alongside. While the hope of 
landing fades and fades." 



III. 

BATON ROUGE. 

[Dec. 17, 1862, TO Jan. 20, 1S63.] 

From Col. Greenleaf's address: — 

"Shortly after we landed, the 52d Regiment was formally as- 
signed to the 2d Brigade of Grover's Division, 19th Army Corps, as 
were also the 24th Connecticut, Col. Mansfield, the 41st Massachu- 
setts, Col. Chickering, and the 91st New York, Col. Van Zandt. 

"We here went to work at once, and with a will, to add to our 
small stock of military knowledge. The days were spent in com- 
pany and regimental drills, and the nights in studying the tactics 
and army regulations. We spent the winter thus, and in perform- 
ing the well-known routine duties of camp life." 

Chaplain's letter : — 

Baton Rouge, Dec. 17, 1S62. 

My dear Friends of the Sunday-school^ — It is almost a month 
since I left home. We have been on board the steamer "Illinois " 
more than two weeks, and have made a voyage of twenty-three 
hundred miles from New York. The men were very much crowded, 
but going to sea was new business to most of them. They enjoyed 
it for a few days while the novelty lasted. After that we had a hard 
storm, and most of the men were sea-sick. The chaplain took his 
turn with the rest. We spent a couple of days at Ship Island, as 
desolate a place as can be imagined. We did not land there ; for 
just as we were making arrangements to do so came orders to sail, 
but in what direction we did not know. We sailed south, and next 
morning, which was Sunday, found ourselves at the mouth of the 
Mississippi River, and sailed up that river more than a hundred 
miles to New Orleans. We all enjoyed it very much. The disa- 
greeable rockings and pitchings of the vessel were over. The men 
felt well, the weather was as pleasant as a June day at home, and 
the country was so new and strange that it made it the pleasantest 
day we had seen since leaving Massachusetts. The banks are 
low, and are covered with tall, coarse grass. The men were on the 
lookout for alligators, but did not see any. About ten o'clock we 



30 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

passed Forts Jackson and Phillip, where there were a great many 
Union troops, who cheered us as we passed, we cheering lustily in 
return. \^'hen we had passed the forts, I tried to have a religious 
service. There were several hundred present, but there was so 
much to attract the notice of the men I could hardly get their at- 
tention. While reading from the Bible, I found I had lost the eyes 
of my congregation : I found they were all gazing upon the shore. 
Looking in that direction, I saw that we were passing an orange 
grove. The trees were loaded with luscious ripe fruit. It was not 
strange that the attention of the men was called off from the 
preaching. It is my opinion that the boys and girls in our Sunday- 
school would have done the same. We passed many orange plan- 
tations, then came sugar plantations, immense fields of sugar-cane. 
Some of it was cut, and many acres are not and will not be. The 
men are in the secession army, and the negroes will not work. 
There were no signs of Sunday anywhere. The negroes would cheer 
us as we passed, but the white people were very still and sullen. 
We reached New Orleans just before sunset, and it was a splendid 
spectacle. One large vessel after another sailed majestically up 
the river, all crowded with Union soldiers, who cheered each other 
lustily. The bands were playing on all the boats, the flags were un- 
furled, and, on the whole, it was a very grand and inspiring specta- 
cle. Monday we spent at New Orleans. We were not allowed to 
land, but toward night the colonel told me I might go to the post- 
office and carry the letters which had been written on board. They 
were in a large box, and numbered about three thousand. It took 
two men to carry them. 

On my return, finding the boat was not going to sail for some 
time, Capt. Bissell and I took a stroll through the city. All the 
great places of business were closed. Some whole streets were as 
empty as if there were no people in the neighborhood. The next 
morning, Tuesday, all was hurry and confusion ; for we were or- 
dered to sail at once, but in what direction we did not know. By 
twelve o'clock all the steamers, eight in number, with some formi- 
dable-looking gun-boats, were ready for the start. The sail up the 
river was very like that of the Sunday previous. We had, on the 
whole, a delightful sail. The only drawback was that we were in 
rebel territory, and might get peppered with bullets at any moment. 
The men were ordered to secure their arms, fill their cartridge 
boxes, and load up their guns. At night orders were given to 
have breakfast at daybreak, and, with two days' rations, ready to 



BATON ROUGE 3 1 

meet the enemy at any moment. Everything looked like active 
work. In view of what was behind and before us, our voyage and 
the impending battle, our distance from home, the uncertainty of 
the future, it was natural enough that the religious element was a 
good deal stirred within us. So a prayer-meeting was held late in 
the evening down in the hold of that crowded ship. There was 
no room for men to stand ; but, taking my position where two 
narrow alleys met, I could see rows of heads sticking out of the 
bunks on either side, one above another, far down each of the 
alleys, as the men lay stretched out at full length. We had as 
earnest, hearty, whole-souled a meeting for prayer as I ever 
attended. The place, the position of the men, the circumstances, 
all made it as impressive as possible. 

After the meeting I turned into my bunk and slept as well as I 
could in the confusion till five o'clock, when the hurrying of the 
men on deck and the raising of the cannon from the hold of the 
vessel awakened me. Hurrying on deck, I could see that we were 
near Baton Rouge, the capital of Louisiana. We moved up quite 
near the town. One of the famous iron-clads preceded us. Pres- 
ently we saw the flash and heard the boom of the big guns of the 
gun-boat, then another and another in quick succession. We 
were reminded that we were in Rebeldom, but there was no 
response to our firing. Hardly any of the inhabitants appeared 
in sight. A few women and children, chiefly negroes, came out 
of their houses to look at us. The town had, evidently, sur- 
rendered. The Confederate troops who had been here had ske- 
daddled, and, we are told, are but a few miles away to make an 
attack upon us when we land. The gun-boat anchored near the 
shore. We sprang from our steamer upon the gun-boat, and from 
that to the shore, where we formed hastily into line, and rushed up 
the bank to the high ground on which the city is built. It was a 
curious change. Instead of being assailed by a rebel force, as we 
anticipated, as we hurried across the open space in front of us, 
the grasshoppers hopped out of our way and the robins were 
singing in the adjoining trees. But we soon saw the desolation 
that war had made. There are many stacks of chimneys standing, 
which is all that is left of what, before the war, were beautiful 
dwellings. Some earthworks are here, thrown up a year ago, 
when the Union army held the city ; and these our regiment took 
possession of, in the hope that they would be of some service in 
case we were attacked, as there are indications that we should be 
very soon, quite likely before morning. 



32 HISTORY OF THE 5 2D REGIMENT 

One good house is standing in this part of the city. It was 
closed, and the furniture gone. The colonel and his stafT have 
taken possession of this house. In one room I found a little table 
and a chair. These I have appropriated, and so am able to write 
you this long letter. It is the first time I have sat in a chair, at a 
table, since I left home. We shall spread some blankets on the 
floor, and sleep well, if the " rebs " will let us. The men are busy 
pitching their tents close to the house. They have torn down the 
fences to make floors for the tents. It is sad to see a city in such 
ruins as this, and to witness such a destruction of property : it 
would be sadder still to have a terrible battle, as we anticipate we 
may have. I dread to think of it. The men had a hard night of 
it. They had hurried from the boat without their blankets, and 
there was no means of securing them. So at roll call, at eight 
o'clock, they were ordered to sleep with their belts on, and to lie 
on their arms, and turn out at four o'clock for roll-call. The night 
was pleasant, but cold ; and it was very uncomfortable sleeping 
without our blankets, — indeed, there was very little sleep for us. 
We walked about most of the night to keep from freezing. In our 
room we were very busy. The order came to be ready for action. 
We were liable to be attacked at any moment. The doctor had 
his instruments and medicine ready, and men detailed to carry 
stretchers which were brought into our room. Then we lay down 
and slept as well as we could on the hard floor, without blankets. 
But no rebels came ; and to-day we are disposed to laugh at our 
preparations for a foe, which, for aught we know, is miles away. 
Still, we are in the enemy's country, and have to be very watchful. 
To-night we have a good fire and our blankets, and a hard floor 
will not trouble us. A good many men are suffering from colds 
contracted largely that first night on shore. The water, too, is 
very unhealthy. We hope to get a mail soon. We have not heard 
from home since we left New York. 

From Church's journal : — 

"The morning of December 17 found us opposite Baton Rouge. 
Forty rounds of cartridges, with two days' rations, were issued. 
War began to show his face. Some queer things took place while 
the shelling of Baton Rouge was going on. W"e were to land at 
once, as we supposed, to fight as soon as we were on shore. Some 
of the officers appeared to have lost their pride in their shoulder- 
straps, and seemed to be pleased with very small badges of their 



BATON ROUGE 33 

ranks. Not so Col. Greenleaf, who appeared in his most showy 
uniform. Some of the boys had absurdly bought tin vests as a 
protection against rebel bullets, but they were all thrown aside 
when we came to actual work." 

Says the chaplain in the Greenfield Gazette: — 

December 31. — Baton Rouge is the capital of the State, and 
before the war must have been a beautiful town. The 52d is en- 
camped on the edge of the plain on which the city is built. East 
of the camp is a good parade ground. At the right is a good two- 
story house, unfurnished, which the officers of the regiment oc- 
cupy. The town, what there is left of it, is a deserted, desolate 
place. The streets are forsaken, the stores are closed. To the 
east of us are a large number of stacks of chimneys, which are all 
that is left of what six months ago were elegant residences. 

The health of the regiment is much the same as that of other 
regiments. Our men still suffer from their eighteen days' confine- 
ment on shipboard. Our first night on shore was a hard one. 
The men were without blankets : the night was cold and damp. 
The men laid on their arms, and many took cold. The changes of 
climate, of living, and especially the water, have impaired the 
health of many of the men. There are about twenty in the hospi- 
tal, and nearly a hundred under medical treatment. The hospital, 
a deserted hotel and club-room, where the sick are as well cared 
for as they can be in camp. But the camp is a sad place to be 
sick. There is a great deal of homesickness and heart-sickness in 
the hospital. 

The weather has been delightful, and continues so. The heat 
in the middle of the day is often oppressive. The men throw off 
their coats, and move about listlessly, as at home on a hot day in 
spring. The roses are in full leaf, the buds are just ready to open 
in the yards. The evenings and nights are chilly, cold, and veey 
damp. The most prominent building we saw as we approached 
was the State House. The interior had been sacked and desolated 
when our troops took possession here a year ago. On Sunday 
there was an alarm of fire, and it was soon discovered that it pro- 
ceeded from the interior of the State House. Co. A, situated there, 
did what they could to check the flames ; but, in spite of them, 
the interior was burned out. Only the blackened, scorched, and 
windowless walls remained of the edifice which was the pride of 
the city and of the State. 

There are more than a thousand poor, miserable contrabands 



34 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

within our lines under the care of Lieut. Stearns, of Northfield. 
They are as happy and careless, as ragged and dirty, a set of beings 
as can be imagined. What is to be their fate is one of the mys- 
teries which time alone can determine. Do you ask how many 
troops we have here, and what we are here for ? You can answer 
that question as well as we. 

One morning we were aroused from our slumbers by the "long 
roll," and were soon in line of battle ; but, after standing in the 
cold an hour, and as no enemy appeared, we were ordered back 
to our quarters. The scene was a little exciting, but the men 
were decidedly cool before it was over. 

Corp. Stowell writes home : — 

'•'■ December 2(i. — The army is just the place to give a man an 
appetite and make him rugged, if he is only tough enough to en- 
dure the hardships. We are called up every morning at half-past 
four, and ordered into line with all our equipments, and sometimes 
are dismissed as soon as roll-call, sometimes kept on the line for 
hours, and get chilled entirely through; and that is what makes so 
many sick." 

'''' December 2<^. — Last night it was excitement all night. The 
State House was set on fire about dark, and burned through the 
night. It makes me mad to be put under such restrictions in 
regard to using rebel property. They, would allow us to starve 
rather than touch anything that belongs to the cussed rebels. I 
wish I could have the command of this army for the remainder 
of the nine months. We never can do anything towards stopping 
the rebellion so long as we are so careful of the rebels. They 
destroy our lives and property at sight, while we dally along and 
try to do nothing to aggravate them." 

To the Greenfield Gazette and Courier : — 
• Baton Rouge, December zc). — Our regiment drills three hours a 
day, which may be considered a short day's work ; but we have no 
time to spare after getting our guns and clothes clean and our 
accoutrements in good order. We have not been troubled as yet 
to kill time. The morning roll-call is at five o'clock, breakfast at 
seven, guard mounting at eight, drill from nine to ten, from eleven 
to twelve, from half-past one to half-past two, dinner at twelve, 
dress parade at half-past four, evening call at eight. Five or six 
hundred negroes have come into the city since we landed. They 
come from the plantations around this city. They usually run 
away in the night. Co. A has been detailed as guard for provost 



BATON ROUGE 



35 

duty. Their quarters are at the State House, where there are 
several rebel prisoners. The ladies of Baton Rouge supply them 
(the prisoners) with such luxuries as they can obtain. Since its 
organization in September, Co, A has furnished, besides its com- 
pany officers, a chaplain, surgeon, adjutant, two sergeants, and 
three corporals. Private Henry S. Gere, Co. C, has been ap- 
pointed brigade postmaster. He is acting postmaster for the 
whole camp. It is an excellent position for the editor, and we 
congratulate him on his good fortune. 

Baton Rouge, Jan. i, 1S63. 
My dear Wife, — The health of the regiment has improved a 
little, I think, since we landed. There are none very sick. Sammis, 
of South Deerfield, is ill, but I think he will recover; the same 
with Capt. Long and Capt. Stone. We have just received the 
account of the terrible reverse our army has received at Fred- 
ericksburg. In view of our hardships and these reverses, you nat- 
urally ask, Do I repent engaging in the enterprise ? I reply confi- 
dently, "No, not for a moment." However the contest terminates, 
I do not regret that I put my hand to the work. If it shall termi- 
nate, as I still hope and pray it will, I shall rejoice that I had a 
part in it. If it shall turn out disastrously, I shall have no re- 
proaches that it was through my fault. 

Jan. 2, 1863. — . , . Capt. Long admitted me very cordially to his 
mess. I feel now as though I had something to depend on. His 
quarters are at a gentleman's confiscated house near the ruins of 
the State House, so I walk half a mile to my meals. Yesterday 
being New Year's, our darky cooks prepared, what they call, a 
bang-up dinner, — a baked chicken, some fresh beef, tough as a 
bull's hide, some toast, lemonade, and hominy. We had a table 
cloth, some crockery plates, and a blessing asked, and, on the 
whole, a civilized dinner. We have been put into the 2d 
Brigade with the 41st Massachusetts Regiment and the 24th Con- 
necticut. Gere and I have been talking this morning about send- 
ing for our wives. If you were here now, it would be very pleas- 
ant for a week, possibly a month ; but, before you could get here, 
we may be far away and far less pleasantly situated. I hardly 
know what we could do with you if you were here. This is a very 
good room, but in addition to the inconvenience of sleeping on 
the floor is that of sharing it with seven or eight men. The house 
has not a closet, and, of course, no cellar. 



36 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

January ii, 1863. 

My dear Sunday school Scholars^ — Let me tell you of to-day as a 
specimen. I rose at seven. A toilet which consists of pulling on 
one's boots and washing one's face is soon performed. A walk 
of half a mile brings me to the house occupied by Capt. Long. 
He is living in clover, as he says. As the morning is cool, the 
captain has in his private room a little fire. On entering, you are 
amazed at the costly and elegant furniture. The bed-posts, for 
instance, are of solid mahogany, at least ten inches in diameter. 
Breakfast is served in the dining-room, which, like the bedroom, 
contains marks of former magnificence. The occupant fled at 
the approach of the "Yanks," and took what he could ; but he 
could not carry away his costly bedsteads, sideboard, extension 
table, etc., and now we use them as complaisantly as if we owned 
them. The breakfast is served by the "intelligent contraband," 
and has been cooked by his wife, and consists of corn-cake and 
molasses. Our keen appetites call it a good breakfast. Shortly 
after preparation is made for a religious service, which is to be in 
the Court House, where Co. A is quartered. The chaplain grows 
red and hot with indignation when he finds that no notice has 
been given of the service except to Co. A. The sergeant-major 
hurries through the camp, and gives the notice. He finds half the 
men washing themselves or their clothes, the other half writing 
letters. 

Half an hour behind time the chaplain goes to the extempo- 
rized desk, and finds before him a congregation of about seventy- 
five men; women, none ; children, none. On the table a bouquet 
of delicate, half-open roses, gathered from the yard outside. The 
singing is good. The prayers are tender with grateful memories 
of home and friends. The sermon from Proverbs xxiii. 25. All 
very pleasant and somewhat hom.elike. After the service a 
couple of hours is spent in the general hospital, going from one to 
another sick couch, and speaking such words of cheer and hope as 
could be spoken. After reading the eighty-first Psalm, a prayer 
is offered and words of faith and trust spoken. Some of the 
patients are sound asleep through the service ; some listen ; many 
do not. It is a painful, sad service. There are about thirty of 
our regiment in the hospital. Jonathan Slate, of Bernardston, is 
quite sick : so is Hall, of Co. E ; the same with Roberts, of Am- 
herst; Montague, of Sunderland; Morgan, of Co. H; and others 
more or less ailing. On leaving the hospital, a call came to pack 



BATON ROUGE 37 

knapsacks and take forty rounds of ammunition and be ready to 
fall in at a moment's notice. Hastening back to quarters, I find 
all stir and animation. News is received that a large force of the 
enemy are near at hand, and we may expect an attack at any mo- 
ment. Aides-de-camp are hurrying about on fast horses, deliver- 
ing and receiving orders. The chaplain, having no orders to give 
or receive, except to have his knapsack packed that he may be 
ready for anything that occurs, sits down to look over the day's 
accumulation of letters, some two or three hundred in all. In the 
mean time the regiment is called out and hurried to the ramparts, 
where they are put through a pretty sharp practice of lying down 
and in that position going through all the processes of loading and 
firing their guns. At last they were dismissed to their tents, with 
orders to be ready to assume their positions behind the parapets 
at a moment's notice. 

The supper of hominy and molasses and coffee completes the 
feeding for the day,— not rich food, but wholesome, — and a quiet 
evening, not knowing what the night will bring forth. The coun- 
try and the climate are delightful. Birds are singing in the trees, 
butterflies are on the wing, the grass is green in the fields. But 
hark ! there is a steam whistle. A boat is coming up the river. 
Will it bring a mail ? We must know, so we hasten to the muddy 
levee to find there is no mail. But there probably will be to-mor- 
row. But what will be on the morrow ? Shall we have a bloody 
battle, and death and wounds, and all that ? or is this alarm only 
a little practice which the soldiers need ? I strongly suspect the 
latter. In either case, we shall be likely to hear the long roll 
before morning. Now the evening is past, and you have learned 
somewhat of how I am spending my time. The days are much 
alike, — much in them that is pleasant and much that is sad. We 
all long for home and peace. And that is the hope and prayer of 
your friend and pastor, J. F. Moors. 

To my wife : — 

January 5. — Yesterday a boat came up, saying that the rebels 
had attacked a party of our men at Plaquemine, twenty miles 
below here; and four companies of our regiment — namely, Cos. 
E, G, H, and K — have been sent down to guard the place. Co. 
A is still doing police duty in the city, so five companies are gone. 
More than a hundred are on the sick list, sixty are required for 
guard duty, seventy for picket, so we have but few left in the camp. 



38 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

I have suffered very much lying on the floor, which is very 
thin, and the air came up through it to such an extent that 
I could not keep warm. I resolved not to sleep there any longer, 
and confiscated an old sofa, on which I spread my blanket, and 
slept warm and comfortably. 

I have lived lightly for a few days, and am getting around with- 
out taking any of the doctor's camphor and opium pills. I can 
take care of myself better than most can, for I can better command 
my own time. I have confidence in the doctor that he will take 
good care of me if I am sick. 

I shall defer all account of this expedition to Plaquemine till 
its return. 

On Saturday afternoon I wanted a place for religious meet- 
ings. They must be held in the evening, and the air is too chilly 
and damp for out-of-door services. I thought of the second story 
of the old foundry, standing a little way from us, — a large, un- 
finished room made to store the wooden patterns used in the 
shop below. The windows are sadly broken by musketry and the 
walls battered by shells. Getting twenty men to help me, we 
cleared out half of this room, arranged boards for benches, and 
soon had a comfortable church extemporized, in which we have 
earnest meetings in the evening, from one hundred to two hun- 
dred present, with one candle to make the darkness visible. 

January 12. — Back to camp to attend the funeral of Norman 
Roberts, of Amherst, who has been sick ever since we landed. A 
prayer and Scripture reading in the presence of the whole regi- 
ment, then a procession of soldiers with arms reversed and muffled 
drums, the body in a covered United States baggage wagon drawn 
by mules, members of Co. G without arms, and the chaplain on 
horseback, — a solemn and impressive service, more so because 
it is our first. I told the colonel it was not well to make so much 
of a parade at a funeral. It depressed the spirits of the men. A 
few should be detailed for this service and not the whole regiment. 
Nothing can be more sad or solemn than these processions, with 
their funereal music, wending their way to the old cemetery, whose 
fences have been torn down, whose paths have been grown over, 
and the whole appearance of the place telling of war and its rav- 
ages. Hundreds of U.S. soldiers are buried here. A board is 
the only sign that marks their resting-place. On returning, the 
5 2d was out on the parade ground for battalion drill. As Dolly 
and I felt well, I thought it was a good time to drill her and my- 



BATON ROUGE 



39 



self a little in military tactics, so, managing to keep in the rear of 
the battalion, we capered about till I was tired. Before leaving 
the ground there came the long roll. " To your posts ! " was the 
order. And in an instant the 5 2d were on the double-quick for 
their position on the parapets. There they stood for an hour, 
when they were dismissed, I suppose it was to give a little prac. 
tice, which the men stood in need of. 

January 13, 1863. 

Afy dear Wife, — Hurrah ! hurrah ! the long-waited mail has 
come at last ! An immense excitement over it ! The first we 
have received ! The letters are a month old, but we are glad 
enough to get them. Continue to send the newspapers, and ask 
your friends to do so. They occupy a great many odd moments, 
and, when we are done with them in camp, they do good service in 
the hospital. There are many sad, weary hours among that crowd 
of sick men ; and newspapers beguile them better than anything else. 

yanuary 17. — The most remarkable thing of the last two days 
has been the very cold weather, I rarely suffer more than I have 
the last two nights, Thursday night was windy and cold, last 
night still and colder. The top of the ground was frozen, and ice 
formed as thick as window glass. "Not bad," you will say: "a 
Yankee ought to stand that." It is these sudden and severe 
changes that tell so hard upon the health of men deprived of the 
comforts of home. In my last I told you, I believe, that there was 
a young man in Co, C — James Graves — sick in the hospital, — a 
little, gentlemanly fellow, almost womanly in his refinement. He 
lay on the floor between two rough men, who were very sick, one 
of them fretful, complaining, and profane, I felt very sorry for 
Graves. He is a Sophomore in Yale College. I asked the sur- 
geon to allow him to come to my room, and he was brought in upon 
a stretcher yesterday, and I am taking such care of him as I can. 
He is not very sick, but needs quiet and care ; and these I can 
give him, Frank Ball, also, is sick in our room. Sergt. Hos- 
mer is sick, and his brother is taking care of him in the captain's 
room upstairs. Last night I was up with Graves a good deal, es- 
pecially to keep up the fire. About midnight Rev. J. K. came to 
my room, and wanted to know if I had some dry sticks of wood to 
swap off for some green ones. His wood was burned up, and he 
had just come in from chopping some green sticks, and wanted 
some dry ones to kindle. Mem. — Ministers should get in wood 
enough at night to last till morning. 



40 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

From Stowell's journal : — 

" Have been out drilling in the manual of arms. We have been 
forbidden to destroy any property. I wish they would make a 
clean sweep as far as we can, and not waste our time and lives in 
taking care of that rebel truck. 

•* Went out on picket duty yesterday. We are on for twenty- 
four hours. One company from each regiment go out about three 
miles, and are left, three in a place, along in the woods. Three 
others, with myself, act as scouts. The orders to pickets are very 
strict in regard to firing a gun or taking property, — hens or any- 
thing else. Our captain repeated the orders to us after we were 
posted ; but we thought we discovered a twinkle in his eye which 
meant, ' If you can do anything and I not know it, why, do it.' Just 
at night six pigs came into our lines, two of which were quietly hung 
up by their heels in a very few minutes. The next morning I started 
with my rifle, went outside the lines about two miles, found a good 
fat threeyear-old heifer, drove her into our lines, and shot her, 
then, with the help of three or four others, cut her up, put her in 
our haversacks. We also killed a shoat and a sheep, which we 
put in our sacks, out of sight, so, when we marched in for inspec- 
tion, we had the appearance of being empty-handed. Our captain 
said not a word, nor asked any questions, but ate his share of the 
pig this morning with a good relish. 

" We are preparing for a big battle twenty miles above us at 
Port Hudson, We expect a bloody fight, as the rebels are strongly 
entrenched. 

'■'' jfanuary 13, 1863. — Yesterday was a happy day to most of 
us. We received a mail for the first time since we left New York. 
One poor fellow from Orange had letters telling him his wife was 
dead. He takes it very hard. 

" The folks at home will never know what the soldier has to 
endure. Take my last guard, for instance. In the first place, the 
mud was two or three inches deep, and there we must stay twenty- 
four hours. We have some little tents to go into half the time ; 
but we are not much better ofif for them, for the rain comes 
through, and the mud is as bad inside as out. When night comes, 
we can stand up or lie down in the mud with all our equipments 
on ; for no one is allowed to take them off during the twenty-four 
hours he is on guard. 

" But we have some good things here to eat. Co. F drew a bar- 
rel of flour, and yesterday we had a rarity for dinner and supper. 



BATON ROUGE 



41 



We took half of it and put it in the big cauldron we make our 
coffee in, and made a minute pudding. We then took some mo- 
lasses, vinegar, water, and made a pailful of good sauce. 

" Last Sunday we thought the rebels had come, sure enough. 
Our pickets came rushing in, telling us that they had been sta- 
tioned about three miles out, and that the rebels had appeared in 
force. The long roll sounded, and we started double-quick for the 
parapet. There we stayed under arms until night, but no rebels 
appeared." 

To Mrs. Moors : — 

Co. A are living in clover. They are in better health than 
any other company. They are on provost duty in the city, and 
Capt. Long is provost-martial. On the whole, I think the health 
of the regiment has improved within a few days; but we have 
a good many sick. I just hear that Gleason, of Co. B, is dead. 
The colonel and Capt. Stone dined with us to-day. We had what 
John Contraband calls a bang-up dinner, with table-cloth and 
crockery plates ; and we have found some plated silver forks. We 
had chicken, sweet potatoes, brown bread, and a rice pudding. 
It was a triumphant success, especially the portion of the dinner 
over which I presided. You must look to your laurels, or I shall 
have a cook-book out before you do. We bought two pounds of 
butter for a dollar, strong enough to draw a load of wood up my 
driveway on High Street. 

ya)i. 19, 1863. — I wrote a sheet on Saturday, and have not 
had time to write a word since. We buried Gleason just at sun- 
set. These deaths have a depressing influence upon the men, 
especially upon those in the hospitals. The Whitneys watched 
with my two patients. I had a good sleep, so as to be ready for 
my Sunday duties. At dress parade on Saturday I urged a bet- 
ter attendance on the preaching service, which is entirely volun- 
tary. I gave notice that the service to-morrow would be at 10.30 
A.M. I hurried up to get my sick men washed and laid back upon 
the floor. About nine it was announced that a steamer was com- 
ing, I started some >en to the levee to see if there was a mail 
for us ; and, lo! theyjeturned bearing a bouncing big one, — about 
three bushels, — whichVas emptied upon our floor, and we went 
to sorting it with a will. At ten o'clock I sent to the colonel that 
the mail would be better for the men than my sermon, and that the 
drums better not beat the assembly's call. Continue to send the 
newspapers. After I have read them, they go to the hospital. 



42 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

No service to-day, but prayers at dress parade. After looking to 
the sick boys and the supper, I went to the Court House, and had 
a service, — about a hundred present, — then to the hospital, and 
back to quarters at nine o'clock to get the sick boys in my room to 
bed, — as we have to call it, — though it is upon the floor. I was 
up at twelve, and sat up three hours ; and Whitney sat up the rest 
of the night. Arthur Ball, Co. D, detailed to take care of the chap- 
lain and his horse, is ill. So our first care is of him, so that he 
may be able to take care of his brother Frank, who is pretty sick. 
Graves is better. If it were not for this sickness, we should be in 
splendid condition. We begin to feel quite at home here. In 
our room we have added one thing after another, till we have as 
much as we can take good care of. I have to be " orderly " for 
the non-coms. H. W. W. calls me the widowed parson in care of 
four orphan boys. 

Tuesday P.M. — My time is fully occupied. Graves is better, 
begins to take a little broth. Frank Ball is no better, is wander- 
ing in his mind. The sickness in the regiment is on the increase. 
One hundred and fifty of our six companies are sick, and as many 
more not well. Four companies in the 52d Regiment are at 
Plaquemine. Two deaths have occurred to-day, — Hall, of Haw- 
ley, and Lorenzo Payne, both young men, both dying of typhoid 
fever. It takes hold of the young men fearfully. One funeral at 
two this afternoon, and I am just going out to the other. I took 
a horseback ride with Henry Whitney, to whom I am getting greatly 
attached. I shall have to send Frank Ball to the hospital. I am 
too busy to take care of him, and Arthur is not well enough to do it. 

January 20, i A.M. — Frank is restless and delirious. He is 
quite sick. A steamer has just arrived, and we hope for another 
mail. The rumor is that we are to move in the morning. I hope 
it is not so, but probably we are to be sent further from the river. 
It is the common opinion that our proximity to the river is one 
cause of so much sickness among us. 

We have some fun withal. Day before yesterday Lieut. Hurl- 
bert was prowling about the back kitchen of Capt. Long's head- 
quarters. He found a nicely packed box. With an axe he 
knocked the boards off, and found the dinner service of the estab- 
lishment, — nice earthen white ware. Coming into the dining- 
room, he whirled our tin plates and cups into, the corner, and set 
the table out with the new-found crockery. So now I sit down to 
as well-furnished a table as my wife has ; namely, that of the Sec- 
retary of State of Louisiana. 



IV. 

BATON ROUGE, WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE PLAQUEMINE 

EXPEDITION. 

[Jan. 20 TO Feb. ii, 1S62.] 

Corp. Hosmer writes : — 

" The chaplain was sick lo-day, so T conducted the services for 
two of the men, one a boy I knew well at home, — Frank Ball. 
He will never see again his pretty cottage home under the trees 
by the Connecticut. We were forced to bury them hurriedly, for 
it was late, and, I fear, with a less feeling of solemnity than we 
once had on such occasions. Funerals have been so frequent of 
late, sometimes three or four a day, that they lose their impres- 
siveness. Most all the deaths have been among the boys. We do 
not suffer as some men of the regiments are suffering close by us ; 
but it is enough to cast a shadow, and make us feel the insecurity 
of life. But let me turn from these things. We are, after all, not 
a gloomy set. The spirits of the men are often high, and there is 
much fun going forward. 

" A great character in the camp is one Niles, a fellow with many 
crotchets in his brain, — too many for it to remain in a normal, 
healthy state. He ought hardly to have passed a medical exami- 
nation ; but he is a fellow of infinite jest, and his pranks and say- 
ings keep up the spirits of the regiment. He has wit. When 
that fails, he blunders into capital hits, sparing no one, from the 
colonel down. Seeing some officers looking at a big hole in a 
hollow tree, he came up, and peered with his queer, whiskered face 
into the hole. ' That is a big hole, Niles,' said one of the ofificers. 
' Yes,' said Niles, ' next time the long roll is sounded, if it isn't full 
of officers, I will come here and hide.' By far the most amusing 
thing I have seen since I became a soldier was Niles's parody of 
Col. Birge, of the 13th Connecticut, — a veteran regiment, which 
went through its admirable drill close to our camp, and whose 
commander, at such times, threw himself with unusual energy into 
such work. I heard great laughter and shouting on the parade 
ground the other day, and, going out, saw Niles mounted on a 
lean, long-eared jackass, which he would cudgel with a club until 



44 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

the animal gave up his obstinacy and went off at an ungainly 
gallop. Niles rushed to one side of the field and then to the 
other, and roared out his orders, — 'Close column by division, on 
second division right in front!' — then whack would go the stick, 
and Niles, eager as if in battle, would gallop off to the other side of 
the field, — ' Head of column to the left, deploy column on first com- 
pany ! ' etc., — an admirable caricature of the efficacy of Col. Birge, 
who was always at full gallop, keeping his regiment on the double- 
quick. Niles drilled his imaginary command for some time, when 
a sergeant, shocked at the indecorum, started after him at full 
speed ; but Niles's time had not yet come. As the pursuer ap- 
proached, Niles's ungainly steed reared and brayed ; and, while 
dodging his heels, the pursuer measured his length in the mud, 
leaving Niles, in his shabby uniform, to go on caracoling and 
shouting his orders." 

From Stowell's journal: — 

'■'•January 20. — There are six of our company on picket duty, 
and- we are stationed near together ; and I can leave my post a 
short time if necessary. So I took a man, and went into the woods 
near by. My gun accidentally went off, and hit a cow right in the 
head. We took out what six of us could carry into camp to-mor- 
row, brought it near our posts, and hid it ; for an officer will come 
around once or twice to see if everything is all right. Our rations 
have been pretty hard lately. We should have had nothing but 
hard-tack. As it is, we shall get along well enough for dinner and 
supper to-morrow. I was lucky enough to find an old rusty pan, 
which I can clean up ; and it will be nice to fry our meat in. 
When we reached camp yesterday, we found everything in hubbub. 
Tents were struck, baggage packed, and all the brigade ordered 
to leave immediately : where to, we did not know ; but we were 
marched out of the city about two miles, and dropped down into 
a mud hole, — the most unhealthy place I ever saw. The ground 
is half-covered with water. We have got our tent raised up and 
floored in good shape. 

'•'■Jatiuary 22. — We went to a rebel's house near by, took his 
doors off before his eyes, took his hammer and hand-saw, some 
sugar and a good spider, and think ourselves fixed up in good 
shape. Of course, it makes a man look ugly to see us break the 
doors of his house to make floors for our tents, but might, with 
rifles to back it, makes everything right. We are most pleased 
with our spider. We can make most all kinds of victuals with the 
help of that. 



BATON ROUGE — PLAQUEMINE EXPEDITION 45 

" January 24. — Here I am sitting by a good fire in an old 
house. I am acting sergeant. Have a lot of men, part of whom 
I have picketed out ; and the rest are lying on the floors, snoring 
like good fellows. I have boarded the windows, so no light can 
get out ; and the wood in the fireplace is crackling in good shape. 
We shall not be cold to-night; for, when the fire gets low, on goes 
a chair, a door, or something else. I cannot help but rather like 
this business. A man feels so independent and saucy. 

" Somebody's cow won't come up to-morrow morning. I do not 
know whose it is; but her hind-quarters are hanging up here, and 
will form part of our breakfast. Usually, it is hard bread and tea 
for breakfast, bread and water for dinner, and bread and tea for 
supper again. So we think to-morrow will be about time for a 
little beefsteak. 

" January 25. — When we got home from picket dut}', we found 
Co. D was about having a funeral. I laid aside my gun, put on 
my dress coat, and attended. It is unusual to have much notice 
taken when a soldier dies ; but in this case there were two 
brothers, one a corporal and the other a sergeant. The corporal 
was a Unitarian minister at Deerfield, His brother was taken 
sick about a week ago with the fever that all have here. The cor- 
poral was with him all the time, and took the best care of him ; but 
he had to die. The corporal had a rough coffin made for his 
brother. The body was brought out, and placed in a gun-box. 
The sergeant's gun and equipments were laid upon the coffin, then 
his cap, and a little bunch of flowers at a place opposite them. 
The corporal stood alone by the coffin through the service. He 
was not the only mourner. It brought tears to the eyes of nearly 
every one, the colonel and the other officers in particular. He 
was twenty-one years of age, and one of the finest men of the 
regiment. If I have prayed a sincere prayer, it is that I might 
get home alive, and die among my friends. If not, I want to die 
by the bullet, and not by disease. 

" Our chaplain made a speech to us on dress parade last night, 
and its subject was ' Cultivate- a Cheerful Spirit' ; and it is just so. 
If a man makes the best of everything, he will be much happier 
than if he look on the dark side all the time." 

To Mrs. Moors : — 

January 21. — This morning came an order to move about a 
mile from the river. Frank Ball was sent to the hospital, very 
sick. We put Graves in the convalescent hospital, in the wing 



4.6 HISTORY OF THE 5 2D REGIMENT 

of this building. Everything is gone from the house, except our 
" duds." I expect to have a long quiet night of it. It is a relief 
to get rid of the sick men. Now we are to go back to tents 
again. Ball and I are to have one to ourselves, — a good wall 
tent. Capt. Long lends me a confiscated stove. It is a great 
deal more quiet here than in the house we have just left; but 
the men are grumbling about our new location, it is so wet and 
swampy. The fear is that it is not healthy. I am feeling very 
well, nothing but a good night's sleep wanting to put me in first- 
rate condition. 

Friday, jfanuary 23. Under a Magnolia Tree. — I moved yes- 
terday, and it occupied all day. The ground here is low; but my 
tent is very pleasantly situated under a big magnolia, whose green 
leaves are intertwined with the long, gray, pendulous Spanish 
moss, which gives it a very pleasant look. Dolly is picketed the 
other side of the tree, and so is my constant companion, day and 
night. I wish I could send you a photograph of it. The Co. E. 
boys put a good floor into my tent, and also a box for me to sleep 
in, which would be very well if it were not so suggestive of a 
coffin. I hope I can get some hay to put in before a great while. 

From the Gazette and Courier : — 

jfanuary 23, 1S63. — Sunday was a day of rejoicing among us. 
In the morning a mail-bag containing about two and one-half 
bushels for the 52d was laid on the floor of the chaplain's room, 
and as soon as possible distributed among the eager crowd, impa- 
tient to get news from home. 

We have a good deal of sickness, as you have doubtless heard. 
Seven have already died of typhoid fever. I find that war has its 
two sides. If you start from our camp with two or three compan- 
ions, all well mounted, and ride about this town an hour, say from 
4 to 5 P.M., about the time for dress parade, hear the inspiring 
music of the bands, the stirring bugle-call, the martial drum and 
fife, and see the long lines of soldiers, the cheerful-looking camps, 
the polished guns and well-trained horses of the batteries, and 
meet well-dressed officers mounted on horses all grand and ele- 
gant, you might fancy that going to war was very fine, and that 
the young men missed a great deal who did not enlist. I3ut stop 
at that building where you see the red flag. It is a hospital of the 
52d Massachusetts Volunteers. Mount the stairs, and look about 
you. In this room on the right are ten men, most of them on the 
floor. Some have boxes made in the plainest way of a few boards. 



BATON ROUGE PLAQUEMINE EXPEDITION 47 

Some of them are filled with the dried Spanish moss. Here is a 
man suffering with fever ; the next one has dysentery ; the next 
one is weak and exhausted, without any particular disease. Go 
to the next room, it is the same. The third, and it is a repetition 
of what you have seen before. Go across the way, and you find 
two or three rooms with patients who are recovering. By the 
time you have spent two or three hours in these rooms you will 
be persuaded that war has its dark side, — dark, dark enough. 
Our regiment is weakened, not only by sickness, but by the ab- 
sence of four companies down the river and a great many de- 
tailed men. 

To Mrs. Moors : — 

Saturday Evening, Jan. 24, 1863. 

The last two days have been among the happiest and the sad- 
dest I have experienced, — happiest because I feel so well and 
am enjoying my mode of life very much. Yesterday we re- 
ceived a large mail for our regiment, which was very welcome. 
I said these days were the saddest, too. The news from Vicks- 
burg is very disheartening. The fate of that place determines 
ours. In the regiment the aspect of affairs is enough to make 
men sober. The fever ! oh, the fever ! Longfellow's chapter in 
"Hiawatha" just expresses it. We have had three deaths within 
twenty-four hours, and I am sorry to write that Edward Hosmer's 
was the last. He died at ten o'clock this a.m., and is to be buried 
to-morrow at ten. He was very much beloved and respected by 
his company and the regiment. He was, you know, the orderly 
sergeant of Co. D. Thompson, of Bernardston, and Culver, of 
Shelburne Falls, are both dead. Graves, whom I have called my 
little pet, was doing nicely when he left me, but now is not as well. 
Lewis, of Co. A, is sick ; and so is Merriam. Horace Allen is 
broken down with home-sickness. To tell you of to-day will tell 
you how I am spending my time. Rose at six, blacked my boots 
(which is a military requirement and no little labor in this sticky 
clay), made my bed, swept the floor of my tent, put to rights gen- 
erally, and rode to town to breakfast, then to deliver letters, and 
then to the river to water Dolly. A boat had just arrived with a 
regiment of eleven hundred negroes, — a splendid regiment, worth, 
I believe, any two regiments on the ground. They are officered 
by colored men, which, I am told, is likely to give great offence 
to the white officers here. I sat for a while to see them disem- 
bark, and then to the hospital, where I spent an hour and a half 



I' 



48 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

visiting, briefly, every man who was awake, and trying to say 
something to him to cheer and help him. It is a hard service, and 
draws severely upon one's sympathy. Then to the post-office with 
a haversack of letters I had brought from camp. At one back 
to dinner, and from there to the funerals of Thompson and Cul- 
ver, who were buried together, and with no escort ; then to see 
J. K. H., to make arrangements for Ed's funeral to-morrow ; then 
with J. K. H. to the cemetery, to select a place of interment ; 
back to camp at four, to look up the boys whose parents had writ- 
ten to me concerning them, and at seven to have a delightful 
quiet hour, writing this. I stayed with Hosmer till half-past nine 
last evening. He wanted I should stay all night to watch with 
Ed ; but I felt that I needed the night for sleep, as I am to have a 
very busy day tomorrow. J. K. is the manliest man there is in the 
regiment. He bears this trial nobly, says he should rather Ed 
had fallen in battle, but, seeing the lack of nurses, he shall vol- 
unteer for that service. He has nursed Ed very tenderly and skil- 
fully. 

You talk of eating hard-tack and salt junk out of sympathy, but 
you need not ; for I eat neither now. We live well enough, — 
plainly, indeed, but good enough. I have put some hay into my 
box, and so sleep splendidly. I have told you that the town was 
deserted. It is not so now. Many of the inhabitants have come 
out of their hiding-places, and the streets swarm with soldiers and 
negroes. The contrabands come in more freely than they did 
before the Emancipation Proclamation. I suppose people want 
to know of me when we are to move upon Port Hudson, why we 
do not move at once, how many soldiers we have, how many the 
rebs have, etc. I have one answer to make. I know nothing 
about it. I did not come here to plan or execute campaigns, nor 
to criticise those who have that duty to perform. I came to be 
chaplain to the 52d Regiment, and in doing this even imperfectly 
I have all that I can do. 

The 52d is badly demoralized. Look at it 1 Nine hundred 
and thirty when we left Greenfield, two hundred and fifty are at 
Plaquemine, one hundred and fifty sick, fifty to take care of the 
sick, one hundred and fifty detailed for special service, leaving two 
hundred and fifty for the available force of the regiment. About 
that number out for inspection to-day. The order was given, 
" Field and staff officers to the front ! " The chaplain bravely 
marched in solitary majesty from the rear to the front, and was in- 



BATON ROUGE PLAQUEMINE EXPEDITION 49 

spected and passed muster. It is bedtime, and a splendid bed of 
hay and husks loose in the box. 

Thursday P.M.— I fear Mr. Allen will not see his son Horace 
again, or, if he does, will find little satisfaction in him. He is 
losing his mind. He can do nothing. There is nothing the matter 
with him but home-sickness. The doctor is trying to get him dis- 
charged and sent home. To-day we have another funeral, Samuel 
Cowles's, Co. I. After my visit to the hospital this morning, I 
took a long ride with the colonel, to visit all the picket stations. 
Beginning at the river, they extend around the whole city at a dis- 
tance of a mile or two from the camp. The pickets are posted in 
squads of three or four together, and the squads between twenty 
or thirty rods of each other, so that no one can approach without 
being seen and challenged. I enjoyed the ride very much. There 
were a few ditches to jump, but Dolly leaped them bravely. I re- 
turned to attend Cowles's funeral. 

Under the Magnolia Tree, 
Jan. 27, 1863. 

. . . Sunday has been a busy day with me. Hosmer wanted to 
have the funeral of Ed out here at the camp (he died in the house 
by the river), and it was arranged for 10.30. But there was a 
blunder about the ambulance, and they were not ready till nearly 
one. The service was held in front of my tent. The body v/as 
dressed as for dress parade, and looked quite natural. A hymn 
was sung, and prayer offered. The whole service was very impres- 
sive. A procession was then formed, Co. A doing escort duty, 
with arms reversed and drums muffled ; then the body in an am- 
bulance ; then J. K. with some white flowers in his hand, which he 
deposited upon the coffin ; then the officers and men of Co. D, the 
chaplain on Dolly, with several soldiers of other companies. At 
the grave Co. A attempted to fire a salute, but bungled it so much 
I did not blame Dolly for being frightened. After a late dinner I 
went to the hospital, read a chapter and offered prayer in three of 
the wards, and prayed with the sickest men at their bedsides. 
Then back to camp to preach a short sermon at dress parade upon 
cheerfulness, which some of the men stand in special need of. 
The sickness does not increase as to numbers, but it does in 
severity. There are from eighty to ninety reported sick every day 
in quarters. Do you ask what causes so much sickness ? I reply, 
Bad water, improper food, exposure to the night air on guard and 



50 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

picket. You write about my not exposing myself to rebel bullets. 
I am ten times more exposed to fever than to rebel bullets. Last 
night there was a hard rain. It pattered nicely upon the roof of 
the tent, and rattled the leaves of the magnolia. There are great 
expectations on that barrel. We expect to see it to-morrow. 

Under the Magnolia Tree, 
January 31. 

. . . The long-looked-for box came this afternoon. It was 
unloaded in front of my tent. A great crowd soon gathered 
round, and were full of eulogium upon the splendid packing. 
"There was labor and skill in that," was the exclamation from 
many. Some of the things sent amused us very much. Sugar, 
for instance, which is as cheap here as dirt and almost as plenty. 
Soap and candles, too, are furnished gratuitously to all the men. 
(There are some inconveniences in living in a tent. I have just 
tipped over my inkstand into my slippers.) Bridget's apples came 
as sound and fresh as when they were put up. You must tell her 
how much obliged I am for them. I put on the old hat you sent 
at once, label and all, to the great amusement of " the boys " ; for 
the contrabands wear just such hats with their master's name 
pinned to them. You must thank everybody for the things sent. 
A funeral this afternoon of Marcus Rowland, of Conway. I 
asked Mr. Hosmer to attend it, for I was quite worn out. Arriving 
at the hospital, he found two more of our men had just died, — 
Frank Ball and Arnold of Co. F. Mr. Hosmer officiated at How- 
land and Ball's burial, the other will be held to-morrow. So we 
have had three deaths to-day. Most of those that die are under 
twenty-one years of age. I think the doctor does his best for 
them. There are fewer new cases, and I hope the worst is over ; 
but to-day one man has come down with scarlet fever. 

Under the Magnolia Tree, 
Feb. 2, 1863. 

My dear Wife, — Attended the funeral of Arnold, Co. F. Had 
service at the hospital, and prepared for one at the camp; but it 
rained so hard I had to give it up. 

On Saturday Horace Allen was brought before the medical 
directors to be examined for a discharge. The novelty of the 
place and the hope of going home excited the poor fellow, and he 
brightened up and answered all the questions asked him very 



BATON ROUGE PLAQUEMINE EXPEDITION Ci 

promptly. They put him through the manual of arms ; and he did 
well in it, — better, Capt. Long said, than he had ever known 
him to do it before. The result was the directors told the captain 
to take his man back and put him to work. The poor fellow was 
too simple to be cunning or wise. With regard to O. R., he has 
been as uncomfortable a member of Co. A. as they could have. He 
has shirked everything, complained of everything. He has done 
his best to make trouble between the captain and his men ; and 
now the poor fellow is sick, and not a friend in the regiment to 
care for him or pity him. He cries and groans, and is the biggest 
baby we have ; and the boys only laugh at him. I went to see 
him this morning, and told him I thought a little pluck was as 
needful to bear a stomach-ache as to fight a battle. I don't 
know how sick he is. He thinks he is going to die at once. The 
boys think one-quarter of his trouble is a cold and three-quarters 
hypo. 

Daniel VV. Lyman writes to the Northampton Gazette: — 

" We are still a broken regiment. Four companies that have 
been sent down the river to Plaquemine have not yet returned, 
and nothing has been heard from them till this noon, when we 
were surprised by the sudden appearance of our orderly Williston, 
in good health and spirits, with a handsome baked turkey in one 
hand and a beautiful double-barrelled shot-gun in the other. The 
turkey was just in season, and went right to the spot; for it took 
the place of hard-tack. One of the party relates a foraging expe- 
dition where they took from one place eighty chickens and five or 
six dozen eggs. The planter owned a sugar plantation, and had on 
hand about one hundred hogsheads of sugar; but the boys could 
not take that on their backs very well, and had to leave it behind. 

"The regiment has left our pleasant location on the bank of 
the river, and marched back a mile and a half to a dismal-looking 
place. It was no small job to make the spot inhabitable. 

" January 22. — Our location, which looked so dismal when we 
saw it yesterday, has been wonderfully improved by the use of a 
little Yankee mettle. Our streets have been levelled, cook-houses 
built, and we are ready to live again. Col. Greenleaf has been 
trying to get the regiment together; and, if his perseverance holds 
out long enough, he will doubtless succeed. He has endeared 
himself to the regiment, and will do all he can to make our posi- 
tion comfortable. He visits the hospital daily ; and his cheering 



52 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

words and pleasant smile have, we doubt not, done more good 
many times than the doctor's medicine. We had a grand foraging 
expedition the other da}', and, among other things, brought back 
six or seven gallons of molasses, and had great fun making ' lasses 
candy.' If the 'lasses' could have helped about it, we should 
have had more fun still." 

From Stowell's journal : — 

'■^February i, — On picket we stopped an old rebel going into 
town on horseback. We sent a man with him ; but the man did 
not go more than ten rods before he made the old rebel get oflE 
and go on foot, while he got on and rode. 

'■'■February 15. — It is as warm here as I ever saw it in July at 
home. Yesterday we had the hardest day's work to do we have 
yet done. Gen. Grover ordered out a train of thirty wagons to 
confiscate commissary stores, and called for two hundred of the 
best men of the 52d Regiment for an escort. We were to go into 
the country about five miles beyond the pickets. We stood the 
march out very well, but every man was wet through with the 
sweat and about played out. The mules trotted most of the way ; 
and the men were forced to keep up, though the mud was quite 
deep. We were marched in in just an hour, and such a heated 
set of men I never saw. Quite a number fell out, and had to be 
sent for with carts, and are now under the surgeon's care. 

" Many are sick. Measles are plenty, and hospital grows larger, 
still we are in good spirits. Does a mule bray, you see all our 
camp crying out: 'A mail, a mail! The "Iberville" is coming!' 
That was our mail-boat, and had a very heavy whistle which could 
be heard a long way, and sounded very much like the bray of a 
iackass. Whenever this was heard, the chaplain would mount his 
black horse and ride over to the landing. Sometimes he walked 
back, the mare nearly covered with mail-sacks. When the mail 
was not so large, he rode between the sacks ; and every man in 
camp would have the letters before the chaplain slept." 

THE PLAQUEMINE EXPEDITION. 

"The morning of Jan. 3, 1863, brought sounds of heavy firing 
from Plaquemine, a place twenty miles below Baton Rouge. 
Rumors of a battle there, in which gun-boats were playing a promi- 
nent part, filled the camp. Orders came for Cos. C, G, H, and K 
to prepare at once to go down the river with three days' rations, 
and re-enforce our troops there. Excitement and bustle filled the 



BATON ROUGE PLAQUEMINE EXPEDITION 53 

quarters of these companies as they prepared for their first real 
work of soldiers. About an hour before sundown, with Lieut. Col. 
Storrs in command, they went on board the steamer ' Morning 
Light,' and started down the river. About seven o'clock Plaque- 
mine was reached, and the troops were landed under cover of two 
gun-boats, and found the town abandoned by the enemy. The 
companies were posted for the night in advantageous positions in 
different parts of the town, and were soon comfortably housed in 
deserted stores and other buildings. Picket duty and foraging 
occupied most of the time. January 9 was an exciting day. The 
pickets had hardly been posted in the morning, when the whole 
detachment was startled by rapid firing at the bayou on the west 
side of the town. All the companies were instantly under arms, 
and went double-quick to support the pickets on the roads leading 
into town and at the bayou. The rain was pouring in torrents all 
the time. At the bayou firing was brisk for a few minutes, and the 
woods on the opposite side contained many rebels. They finally 
disappeared, and quiet reigned about the town. The alarm was 
caused by a scouting party; for the many rumors which had been 
heard led our boys to believe that a strong attempt was to be 
made to drive them out of town. On Sunday, January 11, many 
members of the companies, mindful of their New England bring- 
ing up, went to the Presbyterian church to attend service. They 
far outnumbered the natives in the congregation. The minister 
announced that he would not preach under military restrictions 
(though no one had imposed any), and that there would be no ser- 
vices in that house so long as United States troops occupied the 
place, and dismissed the congregation. Rev. and Capt. Bissell, 
who was in the congregation and who had had some experience in 
preaching at home, at once arose, and announced that he would 
preach there in the afternoon. At the appointed hour he held a 
real New England service, preaching a fine discourse. On subse- 
quent Sundays he held services in the same church, which were 
well attended by the boys, a few natives venturing in. 

"A cavalry companj', under command of Capt. Perkins, came 
into town a day or two after our boys, and aided in picket duty. 
The companies were but scantily supplied with rations, and forag- 
ing was indulged in on a large scale. An abundance of chickens, 
geese, milk, eggs, sweet potatoes, etc., were brought into the camp, 
and so officers and men lived on the fat of the land. Nearly all 
of the officers provided themselves with fine horses. Foraging 



54 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

expeditions were organized to cross the bayou and visit planta- 
tions two or three miles away, in sight of rebel pickets. On the 
23d of January came the most memorable foraging expedition of 
all. The stock of edibles was nearly out, and something must be 
done to fill the larder. A lieutenant, with twenty men from Cos. 
C and G, started in a new direction down the river. About three 
miles below the town was a fine plantation owned by a rebel 
colonel, his wife left in charge. It was soon evident that the boys 
had struck a rich vein. Poultry of every kind was abundant. 
Pigs roamed at will, potatoes, eggs, and various things good for 
hungry men were everywhere. Soon there was such a babel of 
sounds as would have totally eclipsed the ancient Babel. Turkeys 
gobbled, hens cackled, geese screamed, pigs squealed. Stone- 
wall Jackson's foot cavalry were nothing compared with the way 
the boys ran with all sorts of winged denizens of their race. The 
boys had the best of the race every time. Soon an enormous pile, 
fit to tempt the palate of an epicure, appeared in front of the plan- 
tation home. An ancient African was pressed into service, and 
politely invited to hitch up a mule team. After some excuses on 
his part, and the use of powerful arguments to show him the folly 
of these excuses, he was persuaded- to accept the invitation. Pres- 
ently he appeared on the scene, under the protecting care of two 
or three of the boys, with a mule as ancient as himself hitched to 
what was once a cart. Into this vehicle, with many a tug and 
groan, went first a full-grown hog which had accidentally, or other- 
wise, run against a Co. C bayonet in one of the races above de- 
scribed, then went in an almost countless number of feathered 
contestants which had been vanquished in the same race. Pigs, 
potatoes, eggs, sugar, molasses, were piled in on top. Who ever 
saw a more miscellaneous lot of edibles in one cart, or more in- 
viting to hungry men. All previous foraging had been out-for- 
aged. Everybody was loaded with the consciousness of having 
had a part in a great achievement. The ancient African was just 
mounting the cart, after ineffectual attempts to decline an invita- 
tion to drive the fruits of victory to town, and all were assembling 
to return to camp, when, lo ! Lieut. Col. Storrs, with cavalry Capt. 
Perkins at his heels, appeared on the scene. To his eager inquiry, 
' What does all this mean ? ' comes the quick answer, ' We are 
carrying the war into Africa.' That hardly satisfied the colonel. 
His conscience required a money equivalent for the good things 
received. So he told Lieut. G. that he must pay for all the prop- 



BATON ROUGE PLAQUEMINE EXPEDITION 55 

erty the squad had taken. The lieutenant scratched his head, 
looked with amazement at the contents of the cart, and then at 
the colonel, and finally told him that his pocket-book was as empty 
as the chicken roost on that plantation ; and he must, for obvious 
reasons, decline to pay. The colonel then turned to the men, and 
told them that they must make up among themselves the value of 
all they had taken. What a look of blank amazement came on 
every face ! The paymaster had not been around since enlist- 
ment. Continental soldiers at the close of the Revolution were 
not more destitute of money than these men. Every man pro- 
tested that he could not raise the value of the smallest Confed- 
erate ' shinplaster.' Then chimed in the gallant cavalry captain. 
' It is a shame,' he said, ' to forage. My men never do.' And 
when the lieutenant told him he was mistaken, that there was not 
a day in the week and hardly an hour in the day when his men 
did not go inside the picket lines with poultry dangling from the 
sides of their horses, and that they boasted that they had not 
drawn a ration from the government within a month, he replied, 
' But they always pay for what they take.' If the gallant captain 
had not been killed a few months after in Port Hudson, it would 
have been perfectly proper to characterize his statement as — a 
whopper. Finding that his command was impecunious to an 
amazing degree, the colonel ordered the whole proceeds of the 
expedition driven to town, and turned over to the acting quarter- 
master, to be issued as rations to the men. Grins take the place 
of the troubled looks on the faces of the men ; and some one 
called out, 'Why, colonel, that was the very thing we started out 
to do.' It would be pleasant to know whether the colonel sus- 
pected that the splendid truss of chickens he helped dispose of the 
the next day at the officers' mess had arrived on that old mule- 
cart. When the colonel made some inquiries later in the day 
about the expedition and the reason for it, he was told that, when 
Uncle Samuel sent a detachment of his boys into a hostile coun- 
try and then forgot to send them rations, they could not live on 
air for an indefinite length of time ; and his eyes were also opened 
to the fact that, for the three weeks he had been enjoying the 
splendid fare at the officers' mess, he had eaten nothing but for- 
aged rations. And we observed that rations were more plentiful 
from that time on, 

"January 27 Pomeroy, of Co. K, died; and on February 3 
Waite, of Co. C, also died. February i the cavalry company was 



56 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

ordered away; and on February 6 two batteries of the ist U.S. 
Artillery landed at Plaquemine, and we felt easier. The next day 
four regiments of infantry arrived from Baton Rouge, under com- 
mand of Col. Payne ; and our companies received orders to return 
to the regiment by the first boat. On the afternoon of February 
8 they embarked on the ' Iberville,' and reached Baton Rouge 
about midnight ; and the next morning they rejoined the regiment. 

" Perhaps it was his experience at Plaquemine that led to this 
story about Lieut. Col. Storrs. The lieutenant colonel offered to 
bet he could take Port Hudson with the 5 2d Regiment alone. 
When asked how he would do it, he replied, ' Put them in camp 
within five miles of Port Hudson, tell them not to touch it, and 
within two weeks they would steal the whole of it.' " 

From Jesse L. Delano's journal : — 

" One of the most disagreeable, dismal, muddy, and rebellious 
places in Louisiana in 1863 was Plaquemine. On the west bank 
of the Mississippi, about twenty miles below Baton Rouge, four 
companies of the 52d were ordered, and landed about dark on the 
evening of January 5, and found that almost the entire population, 
except the colored people, were strong secessionists, and had 
aided the rebellion in many ways. Rations had not been fur- 
nished us. We must provide them for ourselves. Found a place 
which abounded in poultry of all kinds, and our camp soon re- 
joiced in a stock of oranges, chickens, ducks, geese, and turkeys. 
We just revelled in chicken soup, roast turkey, and are not con- 
science-smitten at the way in which we secured them ; for we 
found the spirit of rebellion so strong that we felt justified in get- 
ting what we wanted if we could find it in the hands of traitors to 
our beloved country. Sugar plantations abounded about Plaque- 
mine. Every one had an extensive sugar mill, and its storehouses 
filled with sugar and molasses. We all had a weakness for sugar, 
and the government's supply of three ounces a day seemed to us 
unnecessarily small. One planter who lived near the village came 
and claimed to be a Union man, and was afraid the rebels would 
steal his sugar, of which he had a large quantity in his storehouse. 
The colonel granted him liberty to draw it to the wharf, and send 
it to New Orleans. Eighty hogsheads of it were then drawn and 
unloaded on the wharf, and waited for the steamer to come along 
and take it aboard. The boys wanted at least one hogshead of 
that sugar for their use ; and, while the soldier on guard was walk- 
ing in one direction and looking steadily ahead, six or eight of the 



BATON ROUGE PLAQUEMINE EXPEDITION 57 

boys laid hold of a hogshead and rolled it rapidly away in the 
other direction, where other men waited with boxes and barrels, 
to which the sugar was rapidly transferred, to carry to our quar- 
ters. The empty hogshead was rolled into the river and floated 
down the stream. The next day a search was made for one miss- 
ing hogshead of sugar, but nothing could be found of it ; for it 
was securely hid under the piazza floor of the house occupied for 
our quarters. We learned afterward that the owner of the whole 
cargo proved to be a traitor, and the government confiscated and 
took the whole amount when it arrived at New Orleans. Another 
planter by the name of Desoby applied to the provost-marshal 
for a guard, so that the negroes and the soldiers could not carry 
away his sugar. He claimed to be a strong Union man. The 
provost-marshal sent a guard on the condition that he would give 
them flour, and furnish them sweet potatoes, meat, and poultry as 
often as they wished. Delano and Whitmore were detailed to 
guard the sugar. They stayed two days ; but, finding the old man 
did not keep his part of the bargain, they returned to camp, leav- 
ing the sugar unguarded. He, finding that his sugar was rapidly 
disappearing, went and implored the provost-marshal to send back 
the guard, and he would furnish everything he had agreed to. 
They were accordingly sent back, and immediately drove off the 
negroes that were stealing the sugar. The old man was so thank- 
ful he said they might each of them have a barrel of sugar. So 
they procured two of the largest barrels they could find, got a 
darky to tamp the sugar while they shovelled it in till the barrels 
were full. The next day the old man got permission to ship the 
whole lot to New Orleans ; but he was soon arrested for aiding 
the enemy, and the government confiscated all his sugar. The 
steamboat captain kindly took Whitmore's and Delano's barrels 
to New Orleans free of expense, and delivered them to Gen. An- 
drews to send on to the late Rev. Erastus Andrews, of Sunder- 
land ; and by him they were shipped to a friend at New York, and 
eventually arrived home when sugar was selling at 20 cts. per lb." 

Baton Rouge, February 11. 
Mr. Eastman, — I have no report to make of battles lost or won. 
It has not been the fortune of the 52d yet to meet the enemy. Yet 
do not fancy that we lead an idle, listless life here. On the con- 
trary, our camp is usually a hive of busy industry. When we came 
on our present camping ground, it wore a most unpromising look. 



58 HISTORY OF THE 5 2D REGIMENT 

It was low and swampy, covered with a thick growth of under- 
brush and brambles and a few large trees. Now everything is 
cleared up except the large trees, and several of them have fallen ; 
and we have a neat, picturesque camp. We are, apparently, doing 
nothing, — that is, we have made no forward movement; and you at 
home are asking very impatiently why we do not move on Port 
Hudson. Let me answer your question by asking another. 
"Have you a solid stone wall on your premises? Why don't 
you get up some fine morning, and go and butt your head against 
that stone wall ? " It would not pay, would it ? Neither would it 
pay for us to butt our heads against the strong fortifications of 
Port Hudson. We are not ready yet for such a movement. The 
health of the regiment is improving, though there are sixty re- 
ported sick in the hospital and seventy in quarters. There have 
been three deaths to-day. 

The box that was sent from Greenfield came through safely in 
a little more than two weeks, and was cordially welcomed. Half 
of the articles were spoiled. Some pies had outlived their useful- 
ness when they arrived. It needs to be repeated that pies, cakes, 
and jellies are not worth their cost to send to the soldiers. It will 
be gratifying to the friends of Co. A to know that there has not 
been a death in their company. They have, however, just now 
more cases of measles than any other company. The regiment are 
generally in good spirits. 

D. W. Lyman writes to the Northampton Gazette: — 

^^ February ii. — The report had spread that the four companies 
were to return to-day. When they came up, they were greeted with 
three hearty cheers. They speak in glowing terms of the land of 
Plaquemine, a land flowing with milk and honey. 

" The question has been for some time past and is now discussed, 
' Is it best to arm the negroes, and will they make good soldiers?' 
To the above question my answer would be in the affirmative. I 
have been very much disappointed in the negro population in this 
part of the country. They are more intelligent as a class than I 
expected to find them. A portion of them are industrious, with a 
deal of common sense ; and many want to go in and help what they 
can toward putting down the rebellion, and I hope they will have a 
chance to do so before long. 

'■^ March 12. — Our regiment, and indeed the whole army, has 
been on the qui vive for the last three or four days, waiting for the 



BATON ROUGE PLAQUEMINE EXPEDITION 59 

order to march ; and on Wednesday, after everything was packed, 
the cooks were ordered to prepare two days' more rations, which 
was done and we were ready to march. But it turned out not to be 
a march to Port Hudson, but a grand review, after which we re- 
turned to camp with orders to be ready to move at twenty minutes' 
notice. Tuesday morning Co. A rejoined the regiment, and com- 
panies are once more together, but not all. Thirty who went into 
camp with us now rest beneath the sod, and will nevermore return 
home to receive a happy welcome." 

On Thursday, the 12th, everything seemed to be ready for a 
start. "Now," said the boys, "we will see what Port Hudson is 
made of." All superfluous baggage has been sent to the rear. 
The order to "fall in " was given about nine o'clock. The 52d boys 
bravely shouldered their knapsacks, containing only what they 
thought indispensable, swung over one shoulder the haversack 
filled with two days' rations, and over the other the cartridge-box 
with forty rounds of ammunition, and were confident that they 
could march to Port Hudson, twenty miles away, capture it, and 
return the next day. The bands played their best, and on we 
start. But how is this ? The column is headed to the south : 
Port Hudson is supposed to lie in the opposite direction. At last 
it entered our heads that it was a grand review we had come for, 
and no march on Port Hudson after all; and a grand review it 
was, — very pleasant "to those on horseback who did not get un- 
horsed in jumping a deep ditch, very tiresome to those on foot 
who had some forty pounds' weight to carry. We marched about 
in the heat for two hours, and then back to camp, more wearied 
and no wiser than when we left it. 

From Hosmer's " Color Guard " : — 

"The other day I watched Nims's battery at drill. The cannon 
and caissons are all out. I pass in front of the muzzles that they 
have drawn up for a start. To-day Capt. Nims does his own 
bugling. ' Toot ! toot ! ' a chain of notes, and then all go on the 
gallop. ' Toot ! toot ! ' now they stop and limber. ' Toot ! toot ! ' 
off again by the right flank. Swords waving, harnesses jingling, 
and horses kicking with the excitement. All done to a little chain 
of clear bugle-notes. Every horse as ready as if those notes lin- 
ger on in some way to that great rattling of the battery. Rather 
ungracious business, Capt. Nims, blowing your own trumpet, but 
you do it very well. 

" We are at last ready for a start. Gen. Banks comes up with 



6o HISTORY OF THE 5 2D REGIMENT 

a multitudinous staff. Now is the time for splendid steeds, — 
coursers fitted for an Homeric chariot, like the war-horse of Job, 
his neck clothed with thunder, — arching necks, prancing limbs, 
fetlocks spurning the furrow, blacks and grays prancing and rear- 
ing from well-filled cribs ; for each horse has had his nose in a gov- 
ernment crib. Banners droop, drums roll a salute. The general 
removes his cap. He is splendid ; his staff behind splendid, glit- 
tering with bullion and lace. All is splendid. But the color guard 
thinks it is rather hard work to look at even a splendid spectacle 
in heavy marching order, Down the line on a full canter now 
come the general and his brilliant staff. After they are passed, 
the whole division defiles before them, regiment behind regiment 
drooping its ' good-morning ' to the general in its dipping colors as 
the lines wheel, pass before him, receiving a wave of his cap in re- 
turn, horn and bugle, drum and fife, filling the air with glorious 
sound, the great host, with rhythmic foot-beat, moving mightily 
onward." 




/.^, ^?^crzn<f 



V. 

BATON ROUGE. 

[Fee. 12 TO March 13, 1S63.] 

To Mrs. Moors : — 

Under the Magnolia Tree, 
Feb. 12, 1863. 

Attended the funeral of Sykes, of Co. D. I stopped at the 
express office with a package of money for you to distribute. I 
am really running an express office with packages of money, espe- 
cially for the men in the hospital. The measles have broken out, 
and we are having many cases. Graves is much better. The 
general impression now is that a movement is soon to be made. 

February 15. — I have not written to you since yesterday. The 
rain is pouring upon the roof, and very few are stirring ; but I 
have had a pleasant evening. Lieut. Kellogg came in, and we 
entered upon a theological discussion. Presently the colonel 
came in, and shortly after the major, and we had a very interesting 
talk for more than an hour, sitting in the dark. I am sorry to say 
that Dolly is behaving very badly. She pulls with all her might, 
and breaks everything she can. Yesterday I tied her to a tree. 
She pulled all she could, and I let her pull and went about my 
business. When in the hospital, a darky rushed in, and said, 
"Chaplain, your horse has got killed e'enmost, — got down, and 
couldn't get up." " What happened then .? " I said. " Oh, me 
and nudder white man helped her up." She was a sorry picture, 
indeed. She had thrown herself into the mud of the gutter, and 
was completely covered with it from head to tail, as were the sad- 
dle, poncho, and haversack which I usually carry attached to the 
saddle. She had become entangled with the bridle and halter, 
and would have died if she had not been released. I did not ride 
her back to camp ; for the inference would have been that the 
chaplain's horse had been in the gutter, even if the chaplain had 
not. I don't know what I shall do with the jade. I must have a 
horse. I cannot do without one. She never looked better nor 
felt better than she has to-day. Last night Lieut. Col. Storrs 
came in to say that he had been to Gen. Grover's headquarters 



64 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

of the forenoon, and had a conference with him about finding a 
larger house for this class of patients. Then to the regimental 
hospitals, where I held a brief service. Then a ride about the 
city, in search for a proper house for a measles hospital. I think 
I found just the right thing. 

Monday Evening. — A beautiful day. Visited the hospitals as 
usual. Went with Dr. Patterson to see about a measles hospital. 
We found an empty building which is just the thing. I had a 
squad of men detailed to remove the sick men there. Then to a 
chaplain's meeting, which is held every Monday morning. I have 
become very much interested in these meetings. The chaplain of 
the 2 2d Maine attended four funerals yesterday. That regiment 
has lost forty men, and has more than two hundred and fifty sick. 

^^ Baton Rouge, February 24. — Sunday was the anniversary of 
They have suffered more than we. It is the only regiment that has. 
Washington's birthday, and some of the regiments had the holiday 
in honor of the event yesterday; and the soldiers amused them- 
selves by foot-racing, climbing a greased pole, and various other 
ways. Business at the jail has been good for the past two or 
three weeks, since the paymaster's arrival. There are those who 
will get drunk if they can get liquor. As a consequence, they get 
locked up in the jail. I am happy to say that none of the 5 2d 
boys have been arrested for drunkeness. I had, or rather took, 
time to stop at the camp of the 52d and hear our chaplain preach 
a sermon on the text, ' Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall 
see God,' — the first sermon I have heard for weeks. There are a 
good many sick in the hospital, and they have as good care as we 
are able to furnish them." — E. If. 

To Mrs. Moors : — 

March i, 1863. Sunday Evening. 

Yesterday we buried Morton, of Co. I., the twenty-first death 
since we landed. At 2 p.m. we assembled for service, two hun- 
dred or so present; and I preached from Exodus iii. 5. After 
we were through, men stopped for a while to sing ; and one came 
to me to know what my opinion was upon some points of theology 
that he discovered in my discourse. I told him. Of course, he 
did not agree with me, so we had an argument ; and a crowd 
gathered round. The indications are revived of a speedy move- 
ment somewhere. The men are impatient for it. We have lived 
a weird, monotonous camp life for three months. We have been 
long enough in this swamp, and long for the excitement of a 



BATON ROUGE 65 

change, even if it bring increased danger and hardships. It is a 
splendid night, and tattoos are sounding from all sides. Such a 
rattling of drums you never heard. There is a great deal that is 
very showy and exciting about this kind of life, but I do not care 
how soon it is over. The war need not be prolonged a day on my 
account. I found a lizard in my bed to night, but he was as glad 
to get out as I was to have him. The great business of our regi- 
ment now is getting and sending letters. In this we have the pre- 
eminence. Our mails are estimated by bushels, those of other 
regiments by pecks. 

March 5. 

. . . Yesterday was a great day for the 5 2d. A mail had arrived 
during the night. I secured the loan of an old horse (Dolly is too 
lame to use) and four of Co. A boys. We found two big bags for 
us, which we swung over the nag ; and, while I led the horse, two 
of the boys on each side steadied the bags. We marched up to 
camp where our arrival was hailed with much rejoicing, expressed 
by the familiar phrase : " Hurrah for the mail ! Hurrah for the 
chaplain ! " I know you are anxious about the fever. I have 
been as careful as I know how to be. It would not be hazarding 
too much to say that at least one-half of the cases of sickness and 
death is to be attributed to some carelessness on the part of the 
men. It is strange how they will eat anything and everything they 
can lay hold of, in spite of all the warning. On the whole, the 
health of the regiment is improving. To-day we have fifty -three 
in the hospital, one hundred and three reported sick in quarters. 
Of these about twentv are recovering from the measles. Hill- 
man, of Co. I, died yesterday. This morning I found at the 
quartermaster's office a package from home, sent by Dr. Ingersoll, 
who forwarded it from New Orleans. Ball thinks my stock of 
handkerchiefs and towels is quite too large. So I took those that 
came this morning and went through the hospital, where I found 
several men who had lost their solitary towel and handkerchief. I 
soon disposed of all my stock. 

We have been having quite an excitement for a few days about 
an order which has come to be ready to move at once. We expect 
to be off somewhere very soon, but as yet nothing has come of it. 
There is something in the wind, — I cannot guess what. Dolly is 
getting over her lameness, but is ugly as sin ; shies at all sticks of 
wood by the roadside, and does what Adam did generally. What 
did Adam do? He raised Cain, did he not? She is a spoiled 



66 HISTORY OF THE 5 2D REGIMENT 

child, — spoiled by having her own way. The trouble with her is 
that she is naturally of a timid and retiring disposition. She 
was bred for peace, not war; but she will get used to it if I sell 
her, as I am disposed to, into the artillery service. The letters 
from home speak continually of my hardships. I don't see them. 
The fact is, I am living an easier life than at home. I ride about 
two or three hours a day, visit two or three hospitals, sit in my tent 
and talk with the boys, who, I am inclined to think, are much more 
disposed to come in here and talk with the minister than they 
are at home. I write letters, and read the newspapers, — not a 
very hard task, and nothing to make a martyr of. So don't waste 
any sympathy. 

They are bringing a lot of gunpowder here, and are experiment- 
ing with twenty-pound Parrotts ; and close by us the muskets are 
rattling away vigorously. I told the doctor I thought they were 
wasting too much powder. " Yes," he said, " they might just as 
well be killing somebody with it." Professional, was it not? 

March 6. 
. . . You spoke of seeing Mrs. Dodge, whose husband is in Co. 
D. He is a very sick man, in the general hospital. 

March 9. 
. . . To go back to yesterday, I went to inspection at nine, and 
at eleven to the cemetery, to attend the funeral of Alonzo Dodge, 
He died on Saturday at the general hospital, to which he was sent 
on Friday. He was from South Deerfield. His death seems very 
sudden and sad. He had the shortest sickness of any one. He 
was a stout, good looking man. As soon as that service was over, 
we had another for Johnson, of Co. K. On Saturday, too, we 
buried Farnham, of Buckland. Then to camp, to have a service 
there ; but it was so hot and windy I had it postponed to evening. 
Orders have come to have everything packed and stored away. 
We have orders to carry with us our blankets and overcoats, and 
to be ready to start at 3 p.m. ; but it is now 8 p.m., and we are not 
off yet. Where wo. are going I do not know ; but, without doubt, 
our ultimate aim is Port Hudson. We shall probably have some 
awful fighting there. We have as yet seen only the outer 
edge of war. Now, I suppose, we shall see it in its fearful reality. 
These nice, roomy tents we must exchange for the little shelter 
tents, or none at all. Our comfortable table must be given up for 



BATON ROUGE 67 

such fodder as the camp will furnish. I expect to see harder times 
than I have yet experienced. I have seen but a little of hardship 
as yet. I start ofif in good cheer, and with the hope that the 52d 
will do something worthy the cause and the good Common- 
wealth she represents. The men are in good spirits ; but we 
must leave about two hundred sick ones behind. Three months in 
camp life are enough for us, and we welcome a change. 

March g. — We have a good deal of sickness, but no more than 
other regiments. One Maine regiment, the 2 2d, has lost twice as 
many men as we have. It is noticed that regiments coming from 
the more northern latitudes suffer more severely in getting accli- 
mated, and that the excess of mortality is the greatest among the 
young, the mere boys, or those not yet in the prime of life. With 
improving health come more elastic spirits. The time was when 
sour faces and grumbling voices were almost the rule rather than 
the exception ; but now we can sing, laugh, and joke, and make the 
evening air ring with the sound of merry voices. Our tents are 
floored with boards raised several inches from the ground so we can 
keep comfortably dry in wet weather. Many a good rebel house 
has contributed to our wants in fitting our tents and cooking-houses 
in proper shape. The water is all poor, and the old well at home is 
the subject of the warmest encomiums. For my part, I would like 
a sight of those hills and valleys from which pure water comes. 
Deliver me from the monotony of level lands, where there is not 
a rock nor a stone nor a rippling brook, where the landscape, 
whether beautiful or not, is never in sight, and where men, sur- 
rounded on every side by clumps of forest trees, are as ignorant 
of what is going on around them as a cricket in the grass or 
chickens in a corn-field. 

From Stowell's journal : — 

'''■March 10. — We are still here, every minute expecting the 
order to march. I should like a good home meal of victuals be- 
fore starting, but shall have to make hard-tack go in place of it. 

'■'•March 11. — Lewis Williams, of Co. E, was accidentally shot 
with a pistol this morning. A friend of his was examining the 
pistol, and thinking it was not loaded, when it discharged, the ball 
entered the bowels. He is badly wounded." 



VI. 

THE MARCH TO PORT HUDSON. 
[March 13, 1S63.] 

Col. Greenleaf's account: — 

" Port Hudson, a great stronghold of the enemy (engineers said 
as strong as Vicksburg), commanding the Mississippi River and 
wholly obstructing navigation, was but twenty-two miles above us, 
and, as was reported, had a force equal in numbers to our own, — 
that is, equal in numbers to the 19th Army Corps; and it was 
important that this formidable stronghold should be reduced. 

" Accordingly, early in March preparations were made for a 
simultaneous attack by both army and navy on Port Hudson. 
Admiral Farragut came up from New Orleans on the ' Hartford,' 
with his fleet of gun-boats; mortar-boats were also brought up and 
anchored ; the necessary orders were issued to the army by Gen. 
Banks, convalescents sent to hospitals or put on light duty, tents 
struck, ammunition and rations served ; and on the 13th of 
March both army and navy commenced active operations, with 
the view to co-operating with Gen. Grant, then thundering away at 
Vicksburg, in a determined effort to open up the Mississippi to 
free navigation. 

" It seemed to have been agreed between Gen. Banks and Ad- 
miral Farragut that the former should make a demonstration with 
the land forces on the rear of Port Hudson, while the latter, with 
his mortar and gun-boat fleet, should attack in the front, and seek 
to pass the long line of powerful batteries planted on the high 
banks of the river, with the flag-ship ' Hartford,' the frigate ' Mis- 
sissippi,' and the ' Albatross ' ; that, when once above the rebel 
batteries with these vessels, the admiral would control the river be- 
tween Port Hudson and Vicksburg, and could cut oK supplies and 
re-enforcements coming from the rich Red River country for Gen. 
Gardner at the former place and for Gen, Pemberton, commanding 
at the latter; that, if, while Farragut should be patrolling the 
river above. Banks should withdraw his army from below and 
make an expedition through the rich and fertile La Fourche and 
Teche Counties to the Red River, capturing and destroying on the 



THE MARCH TO PORT HUDSON 69 

march a considerable force of rebels commanded by Gen. Dick 
Taylor at Fort Bisland on the Teche near Brashear City, the rebel 
Gen. Gardner, feeling more secure and lacking provisions, might 
deem it advisable to reduce his force at Port Hudson, and thus 
ultimately render the capture of the place less diffcult. At any 
rate, this was about what did actually happen. 

"On the 14th of March, the next day after breaking camp 
at Baton Rouge, the land forces camped a few miles below and 
to the rear of the enemy's fortified town, the fleet in the river oc- 
cupying much the same time in moving up that the army did in 
marching, 

" We knew that gun-boats kept nearly abreast of us, from famil- 
iar sounds which came to us now and then from the river. 

"Late the same afternoon, by order of Gen. Grover, the 52d 
Regiment, accompanied by engineers and artists competent to ex- 
amine and sketch the topography of the country, as well as the 
fortifications, made a reconnoissance some two miles in advance 
of the main body of the army and to within a few hundred yards 
of the enemy's works, driving his picket line before them, and 
there leisurely took their observations. 

" I expected every moment, while in this advanced position, to 
draw the fire of the opposing batteries, but for some unexplained 
reason we did not. However, the reconnoissance was hand- 
somely made, and in such manner as to give me renewed confi- 
dence and pride in my little command. It was performed in such 
satisfactory manner as to elicit ' congratulations ' and compliments 
from both our brigade and division commanders. This service 
done, we marched back some distance with our 'flankers' still 
out, and soon after dark, by order of Gen. Grover, filed into a 
piece of heavy wood by the roadside, established our picket line, 
and lay down on our arms, awaiting further orders, the profes- 
sionals who accompanied us to the front going to the rear in the 
mean time to report observations to the division commander ; but, 
as by special orders from brigade headquarters we left camp in 
light marching order, and as we could not build fires to warm our- 
selves from fear of betraying our position to keen eyes over the 
way, we suffered greatly from cold and exposure during the night. 
Towards morning, a little before midnight, Nims's 2d Massachu- 
setts Battery came up, took position a few rods in advance of us, 
and opened a rattling fire on the fortifications and town. Anon, 
we heard the booming of scattering, heavy guns opposite us on the 



70 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

high river-bank, a mile and a half away, and almost immediately, 
louder than the loudest thunder from the sky, follows the deafen- 
ing roar of a hundred pieces of artillery simultaneously discharged 
from river and town ; and we realize that Farragut's Union broad- 
sides and Gardner's Confederate batteries are joined at last in one 
grand battle chorus ! 

" The earth beneath our feet trembles at the shock ; and ' in 
the twinkling of an eye ' the western horizon is in a blaze of glory. 
Shells from the mortar-boats below are bursting over the enemy's 
works in every direction, and the roar of cannon along the river- 
front becomes incessant. The crash of artillery is simply tremen- 
dous. Sights and sounds become absolutely terrific. We think 
of Milton's description of battles in 'Paradise Lost,' and wonder 
how the pending conflict will end. We tremble for the bravest 
and best of admirals and his gallant fleet. But soon the terrible 
cannonading slackens : we follow slowly the sound of heavy guns 
up the river. Now we hear them no longer from that direction. 
The firing ceases altogether in front. It comes to our listening 
ears now only from below. Why is this ? We hear only at brief 
intervals the report of a few guns, and each report comes from a 
distance lower and still lower down the river, ' Can it be,' we ask 
ourselves, ' that brave Farragut has been cut to pieces, — de- 
stroyed, — and that some dilapidated remnant of his fleet is now 
retreating down the stream, making her parting shots at the foe as 
she drifts?' 

" Thus we listen, ponder, and reflect, when, suddenly and unex- 
pectedly as an electric flash from the region of darkness, the 
heavens above and to the west are lighted up as by the unseen 
flames of a conflagration, and, although in a dark wood, we see 
and recognize each other's faces, and catch a sight of moss and 
different kinds of bark on trees : then, on the instant, we plainly 
feel an earthquake shock, and we hear from below a prolonged, 
thundering sound, louder and more deadly than any before, much 
resembling, in effect, the explosion of a powder-mill ; and all is 
still again ! We wonder and shiver through the remaining hours 
of the night, but cannot sleep. On the morrow we learn that the 
admiral succeeded in passing the rebel batteries with the * Hart- 
ford ' and * Albatross ' only ; that the other vessels were badly 
shattered in the terrible conflict, and that the grand old 'Missis- 
sippi,' world-renowned for her former service, had her rudder shot 
away, and was set on fire in her attempt to pass ; that it was the 



THE MARCH TO PORT HUDSON 7 1 

requiem guns of her gallant crew we had heard down the river, at 
short intervals, the night before, as she floated with the current, a 
helpless wreck, and that these guns were discharged only as they 
became sufhciently heated by the consuming fire; that it was the 
explosion of her magazine, when reached at last by the flames, 
that caused us so much wonder at the close of the battle, and 
that, with that explosion, the gallant craft herself was 'forever 
numbered among the things that were.' " 

THE RECONNOISSANCE, 

To Mrs. Moors : — 

Baton Rouge, March 13, 1863. — At last we are ready for the 
movement, for the long-anticipated movement. The start was 
grand and imposing, as all military displays are. We are no 
longer playing soldiers, but we are going into real service. Of 
course, we knew nothing of the plans of the campaign, — they were 
only for the chief officers ; but we had no doubt that we were 
ready to assail the rebel entrenchments at Port Hudson. One 
brigade after another, with its infantry and artillery, was wheeled 
into its assigned place in the line, which extended as far as the eye 
could reach. Every flag was unfurled, the bands played their most 
inspiring music. 

At the start the chaplain of the 5 2d Regiment furnished the 
boys with a good deal of entertainment. 

The day was hot. The march promised to be a long one, and 
the load for each man was burdensome. A good many asked, as 
a favor of the chaplain, that he would take their blankets upon his 
horse. He consented ; and they were piled up in front and be- 
hind him, till little more than his head was visible. Then the boys 
began to chaff, calling out: "The chaplain is well barricaded : the 
rebels cannot hit him. Nothing short of a shell can reach him," 
etc. They had their laugh, but were glad to be relieved of their 
blankets. It was our first march. We had been ordered to leave 
everything superfluous behind. But- what did raw soldiers know of 
what was superfluous? A few of us officers employed a colored 
brother to carry in a bag upon his back a few articles we thought 
indispensable. Returning sooner than we expected, we found that 
his bag contained the following articles : tin cups, plates, boots, 
sugar, coffee, tea (done up in my night-cap), bread, meat, a hair 
comb, tooth-brushes, potatoes, knives, forks, towels, shirts, stock- 
ings, and a curry-comb. 



72 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

We made a different inventory of things necessary before the 
end of the campaign. We then found that a rubber blanket served 
for house and bed. A tin plate and cup with an iron knife and 
fork furnished all that was indispensable for kitchen and dining- 
room. A tooth-brush and towels were all that were really needed 
for the toilet. The one shirt could be washed in the muddy pool 
in the rear of the camp, from which we obtained all our water, 
wrung out as soon as washed and slipped on again. For parlor 
we had all out-of doors, only we must not lift our heads very high, 
unless we wanted to try their hardness against rebel bullets. 
Much that we had been accustomed to regard as necessities we 
found to be superfluities. I became so accustomed to use my 
boots for a pillow, and they served the purpose so well, I wrote 
home to sell out my share of the house pillows, as I proposed to 
continue the use of my boots for that purpose henceforth. But I 
am anticipating. 

We halted for the brigades to be formed. Regiments moved 
into line from every quarter. The infantry, cavalry, and artillery, 
of which there were several splendid batteries, made our eiifective 
force. At four o'clock the Jine was formed, and we started on 
our way for Port Hudson. It was a grand and imposing spectacle. 
The line stretched on as far as the eye could reach ; and, as the 
road was level and straight, we could see a great way. At the 
cross of the roads other regiments were waiting to take their 
places, and the men cheered them heartily. Our regiment was 
among the first in Col. Van Zandt's brigade, in Gen. Grover's 
division. 

It was Friday. We marched till 8 p.m., about eight miles. It 
was a glorious evening, not very warm. The roads straight and 
level and in good condition for marching. The trees are getting 
into full leaf, the peach-trees in full blossom, the fences covered 
with roses in full bloom, trumpet-flowers and a profusion of others 
on either side, the men in good condition, singing and joking. I 
rode in the rear of the regiment till sundown, and then put a Co. 
K boy on Dolly and took his gun, which I carried for two hours. 
It was quite dark when we halted, but starlight. 

We left the road and wheeled into a corn-field full of ridges, just 
as it was left when last year's crop was taken off. We halted on 
a spot a little dryer than most, and there spent the night. We 
had hard-tack, drank some cold coffee from our canteens, and 
turned in. Going to bed consisted in taking off my spurs. It 



THE MARCH TO PORT HUDSON 73 

was a splendid opportunity to study astronomy. I could have 
told you in the morning the exact position of several constella- 
tions I was warm enough ; but the rubber blanket over us was 
wet with dew before we went to sleep. At first the men were a 
little troubled at the want of pillows, but my saddle-bags answered 
for two of us. My end contained the curry-comb and brushes, 
and I confess it was rather a hard pillow. We were not allowed 
to have any fires till after daylight. As it was getting light, our 
pickets came in, while I was looking for some coffee for breakfast, 
and brought two sheep. I took hold and helped carry them to 
our sleeping places. The pickets were in great glee over their 
two sheep. But their fine story was soon spoiled by my cousin 
Hall, adjutant of the ist Louisiana Cavalry, whom I met just 
then, who called out, " Cousin John, where are your sheep ? " 
"What sheep?" I inquired. "Why, those I sent you .this morn- 
ing." He then told me that he was out on picket with his cavalry 
company, and killed some sheep, and, coming upon some infan- 
try pickets, he found they belonged to the 52d Regiment, and so 
gave them to bring in to me. The sheep were dressed, cooked, 
and eaten in about the same length of time it takes me to tell the 
story. By sunrise the order was given to "fall in." We were 
soon on our way. The morning was delightful, the birds singing 
merrily, and the air filled with fragrance. If we had been upon a 
more peaceful errand, it w6uld have been as pleasant as possible. 
When we came to a house, there would be great fun. The men 
would rush in for water and whatever else they could find. Ball, 
my assistant, found a pan of milk, and filled his canteen ; and I 
had a swig of it, — the first milk I have tasted since I left home. 
Some of the men would run down a hen or goose, bring it along, 
and pick it as they marched. 

It became very warm before noon ; and I offered Dolly to 
Ford, of Co. A, as he was likely to fall out. I rode Dolly out of 
the line for him to mount ; but no sooner was he in the saddle 
than Dolly reared and fell over backwards. He was not hurt, and 
tried it again and again. Dolly threw herself over, and rolled in 
the ditch. He was not hurt, but got on at last, and rode till he 
came up with the regiment. Then I took the jade, and kept her. 
I think her determination was to carry no one but the chaplain. 
The men became very weary, and fell out fearfully ; but they 
brought up in the course of the day. When we halted, we were 
drawn up in line of battle ; and we green ones supposed it was to 



74 HISTORY OF THE 5 2D REGIMENT 

be fought at once on that spot. The 91st New York was in front 
of us, then the 520!, then the 24th Connecticut. Behind them was 
the battery of our brigade. After standing for a while in battle 
array, we were ordered to "fall to," but not on rebels, but on 
rations. The 52d were on the left of the road : on the right of us, 
a piece of woods, on the edge of which the field and staff made their 
headquarters. Fires were at once started, and the indispensable 
dish of coffee made, which washed down the hard-tack. A slice 
of Bologna sausage was added to the chaplain's mess, without the 
least inquiry as to the breed of dogs of which it was made. About 
three o'clock the order was received for the 5 2d Regiment to march 
without knapsacks or tents. It seemed to be a reconnoissance. 
I asked the colonel if I should go or stay. He thought I might 
as well stay behind with the baggage, as the regiment would return 
before night. So there I spent the time till the regiment returned. 
Ball and I had a shelter tent, and I was soon sound asleep. If I 
were thirty years younger, I should enjoy this sort of thing tip- 
top. 

Regiments were passing all the evening, and a great many men 
fell out near our tent. For them I prepared coffee, and arranged 
some logs and rails for a shelter for them. About eleven o'clock 
the grand display commenced. We could lie in our tents, the sides 
of which were open, and see the sudden flashes of light, as of light- 
ning on the horizon, and then see the curve of the shot or shell ; 
presently could hear the booming of the big guns. At first they 
were single discharges, and the reports were slow and solemn as 
they rolled through the woods. Soon they became more rapid, 
and report followed report ; but they could not be distinguished 
from each other, except when some gun of larger calibre was fired, 
when it would make the ground tremble beneath us. I could not 
sleep, but, leaning on my elbow, watched the flashes and the 
graceful curves of the shot and shell till I was weary of it, then 
lay down again, quite unconscious of anything. When I awaked, 
the firing had nearly ceased. Only occasional reports were heard 
down the river. It filled us who were watching with great anx- 
iety. It looked very much as though the rebels had fairly driven 
our gun and mortar boats back down the river toward Baton Rouge. 
We could see on the river a bright and sudden light gradually 
moving down the stream. Was it one of our vessels on fire ? 
I did not know. But it was certainly connected with the firing we 
had been hearing. At last there was a splendid flash which illu- 



THE MARCH TO PORT HUDSON 75 

minated the whole heavens. Then rolled up mingled flame and 
smoke to the sky, and all the air was filled with masses of fire. 
Soon a report followed, and the bright light disappeared. The fire 
was out. It was a glorious sight. There is the greatest curiosity 
to know what it all meant. All manner of rumors in the morning 
were offered about it. First that it was the " Mississippi " steam 
frigate, and then that it was a rebel fire-craft. I am inclined to 
the latter guess, for no better reason than I hope that it is the case. 
Daylight came at last. I was hastening to provide Dolly with 
provisions for the regiment, but chanced to meet Gen. Grover, who 
assured me that the regiment would be speedily relieved, and that 
it would be useless to attempt to carry provisions to them. Soon 
came word that a retreat to Baton Rouge was the next thing for us. 
A mysterious order came to the effect that, " the object of the 
expedition having been accomplished, the army will return." 
Daniel W, Lyman writes to the Northampton Gazette: — 
"On the 13th, at one o'clock, we received orders to be 
ready to march in an hour. Our brigade was made up of the 91st 
New York leading off, followed by the 52d Massachusetts and the 
24th Connecticut. Nims's battery was with us, besides several 
companies of cavalry. We marched about six miles, where the 
regiment encamped ; but Cos. I and K, under command of Major 
Winn, were put on picket duty, with orders not to sleep at all. 
My opinion is that these orders were not strictly obeyed. The 
next morning the companies on picket were started before they 
had time to eat breakfast. Some succeeded in getting a cup of 
coffee, but most went off without even that. About seven o'clock 
the column was in motion. The day was hot, and we rested oc- 
casionally, but not too often ; for it is hard work for a man to 
walk with a knapsack on his back, the haversack on one shoulder, 
with two days' rations, a canteen full of water, on the other 
shoulder gun and equipments, with forty rounds of ammunition. 
Resting for a little while at noon, we started on for two miles, on 
the double-quick most of the way. Then we proceeded cautiously 
through the mud and water, a squad of cavalry before and behind 
us, when Capt. Bliss, who was out with his company as skir- 
mishers, discovered the rebel earth-works some half or three-quar- 
ters of a mile in advance. We presently fell back a mile or two, 
and were ordered to halt and remain in the woods over night, to 
guard the road and bridges. This was rather tough for us, from 
the fact that we had no overcoats or blankets, and to camp down 



76 HISTORY OF THE 5 2D REGIMENT 

as wet with sweat as we were then seemed destructive to the 
health of us all ; but that was the order, and there was no getting 
away from it. But a fence near by furnished good material for a 
bed, with a few leaves on top, so that we were tolerably comforta- 
ble. A little past midnight Nims's battery passed us, and poured 
back fire into their entrenchments. About three o'clock in the 
morning a light was seen off towards the river, and it grew 
brighter and brighter for an hour, and seemed to go down the 
river, and finally a tremendous explosion was heard, after which 
the firing ceased, and all was quiet. In the morning we heard all 
manner of rumors; but the most probable one seemed to be, what 
afterwards proved to be true, that our grand steam frigate, the 
'Mississippi,' was blown up." 

Corp. Hosmer's account in the " Color Guard," March 13 : — 
"We are all in heavy order. An effective looking crowd, 
though not exactly smooth and neat. We are on the point of 
starting. The colonel comes riding back from the general with 
the resolute smile he usually wears, but a little more expanded 
than common. The colonel whispers to Capt. Long, whereat the 
captain catches the smile and comes back towards his company, 
the ' Color Guard ' : ' Gen. Grover says the 52d Regiment is the 
best nine months' regiment in the service.' A little butter of that 
sort will help over the hard march. That the general knows well 
enough. 

" The weather is grand. We are in a heavy magnolia forest. 
The sun's rays cannot reach us. We go mile after mile. The 
road is what it should be, not muddy nor dry enough to be dusty, 
wide enough for the regiment to march comfortably by the flank 
in sections of four deep. Sometimes we go over a hill, and then 
ahead and behind we can see the big column of infantry, — a huge 
caterpillar, eating its way through the woods, joints along its back 
where the sections are separated, spiny as a caterpillar's back is, 
with hundreds of muskets sticking out at various angles. The 
night settles down, — a night of stars; and from the westward, as 
the glow fades, rockets go up, signals from the fleet out of sight 
in the river, ascending, like us, loaded with death against the great 
fortress. Shall we march all night ? No one knows, not captain 
or colonel, only Gen. Grover, apparently. But at last comes an 
order to bivouac. The 'Color Guard' found a soft place among 
the furrows. Two rubber blankets over a soft ridge make a good 
mattress, then two woollen blankets over, and last the shelter 



THE MARCH TO PORT HUDSON 77 

tents, not pitched, but laid upon the top by way of counterpane. 
Lie down now, boys, with loaded pistol at the belt, every arm 
where it can be got in an instant ; for Port Hudson fellows may 
stir us up during the night. But jokes will come up, such as, 
' Corporal under the stump there, is your bedroom well aired ? ' 
and the corporal replies, ' I think we shall make out not to suffo- 
cate.' 

"The next morning we make an early start. Two companies 
are detailed as flankers. They go off into the woods fifteen or 
twenty rods from the road on each side ; and throughout the 
march we can see these two lines guarding the main party 
from ambuscade. Through stumps and stalks, through old sugar 
fields, plantation barn-yards, and wild swamps. The morning 
deepens toward noon. Fewer soldiers leave the line to forage 
among hen-roosts. 

"The 52d grow red and sweaty, and we begin to see what I 
believe is always seen when an army is on the march, — knap- 
sacks, blankets, shelter tents, all the articles of a soldier's kit, 
thrown away for relief. Occasionally we stop, and the stream of 
men rush from the roadway to the grass at the side ; and in a mo- 
ment every man has fallen on his back. A good way to rest, but 
a dirty one. The pack behind supports you at a comfortable in- 
cline. Sometimes we sit in the dust, sometimes in the dew. One 
is not over-particular. Men begin to fall out. They lie panting 
by the roadside, in fence corners, under bushes, with heads resting 
on logs. A sorrowful sight, though not so bad as if we were on a 
retreat. I find some relief for my shoulders in stooping over and 
hitching the weight of the pack higher up on my back. It is rob- 
bing Peter to pay Paul, but poor Paul has so much the harder 
time that Peter ought to be willing to give him a lift. True, it is 
hard. Whenever the column halts, I am flat on my back and in 
the dirt at once. We stop for dinner at noon. Boom, boom ! big 
guns from the river. We know that the fleet are as near Port 
Hudson as we are. ' Fall in, men, at once ! ' is the call. ' Keep 
cool, and do not waste your fire,' says Capt. Long to the men. 
How do we feel ? We are going to meet the enemy, as we fully 
believe ; and so do our officers. Who knows ? They do not. We 
are to be pushed up in front of the whole army into close range. 
The 52d is cool and yet eager. Not a man that can limp at all 
wants to stay behind. Open the cartridge-box, and down the 
powder goes into the barrel, now the ball. Half-cock, then cap 



78 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

the cone, and all is done. If I have to fire, it will be for a cause. 
Scruples now are mere squeamishness. 'By the right flank for- 
ward ! ' Thayer carries the white State flag. The tall Sergt. 
Moore carries the stars and stripes. Old flag, you are woven of 
no ordinary stuff ! I march behind the sergeant in the great folds 
of the flag. We go out of the field into the road with banners 
waving, and, I hope, with the true light of battle upon our faces, — 
soldiers in a noble cause. Boom ! go the far-away guns. We are 
moving rapidly to the front. We pass by some camps recently 
deserted by the rebels, where they have cut on trees some defiance 
or warning, ' Beware, Yanks 1 this is a hard road to travel.' We 
press on, till at length the column halts close within the range of 
Port Hudson batteries. We can see the earth-works of the rebels' 
stronghold. As the dusk deepens, the column turns and falls 
back two or three miles, then camps in the woods. Our blankets 
and baggage are four miles behind. Wet with sweat, we lie down 
in our clothes without covering. At last the heavens reddened 
high and far with a fiercer glare that moves slowly southward, 
crimsoning in turn everything in sight. Meantime came the 
booming of cannon slowly receding down the river. So we heard 
the swan song of the stern old ' Mississippi.' A freight of dead 
men are on her deck, and the bodies of drowned men are about 
her hoary hull for retinue. Then comes a crash, a light making 
all bright. The magazine has exploded. So passes the veteran 
ship through fire and earthquake shock to an immortality in his- 
tory." 

Sergt.-Major Whitney gives a good description of the recon- 
noissance in the Springfield Republican in 1867, a large portion of 
which I here insert : — 

" Port Hudson is a village twenty-two miles above Baton Rouge 
and three hundred below Vicksburg. On the river side it has 
very high bluffs ; and a bend in the river at that place enables 
every battery to have a plunging fire for four or five miles, in the 
course of any ship that might try to get by. For three and one- 
half miles along the bluffs the most advantageous points had been 
occupied with huge siege guns : well-sheltered furnaces for heating 
the shots stood near. There were water batteries below. On the 
land side elaborate fortifications had been constructed. Within 
and about the works some of the best troops of the South had been 
stationed. On the 13th of March we made start. The road lay 
toward Port Hudson. It was in splendid condition, soft to the 



THE MARCH TO PORT HUDSON 79 

feet, yet without a particle of dust. Our way was straight between 
tall forest trees and wildly grand jungles. The weather was cool 
and strengthening. The flags flapped or drooped as the breeze 
rose or fell. The higher officers ambled quietly at the head of 
their commands. The aides galloped up and down the road. The 
batteries were sprinkled through the column, brightening the scene 
with the red trimmings on the uniforms of the men. Common 
sights of war, but they never grow old or dull, and they were then 
new to us. 

"On the 14th we pushed on seven miles. The 52d and 91st left 
their knapsacks under the care of a few footsore men, and went 
off at a canter. At the end of a mile we came upon the surgeons 
working over Col. Clark, formerly provost-marshal of New Orleans. 
His horse had been shot under him, and his fall had broken the 
colonel's leg. To most of us it is our first sight of the bloodshed 
of war. 

"Presently we pass a number of cavalry horses, wounded men, 
and other signs of a sharp skirmish. Hurrying on at a double- 
quick, we pass the little camp-fires which the rebel pickets have 
just left, and find the trees bearing such inscriptions as 'Yanks, 
beware! this is a hard road to travel.' The 52d are alone now, 
except for a squad of cavalry. We are moving with perfect cool- 
ness, although we are not used to this sort of work, and ex- 
pect every moment a storm of cannister, grape, and shell. We 
wonder that they do not fire upon us ; but presently an order 
comes to 'fall back,' and we withdraw for about two miles behind 
a little bridge, and prepare, without blankets, overcoats, or tents, 
to spend the night under the March skies as a picket outpost. 
The 52d are two miles nearer the enemy than any other regiment. 
It is guarding a bridge in its rear as well as one in front. Its 
pickets are far out on each side. Suddenl}', at 11.30, from the re- 
gion of the river there comes a burst of thunder that brings us to 
our feet and to our guns in a twinkling. Discharge follows dis- 
charge, — now the sharp snarl of a Parrott gun and now the shriek 
of mortar-boat shells. Plain and tremendous as was the roar of 
so many great guns, it was almost unintelligible to us. What did 
it mean for us in our exposed position } The firing slackened at 
last; and we lay down once more, dull with the loss of sleep, stiff 
with cold, yet unable to sleep through anxiety and wonder. 
What mean those huge shells from down the river? Have the 
rebels fairly broken up Farragut's famous fleet and driv^en it off.'' 



8o HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

If it was not that, what could it be? At 5.30 a.m. came the last 
pitch of horror. A great flash of light filled the southern sky. 
We waited in suspense. Then rolled in upon us the crash of a 
great explosion, then all was still again. About 10 a.m., wonder- 
ing still what was to come out of the doings of the night, we called 
in our pickets and started for our knapsacks. We wonder that 
the enemy had not burned the bridges. And what did it mean 
that, before starting, we set them on fire ourselves ? We waited an 
hour till the bridges were blazing, and reached our knapsacks at 
noon, and there learned that a portion of Farragut's fleet had 
passed the rebel fortifications, while the other portion had been 
destroyed. The ' Hartford,' with whitewashed decks and lights 
all concealed, got just around the curve, and then was discovered. 
The batteries opened upon her, but got as good as they gave. 
The flash of the guns revealing the position of the whole fleet and 
the vessels of which it was composed, they were fired upon inces- 
santly and with unerring accuracy. The smoke of the firing made 
steering, for the ships behind, difficult. Two hundred-pound balls 
flew about like hailstones. The ' Hartford ' and ' Albatross ' went 
on out of the danger to range the river up to Vicksburg, doing 
great harm to the Confederacy. The ' Richmond ' had almost 
passed, when a shot through her steam-chest disabled her and 
filled her with steam. The 'Genesee 'had to take her back to 
safety below. The ' Monongahela ' grounded, was pulled off, 
started on again, but was struck and disabled. At last came the 
historic old 'Mississippi.' She got past the worst, and had put 
on full steam, but, in the deepest smoke of all, ran hard aground 
on the west side of the river. The enemy at once gave her their 
full attention, but the ' Mississippi ' was doomed. The iron-clad 
' Essex ' came up, letting the enemies' balls pound harmlessly on 
her scaly back. The wounded were taken aboard her, the frigate 
was then set on fire by her officers, and 210 of her 233 officers 
and crew were landed on the western shore. The ship burned 
till her increasing lightness set her free to float, a magnificent 
spectacle, down the river. Early in the morning from the little 
spot of light and of fire down the river came the awful flash and 
roar of the exploding ship. These things were what we heard and 
saw. Oh, to have seen them in full view ! Oh, to have shared 
the effort to get by instead of being tortured with uncertainty ! " 



VII. 

MARCH BACK FROM PORT HUDSON. 
[March i6.] 

Col. Greenleaf s account : — 

" Having substantially accomplished the object of the expedi- 
tion by the passage of the ' Hartford ' and ' Albatross ' up the 
river, orders came to us in the wood the next morning, Sunday, 
March i6, to take up our return march for Baton Rouge. As on 
our march up, we found the roads as smooth, hard, and well- 
graded as a Northern race-course. But we had not been long on 
our return march when it began to rain, and to rain as I never 
saw it rain before. It actually descended in torrents, and soon 
became a flood, — a perfect deluge. I do not believe our great 
ancestor, Noah, ever saw a greater one. 

" The highway, so very fine before, soon became one continuous 
quagmire, with clay mud nearly ankle deep ; and thus we con- 
tinued to 'tramp, tramp, tramp,' and the rain continued to pour 
until night-fall, when, the enlisted men all being foot-sore and 
drenched to the skin, the officers drenched ditto, with their boots 
full of water, and the whole brigade tired, hungry, and pretty much 
disgusted with themselves generally and everybody in particular, 
the 52d Regiment, by order of powers above it, which I vainly 
sought to get revoked, like a drove of swine was turned into a 
dreary, treeless, fenceless, houseless swamp, where the water was so 
deep in places that, when we stacked arms, it actually came up to 
the guards on the breech of the guns. No place to sit down, much 
less to lie down ; no fire and nothing to make fires of ; of course, 
no coffee; of course, no whiskey; dark as Egypt, and raining still 
like great guns all night, — there we stood, or wandered gloomily, 
aimlessly about until morning, as sorry and dejected a set of mor- 
tals as ever marched up a hill and then marched down again, 
with stomachs empty, shoes full of mud, feet well parboiled and 
nearly raw from blisters. 

" From this ' Dismal Swamp,' this ' Slough of Despond,' we the 
next morning hobbled, like so many lame ducks, to a firm camping 



82 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

ground on the banks of the Bayou Montecino, a short distance 
away, where we dried, cleaned, rested, and fed ourselves, and 
thence, a few days later, returned to our old camping ground at 
Baton Rouge, to prepare to march on the first Red River expe- 
dition." 

Chaplain's letter to Mrs. Moors : — 

Sunday morning, March i6, brought us the sad news that the 
" Mississippi " frigate was certainly destroyed. It seemed to us as 
if the whole fleet had been destroyed. Everything looked like a 
defeat and a disastrous retreat. 

A baggage wagon broke down near us, and was set on fire. 
The bridges were loaded with rails, to be set on fire after we had 
passed them. An order was sent to the baggage train to return. 
They wheeled about, and rushed in the direction of Baton Rouge. 
About 2 P.M. the 52d came in, pretty tired and used up. Had had 
no sleep for two nights, to speak of. The order was to " fall in " 
at once. The hot coffee was prepared, the knapsacks were slung, 
and the order given to march. As we had been in the advance 
on the upward march, we were quite near the rear on our return, 
and we must keep up with the main line ; and they in front led us 
on at a good smart rate. Our first stop was for a moment in front 
of Gen. Banks's headquarters, where a few ambulances were wait- 
ing to take in the sick. I saw that Warren Mattoon, of North- 
field, was getting used up, and placed him on the horse, while I 
took his gun ; for it was loaded, and I did not want he should carry 
it on Dolly's back. In a moment the order was given again to 
" fall in." The air was very sultry : the thunder rolled in the dis- 
tance. On we pressed in good order. No appearance of haste, 
except in the rate we were moving. No crowding nor pushing, 
but on, on : no stop made. The men were very weary. Off would 
go a blanket upon the ground, then a great coat or knapsack, then 
a man would fall out, and the column would press on and leave 
him behind. The clouds rolled up dark and ominous. I took my 
place in the ranks, tried to persuade the men that we had not been 
defeated, that it was a part of the strategy of war. Some were 
satisfied, others discouraged, and growled. The colonel had a 
sick man on his horse. Presently the rain began to pour. It was 
about five o'clock. I looked about for Mattoon and Dolly, to get 
my great coat and poncho, but could not find them, so pressed on 
with the rest. I felt well ; was not wearied to start with, as the 
men were. The walk enlivened me. But such a rain ! The 



MARCH BACK FROM PORT HUDSON 83 

thunder and lightning were such as can be got up only in this 
warm climate. The rain poured in torrents. The road at once 
became muddy and sticky ; and the labor of marching was very 
much increased, of course. At six it became dark, only as the 
lightning glared and flashed upon us. We were about six miles 
from Baton Rouge. I supposed, of course, we were going in at 
once ; and I had a bright prospect of going to Lieut. Stearns, at 
the contraband quarters, and getting some dry clothes and a de- 
cent place to sleep. What was our surprise to find that we were 
advancing out of the road into a swamp at our left ! There was 
no help for it. Such were the orders. " Ours not to make reply, 
ours not to reason why." We might as well take it good-naturedly. 
And there we spent Sunday night. It was a new piece of ground, 
— that is, just cleared, — and stumps and logs and a growth of 
bramble nearly six feet high remained. The soil was black loam, 
which yielded at once to our tread ; and the muddy water was any- 
where from three inches to three feet in depth. The rain con- 
tinued to pour. It w^as utterly useless to attempt to pitch any 
tents. We did not attempt it. We obtained a few rails, and made 
a few fires. Some of the men stood around these fires all night : 
some lay down in the water, and slept. I walked up and down a 
cleared spot where there were less brambles and not more than 
four or six inches of mud till ten o'clock, when I mounted a log 
with other officers ; and we sat there and told stories and joked 
with each other. Ball sat down in the water by the side of a 
stump, and held Dolly all night. The rain only came in gusts 
after midnight till morning. About three o'clock I squatted down 
by Ball, Capt. Long on the other side of the stump. Of course, 
long before we reached the swamp, every bit of clothing was wet 
through. I wanted to take my boots off and pour out the water, 
but I knew, if I did, I should not be able to get them on again. 
About five it grew light. 

I told Ball to look after Dolly and the blankets, for I was bound 
to push on to Baton Rouge. I supposed the regiment would fol- 
low as soon as it was fairly light. I found the road, and trudged 
on for a mile or so, and found I was in the second division, Gen. 
Emory's, which was in our rear going up, but was in our advance 
coming down. 1 found I was near the 53d Massachusetts. I 
asked a sentry where Capt. Mudge was. It was six o'clock, and 
Mudge was still wrapped up in his blanket. I never had a more 
cordial welcome. The 53d had not been up so far as we, and 



84 HISTORY OF THE 5 2D REGIMENT 

started three hours ahead to return, and reached their stopping 
place before the rain began. The captain had some rails laid upon 
the ground, and on them was spread some musty old sugar-cane. 
He gave me this bed, and I was stretched out upon it very soon. 
His man soon brought me some hot coffee and some fried pork 
and mutton, which I ate without plate, knife, or fork, and was soon 
fast asleep. Early in the morning I started again for Baton 
Rouge, and soon came across some stragglers of the 5 2d. I was 
by this time persuaded that the regiment was not coming up, and 
urged the men to return to the camp. The sun had come up very 
hot, and we were uncertain what to do. While waiting, a mule 
team came along. We asked for a ride, loaded ourselves in, and 
got back to camp very easily. The camp by daylight was unlike 
anything you ever saw but a big pig-pen in a storm. The men 
were not sick, but terribly foot-sore and tired. They had had 
three nights now without sleep, and a long march with no place 
to sit down, except in the mud. There were a few cases of rheu- 
matism ; but the men were paddling about barefooted, with blis- 
ters on their feet as big as copper cents. The rations were getting 
short, and hard-tack was welcome. At two o'clock came an order 
to "fall in." It was very hot, and I had to shirk for myself; for Ball 
had gone on with Dolly. What should I do for a blanket ? When 
we had marched a little way, I found a good one lying upon the 
road, which some one had thrown away. I picked it up, and with 
the aid of some of the boys gave it a hasty inspection, to sat- 
isfy us that it was not inhabited, and then swung it over my 
shoulder. After an hour's march we came to high ground on the 
bank of the river. Here we stacked our , arms and pitched our 
tents. Throwing down my poncho on as dry a place as 1 could 
find, I lay down to rest. When I awoke, I found that Lieut. 
Stearns had just come in from Baton Rouge, and reported that 
the express you had sent had come. He brought up a bottle of 
currant wine " for Capt. Long, packed by Mrs. Moors, directed by 
Mrs. Aiken." We emptied it in less time than it took to pack it. 
I turned in at night with Capt. Perkins and seven others in two 
shelter tents pitched together. I slept soundly from seven o'clock 
till nearly five in the morning, when we were ordered to be ready 
to march at once. We hurried through a breakfast of hard-tack 
and coffee, but have not started yet, and it is now half-past 
nine. 

We have our clothes out drying, and have a rail to sit on and a 



MARCH BACK FROM PORT HUDSON 65 

drum-head for a desk, the sun boiling down on my head fiercely. 
It is amusing to witness the different ways in which the men take 
such an experience as we have had in the swamp. Some are 
good-natured and cheerful, full of life and fun ; others are as cross 
as they can be, swearing about Gen. Banks and everybody else, 
cursing the war and the government. The fact is, if it had not 
been for the hard rain, we should have had a pretty good time of 
it. It was hard work, and that was all. It has been pretty tough ; 
but for one I have been well, and have positively enjoyed it, and 
especially the remembrance of it now it is over. Where next the 
Lord knows, but we don't. 

J. F, Thayer writes in his journal, "The 52d boys are finding 
out that they are not on a grand picnic." 

From Church's journal : — 

^^ March 14. — In the morning we were early on the road, and 
our company were employed as flankers. We perform this duty 
enough to satisfy us. The road was good enough for us after 
that experience. When it was dark, we were quietly withdrawn 
and marched back some two miles, where we bivouacked for the 
night. The 15th, no coats nor blankets nor tents, and very little 
food. Not much sleep that night. The next day, the i6th, we 
had orders to return. We were too tired and ugly to march fast 
enough. The officers warned us to hurry, or we should be taken 
prisoners. Rations had been left with our baggage, but they 
feared the rebels would get it. The wagons had been set on fire. 
An officer rode up to the colonel with the cheering news that the 
rebels were after us ; but that did not scare us much, nor make us 
hurry. It was a sullen, ugly lot of men who filed out into the road 
leading back to Baton Rouge. After a march of ten or twelve 
miles, we filed into a field, where we were to pass the night. And 
such a night ! Mud and water six or eight inches deep all over 
the field. Of course, no one cursed the general who had ordered 
us into that slough ! The only thing that amused us this night 
was the fact that one of our officers fell off a log and nearly 
drowned. I suppose, when this place was selected, it was all right ; 
but the storm had put a new face upon it." 

From J. K. H. : — 

" Sunday morning came. Towards noon Grover's aides came up 
with word to fall back, to fall back. Are we going to retreat then ? 
Back we go over the same road as yesterday. We pass the 
bridges, and see men with fuel prepared to set them on fire as 



86 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

soon as we have passed. I hear a field officer say, ' The enemy's 
cavalry will soon be after us ! ' In an hour or so we are back to 
the camp of Saturday noon, passing, as we march, signs of a hasty 
retreat. What does it all mean .'' Are we retreating, without firing 
a shot ? There is no elasticity or mirthfulness. The knapsacks 
are heavier than they should be, the men are sullen. Yesterday 
we felt sure of a battle, but the enemy fell back ; and now we are 
falling back before them. We halt for a while, when every one is 
on his back in a moment. But fewer men fall out, for they fear 
capture by the enemy. In the middle of the afternoon it begins 
to rain. I never knew it rain so hard. The road becomes a deep 
pudding, and the gutters are rivers. The army splashes on 
through the rain, dreary and disheartened. About five o'clock we 
reach a field where we are to encamp. We turn in to the swamp, 
to pass the most tedious night of our lives. We waded and 
stumbled forward to the middle of this dreary quagmire. Could 
we stop here for the night ? We had marched rapidly ten or 
twelve miles, and were exhausted. The general had left orders 
for us to stop here. We had no choice. Wet to the skin, I threw 
ofif my knapsack into the mud. We managed, as the night fell, to 
get a fire started in a charred stump. Then, through the evening 
dark as pitch, we went stumbling about, to find sticks for fuel. At 
ten o'clock, putting my knapsack into the mud in the driest spot 
I could find, I sat down for the night. As I sat on my knapsack, 
it settled into the mud till it just kept me out of the pool. Once 
in a while some one waded forth after wood. On every stump and 
log were figures wrapped up in rubber blankets, trying to sleep. 
I mistook S. for a charred stump. I began to haul him to the fire, 
when a feeble and sudden voice ordered me to desist. There was 
more rain; and, when morning came at last, such a half-drowned, 
haggard set as the men were ! But there is spunk in the regiment 
yet. We have scarcely anything to eat. Nobody wants to do 
much, but the foragers go out. This matter of foraging is a hard 
one. I see what a scourge to a country an invading army is. All 
this marauding goes on ruthlessly. We are suffered to kill cattle, 
pigs, and poultry. Sheep and pigs are bayoneted, sugar-houses 
plundered, private dwellings entered. I took no active part in 
foraging, though I know I was more than once a partaker. It 
was, in fact, our only way to live. When one and another of my 
comrades offered me steaks and a canteen of molasses and haver- 
sacks of sugar, hungry and tired as I was, I w'as glad to take the 



MARCH BACK FROM PORT HUDSON 87 

share offered. War is horrible, and this feature of plunder is one 
of its horrors." 

From Lyman : — 

^'- March 1 6.— This Sabbath forenoon was spent very pleasantly ; 
but about noon the regiment received orders to retire, and burn 
the bridges behind them. We reached our knapsacks about half- 
past two in the afternoon, but there was no rest for us : we simply 
had time to drink a cup of coffee and then to ' fall in,' and re- 
treated. We were told that we had accomplished all we came for, 
and were retreating according to the programme ; but we could 
not see it. Hitherto the weather had been pleasant, and the roads 
good ; but not long after we started the clouds began to threaten, 
the thunder to roll, and there was every indication of a heavy 
thunder-storm, and presently the rain began to pour, and continued 
to descend in torrents, soaking every one of us through and filling 
the roads with mud. And then, instead of taking us on to a 
decent camping ground, we were marched into an old swamp, than 
which a worse one could not be found for miles around ; and 
there we had to spend the long hours of that rainy night. A few 
fires were started with rails brought from fences within gunshot, 
through mud and water from two to six inches deep ; and here, 
wet and foot-sore, we were obliged to stay. Col. Greenleaf, as 
well as most of the officers, stayed with us, instead of going into a 
house near by ; and he has ever tried all in his power to make 
everything easy for the men. 

"At noon on Monday we were marched out to the bank of the 
river, where we had a comfortable camping ground ; but we had a 
short rest there, for the next morning, Tuesday, came the order to 
pack knapsacks, and be ready to march at a moment's notice. 
Here we are again, so foot-sore that we can hardly walk, to march 
seven miles, to guard a train of wagons securing cotton ; and, as we 
thought we had found a comfortable place for the night, came the 
order to march back again in the dark. And to prevent men from 
falling out we were told there was a large force of rebels follow- 
ing us up, and an attack upon our rear and flank was expected. 
We reached our camping ground again at eleven o'clock, just about 
worn out. Such is simply what we have been through for the last 
live days. We hope now to have a few days' rest before we start 
again, though that is doubtful. The idea of marching back and 
forth to get a little cotton to fill some speculators' pockets is rather 
galling to the soldiers. If we could see the thing was necessary, 



88 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

there would be no grumbling; but the worst times we have had 
were not from necessity, — at least, it looks so to those who have 
suffered most." 

Sergt.-Major Whitney's account : — 

" On Sunday morning we tramped back the three miles to our 
knapsacks, and got water, food, and very little rest. Soon comes 
the dreaded cry, ' Fall in ! ' and we march back seven miles to 
those cross roads w'here we spent the first night out. The journey 
is not sweetened by the belief that we are somewhat foiled, and 
are retreating in disgrace. Presently it begins to rain, and for 
two miles there is a steady drench falling. The mud or water is 
anywhere from our ankles to our knees. The sergeant-major cuts 
a hole in each boot toe to unload his boots, and goes on flinging 
alternate squirts of mud and water from his toes as he goes. 
When Banks went on the previous Friday, he said there the 52d 
will encamp on their return. It was then a good enough place ; 
but, when we got there Sunday night, it had become a poisonous 
swamp. It is growing dark. Our wet knapsacks are like lead ; 
but where shall they be dropped? There is nowhere to sit down, 
nowhere to sleep. 

"Night falls. Some fortunate ones are stretched out upon logs, 
confirming the conviction that they cannot be any wetter. Many 
of the men, under the stress of hard marching, have thrown both 
overcoat and blanket away. The quartermaster sergeant and 
sergeant-major placed three rails together for a house, put more 
rails under them for a bed, put their rubber blankets above them 
for a roof, and lay down to attempt to sleep. It keeps on raining 
just as hard as at first. The spot for their elevated position be- 
comes a channel, and then they find themselves a dam across 
a little stream. Never mind : it rises against them, goes around 
their feet, slides under their necks, and filters through their clothes 
and their hair. Soldiers looking for fuel pull down their house 
over their heads ; and so they lie uncovered, the water coursing by. 
The doctor is not far off: he went to sleep sitting in grandeur on 
a log. He is now down like Dagon, but, unlike Dagon, whole 
and asleep. He has fallen forward, all doubled up together, his 
knees, elbows, and fore-arms, and the top of his head under water. 
' If I were only in my father's pig-pen,' said one ; and all agreed. 

" The sun struggles out at last; and we are extricated, and moved 
a mile west, to the bank of the river. It is an excellent place, 
and we are glad enough to get there. Our feet are not only blis- 



MARCH BACK FROM PORT HUDSON 89 

tered with marching, but parboiled with the water and slime, till 
they have the feeling and appearance of mushrooms. We fling 
ourselves down upon the ridges of the cotton-field, and turn our 
poor feet up to the sun, and fall into a heavy and genuine sleep, — 
the first we have had for three nights." 

From Stowell's journal : — 

"Last Sunday, after going this way and that, we started back 
for Baton Rouge. About three o'clock it began raining very hard, 
and continued so without cessation until the next morning. At 
night, about dark, we were turned into a lot to camp; and it was 
the hardest night some of us ever saw. There was no place but 
that the mud and water were ankle-deep; and we were wet through, 
minus dinner and supper. Morning came at last, and the quarter- 
master got us a little coffee, which we made in our cups, and fared 
better. I had marched the day before barefooted, as my shoes 
had blistered my feet so I could not wear them." 

B. S. Parker writes: — 

'■^ March 20. — Our company were put on picket again, and of 
course I came up as one. Here the regiment had to lie down and 
without anything to lie upon, with no covering but a thin blouse, 
all sweat through. The next morning I was stiff and sore, my feet 
blistered, and I felt worn out. All the company were in the 
same condition. It was on Sunday, the 15th. At ten o'clock 
we were ordered to fall in again, and away we went. I got tired, 
and fell out, as a good many others did. We had scarcely halted 
before we were ordered to shoulder our knapsacks and march. I 
thought I could not walk a step further. I did not care to fall 
behind, for we expected the rebels might attack us at any time ; 
and the officers took all possible care not to have any one left 
behind. We marched the rest of the day till after dark. In the 
afternoon it began to rain, and it was a regular Southern rain, too. 
Rain, rain, rain, for a long time in torrents, drenching us to the 
skin, and through mud and water ankle-deep, through sop and 
splash. After dark we stacked arms in mud and water from four 
to six inches deep, and stopped for the night. We marched that 
day some ten miles. We could not lie down, for the mud and 
water would cover us if we did. My feet were parboiled and 
shrivelled up, as tender as a boil. The next day we were so used 
up that we could do nothing. And those who could not march 
were ordered to report to a hospital a mile or so away." 

It was interesting to observe the different spirit in which men 



go HISTORY OF THE 5 2D REGIMENT 

met the discomforts of that rainy night in the swamp. When it 
began to dawn, so that the colonel could find his way among the 
men, one of the privates addressed him, saying, " Now, colonel, is 
not this as bad as it could be? " " No," said the colonel, "it is not 
as bad as it could be," " Well, how could it be any worse ? " 
growled the soldier. " If we had made an assault this morning," 
said the colonel, " and been repulsed, and had two or three hun- 
dred wounded men to bring along and leave in this swamp, that 
would have been a good deal worse." The grumbler had nothing 
more to say. 



VIII. 

THE COTTON RAID. 

[March i8.] 

'■''March 17. — We were moved from the swamp to an open 
camping ground near the river. It was luxury itself to strip off 
our mouldy garments, and, while they lay sunning on the grass, 
wash the stiff muscles and blistered, parboiled feet in the bayou." 

A COTTON RAID. 

March 20, 1863. 
My dear Wife, — I am lying on my back in a shelter tent, about 
seven miles above Baton Rouge, on high, dry ground near the 
river, at Bayou Montecino. I hope you will receive the long let- 
ter of our tramp to Port Hudson and back and the night in the 
swamp. Tuesday morning, March 18, I went to the river, and had 
a good wash of my clothes, which I wrung out as well as I could, 
and put them on again. On returning to camp, I found the order 
had just been received to "fall in"; and the regiment started at 
once with knapsacks, tents, and camp kettles. Some one had 
blundered. The order should have been without these encum- 
brances. We were told that we were only going about four miles. 
One mile brought us back to the swamp on which we spent Sun- 
day night. The road had a familiar look. It was the same on 
which we had marched to Port Hudson and back. It was very 
warm : the men were fearfully foot-sore, and began to fall out in 
great numbers. We halted, after a march of six miles, in a good, 
dry place. It was too good to hope that we were to spend the 
night there. In a few minutes the order came again to "fall in " ; 
and, after a march of a mile, we turned into a field wet and 
springy as it could be. After waiting till sundown for orders, we 
had supper ; and a splendid one it was for me, for I had some of 
your tea. Before we were half through, and it was growing dark, 
the order came again to " fall in." Everything was hurried up, 
and we started on our march back with all haste to the place 
where we started in the morning. John Barnard, Co. D, suppos- 
ing we were to stay over night, had climbed a tree to get some 



g2 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

moss for a bed. He lost his hold and came to the ground badly 
injured. We put him into a cart, and brought him along. We 
were up within a mile of where our camp was last Sunday morning. 
It was dark when we started, and seven miles back. Such a march 
we have not had. The rumor was that the rebels, informed of 
our position, had thrown their forces into the woods on our left. 
Our guns were loaded, we were ordered to abstain from talking, 
and to move at a rapid rate. I took my place in the ranks, carried 
a gun for a man who was ready to fall out. Before we got into 
camp I took another gun ; but, as I had no knapsack and it was 
cool, I enjoyed it very much. There was no little excitement 
about it. I expected we should hear the rebel rittes crack at us at 
any moment, but no such demonstration was made. After we had 
made about five miles, we reached the outposts of our army, and 
all sense of danger was past. The order to preserve silence was 
not enforced ; and such scolding and swearing you never conceived 
of. Some of the men were sullen and cross, some cheerful, some 
even jolly. I trudged along, first with one company and then 
with another, and had a good time to talk in low tones with the 
men. Before we reached the camp the men began to straggle 
fearfully. Company lines were disregarded, and men got along as 
they could. The main batch were in at 1 1 p.m., but the stragglers 
were coming in all night. No chance for any tents that night. 
We spread our rubber blankets on the ground, and the woollen 
ones over us, and I slept as soundly as ever in my life. What was 
all this tramp for? do you ask. It was to steal, or, rather, to con- 
fiscate, a lot of cotton. We escorted back a whole line of bag- 
gage wagons loaded down with cotton. I hear we had ninety-five 
bales. Whether it paid for the wear and tear of flesh and spirit 
I do not know. Arthur Browning, Co. A, was completely broken 
down. The men's feet were a sight to behold. They had been 
parboiled in the water and ashes of the swamp on Sunday night, 
and then this march had worn and chafed them badly. The whole 
of the next day was given up to rest. Towards night, in company 
with Quartermaster Clark, I rode to Baton Rouge, seven miles, — 
a succession of camps the whole distance. I enjoyed the ride 
very much. It is such a gallop — where she can go as she pleases 
— that brings out Dolly's good qualities; but marching two miles 
an hour, with a crowd behind, brings out only her bad qualities. 
She kicks and bites all she can reach. She has a special spite 
against Dr. S.'s " yaller pony." I stopped with Lieut. Stearns, and 



THE COTTON RAID 93 

he put me upon a bed, — the first I have had since I left New York ; 
but I could not sleep. I rolled and tossed all night, the air of the 
house seemed so hot and close. 

The next day was a very busy one. Your express packages all 
came in good shape. I looked them over, and made three classes : 
first, clothing for the hospital ; secondly, food for the hospital ; 
and, thirdly, private packages. I worked upon these packages all 
day. I sent all I could to the hospital for immediate use. More 
than a hundred of our men were left here, and thirty-seven had 
been sent to New Orleans. At sundown I started back to camp, 
and had a splendid ride of it. The heat was over, Dolly felt well 
and the grass did not grow under her feet. A large portion of the 
way was through camps lining both sides of the road. The fires 
were lighted, the men were lying and standing in groups about 
them. I reached camp at eight o'clock, and was soon in bed — 
that is, on the ground — and asleep. The amusing part of this 
camp life is the variety of uses to which things are put. For in- 
stance, Ball is using his boots for a candlestick, and I mine, as 
usual, for a pillow. 

The next day I wanted to go to Baton Rouge, hoping I should 
find a mail ; but I concluded to send Ball. The colonel thought 
we should stay where we were two or three days. I lay upon my 
stomach, with a tin plate for a writing desk, and wrote this letter. 
At noon an order came to be ready to start for Baton Rouge. 
What a fix I was in, to be sure ! My own duds, Ball's and Dolly's 
and no Dolly to carry them. I rolled them up, and got them on 
to the quartermaster's wagon. I cut a stick for a cane, and started 
on with the regiment. After walking about five miles, the colonel 
insisted upon my taking his horse, which I did for the rest of the 
way. We reached our old camp ground at sundown, tired and 
foot-sore enough. The next day was spent in getting things into 
a condition so that we could live, but the cosey comforts of our 
old home are all gone. But we are learning every day how many 
things we can do without. 

J. K. H. writes : — 

'■^ March i8. — We hoped we were to remain here for several 
days, but the order came early in the morning to be ready for a 
start. We were ready at five o'clock, but we did not start until 
twelve o'clock. That is another of the ways of war. Two brigades 
of us sfo seven miles on the now familiar road towards Port 



94 HISTORY OF THE 5 2D REGIMENT 

Hudson, escorting government wagons that are sent out for cotton. 
All along the way wagons stop at sheds, and begin to load up. We 
see on every side plenty of signs that the enemy have just been 
there in force. We are close upon them as they retire. We en- 
camp in a fine, dry grove, and soon are falling asleep. ' Fall in ! 
fall in ! ' the word is passed quickly along, without the usual tap 
of drum ; and in five minutes we are rushing back to Baton Rouge. 
It is not thought prudent to stay in that exposed position. Scouts 
report a heavy force of the enemy on our left. We must keep to 
the ranks, with files well closed, pieces loaded, mouths shut, and 
must go at a tremendous rate. We have hardly five minutes' rest 
in the whole seven miles. It is a cruel march for men with feet, 
and indeed bodies, in the condition of ours. Some of us march 
with bare and bleeding feet. On the latter and safer half of the 
road men drop out to rest by the roadside till morning. When we 
get back to the camp ground which we left at noon, it seems as if 
all life and spirits were crushed out. We have carried heavy 
knapsacks for fourteen miles, when they might as well have been 
left behind. I recall, as I write, the tall, erect figure of the colonel 
outlined against the midnight sky as he sat on his horse at the 
entrance to the field ; and the ear still answers to the tone of sym- 
pathy in which he gave the last orders for the night, and com- 
mended the exhausted men. The next day we were let alone, and 
slept and washed and ate, though the pigs and chickens had 
disappeared under the foraging of the day before. 

"On Friday we are on the road again at a great gait, to which 
we are getting used, and back to Baton Rouge, entering our old 
camp at Baton Rouge after just a week's absence. 

" But our respite was a short one ; for on Tuesday forenoon the 
drum sounded once more, and the order came to pack everything 
again, and to 'fall in.' Sudden orders had come to march. This 
time we were to go out to protect a heavy train of wagons about 
to proceed along the Port Hudson road to gather the cotton 
stored in the planters' barns. The regiment was already foot-sore, 
jaded, and suffering from want of sleep. Both my collar-bones 
turned ' Peace Democrats,' and protested against a further prosecu- 
tion of hostilities. 

" We marched out seven or eight miles before we halted, when 
we reached a plantation from which a rebel force had just re- 
treated. They were hardly out of sight when we came up, and we 
followed close after them down the road. At length we halted 



THE COTTON RAID 95 

for the night, as we supposed. Many of the men were much fa- 
tigued and sadly foot-sore. But it was clear it would not be safe 
to spend the night within so short a distance of the powerful 
enemy. After a hasty supper the order came to * fall in,' and 
under the starlight we marched silently and rapidly back. I like 
a night march. The air is more bracing, the roads less dusty. 
There is far more scope for romance. There was ample room for 
the play of fancy. The rebel scouts, no doubt, had already 
looked at the embers where we cooked our supper, while the cav- 
alry swayed forward to occupy the road as we retired. The regi- 
ment suffered sadly. Many marched with bare feet, and towards 
the end of the route sank to the ground with fainting limbs, to 
pass the night by the roadside. We reached the camp we had 
left in the morning at midnight. We had strength only to spread 
our rubber blankets, and fling ourselves on the ground. Next 
morning the regiment was a poor-looking crowd of hobbling 
cripples. The next day we were ordered back to Baton Rouge, 
and to the old camp under the magnolias which had become home 
to us. Ragged, tattered, contented, burnt like Indians, unkempt, 
unshaven, but ready for another start. We have marched fifty 
miles during the week, — fairly waded through mud, dust, heat, and 
a deluge of rain." 

From the chaplain : — 

Baton Rouge, March 24. 
Mr. Eastman : 

Dear Sir, — I wish, through you, to acknowledge the receipt of 
$25 from the Greenfield Young Men's Christian Association, to be 
used for the sick of the 5 2d Regiment. It will be sacredly used 
for the purpose for which it was designed, and will render good 
service in procuring delicacies which the sick so often need and 
which are not included in army rations. We have a good deal of 
sickness, and, as we are about moving, our regimental hospital is 
broken up. Thirty-seven of our sick have been sent to the hos- 
pital at New Orleans. Of the number here, some are within the 
trenches and some within the old U.S. barracks. I wish I could 
say they are as comfortable as they ought to be. It makes one's 
heart bleed to go about among these young men, and witness the 
sufferings he cannot relieve. The women at home have done all 
their generous natures have prompted, and we have on hand piles 
of sheets and bed-ticks and shirts and bandages ; but more than 
these are needed to relieve the sufferings of this crowd of sick 



96 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

men. There is, first of all, the feeling of being alone, away from 
kindred and friends and the gentle ministrations of woman and 
the home, which are often harder to bear than physical pain and 
suffering. We have had a grand march to Port Hudson, and a 
grand march back again. I do not know whether to report a vic- 
tory or a masterly retreat. Gen. Banks's order pronounces the 
object of the expedition accomplished ; and yet we came back 
sooner and quicker than we should if our object of the expedition 
had been accomplished. 

Baton Rouge, March 24, 1863. 

My dear Wife, — We are back at the old place, but without the 
comforts of the old tent. Indeed, we have rather shabby accom- 
modations. I think yesterday was as glum a day as I have had 
in camp, — the first time I have been at all homesick. In the 
first place, we had frequent and terrific showers of lightning, thun- 
der, wind, and rain ; and it was as muddy and nasty and sticky 
about the camp in general and the chaplain's quarters in particu- 
lar as it could well be. Then there was a throng of men coming 
all day long with their letters, wanting me to repair postage-stamps 
spoiled by the soaking that they had had in the swamp on that 
memorable Sunday night. The two funerals of Alfred Clapp and 
Washington Stebbins did not tend to promote cheerfulness. In 
addition to all, I had taken cold, and felt sore and uncomfortable. 
I had not had much to do, and no energy to do what had to be 
done. On the whole, I confess I was cross. I tried to write an 
acknowledgment for the packages received from home, but I fear 
I made a bungling matter of it. This morning it cleared off, the 
soreness left my bones, and the sourness my spirits. You caution 
me not to expose myself. I am less exposed than the men, it is 
true ; but I am not free from exposure. In our marches last week, 
for instance, when we were liable to be fired upon every moment, the 
first effort of the rebels, of course, would be to empty the saddles. 
It would do more toward throwing the column into confusion than 
anything else. I speak of this, not to alarm you, but to show that 
the chaplain is not exempted from the hazards of war. 

The hard part of coming away from Baton Rouge was leaving 
so many sick behind us. It made me very sad, and not a little 
provoked. The general hospital is what has been the deaf and 
dumb asylum. I think it is a well-managed institution. One of 
the physicians is Dr. Greene, of Northampton, who feels a good 
deal of interest in the 52d boys. To his care I intrusted the 



THE COTTON RAID 97 

sheets, etc., that I had sent there. The rooms are all well aired, 
and the beds are comfortable. There are a dozen of our regiment 
there, all that Dr, Sawyer can get in. There are about five hun- 
dred in all. There is a convalescent hospital within the entrench- 
ment. Here are gathered about two thousand sick men, some 
quite sick, others less so. The hospital consists of old barrack 
buildings and tents. I went yesterday into one of the arsenal 
buildings used formerly to store arras, where I found more than 
three hundred sick men lying upon the floor. They were in four 
rows, extending the whole length of the room. Their blankets 
spread upon the floor, their only bed : their knapsacks served for 
pillows. I found none of the 52d boys there. 

In another large building close by there is a room in which 
there are twenty or thirty 52d boys, and in some tents close by 
there are fifteen or twenty more. They have miserable care, al- 
most none at all ; for rarely does a doctor go near them. Their 
food is the scantiest and meanest. I hear that the medical direc- 
tor brags that he does not mean to make those men very comfort- 
able. He means to make it so uncomfortable that they will prefer 
to join their regiments. In other words, men really sick must 
suffer, because there are some men who will shirk and stay in the 
hospital when they should be in the ranks. It seems too hard. 
Our first order yesterday was to take with us all who could be 
moved. In the afternoon it was countermanded, and another 
given to take only those who could stand a march. Of course, 
all in the hospital must stay, and twenty-five or thirty more sick 
in quarters when our tents were struck. There had been no pro- 
vision made for them. They sat and laid about the doctor's quar- 
ters all the evening. Just before the regiment started some am- 
bulances came and loaded them in, and drove them off, — I 
presume pitched them out in those tents, and without the least 
thing for their comfort or anybody to care for them. It is not 
Dr. Sawyer's fault, though he has to bear the blame for such 
things. The trouble is the want of system in the whole depart- 
ment. 



IX. 

BATON ROUGE TO BRASHEAR CITY. 

[March 27 to April ii, 1863.] 

Col. Greenleaf s account : — 

" On the 27th of March the second brigade of Gen. Grover's divi- 
sion and other troops steamed down the river to Donaldsonville, 
fifty or sixty miles distant, at the mouth of the Bayou La Fourche, 
where all disembarked and camped on beautiful green grass for 
the night. 

" The distance through La Fourche country from Donaldsonville 
to Terre Bonne — about forty miles — we made by easy marches* 
and thence took rail for Bayou Boeuf, near Brashear City, on the 
Atchafalaya. And what a change was this from our most cruel 
march from Port Hudson, and our worse than Egyptian night in 
the swamp! 'Grim-visaged war ' had not yet desolated this fair 
region, truly said to be ' the Garden of Louisiana.' The sun shone 
bright, skies were clear, breezes fresh, roads excellent, landscapes 
beautiful ; the air was sweet-scented, water good, the verdure 
green ; flowers were blossoming in gardens and fields, birds were 
singing in hedges and trees, children, white and black, were prat- 
tling by the wayside or romping around each family mansion ; 
negroes, old and young, of all colors and both sexes, were hanging 
in great numbers on the fences ; vast cultivated fields of sugar- 
cane and cotton greeted our eyes on every side ; enlivening 
strains of martial music floated on the air, and patriotic songs 
were sung; 'the goose hung high,' and 'all went merry as a mar- 
riage bell.' This was the pleasant side of war." 

To Mrs. Moors : — 

Donaldsonville, March 28. 

Here we are in a new place We came this morning, and shall 
probably leave in a day or two. I wrote you yesterday from our 
old place at Baton Rouge. About sundown the order came to 
strike our tents. We had packed up all our superfluous clothing, 
to be sent to New Orleans. The tents were struck, the floor 
boards and cook-houses and all the debris of the camp were set 
on fire. The whole scene was very picturesque and exciting. 
The army wagons were busy gathering up the tents and baggage. 



BATON ROUGE TO BRASHEAR CITY 



99 



and added to the excitement of the hour. At 8.30 in the evening 
the line was formed. With drums beating, we marched to the 
city, and at once were on board the " Ste. Maurice," and off. I 
found a sofa in the cabin, and, taking off my boots and spurs, was 
soon asleep. 

We reached this place this morning. Some of the officers, with 
the chaplain, found a tavern, where we obtained a breakfast, the 
first regular meal since I left New York. We had knives and 
forks, and coffee with milk in it, fried eggs and ham, — a regular 
set-down. And it did us good, for we have fared pretty hard for 
a few days. The tavern-keeper was very anxious that I should 
have some whiskey, but I was too wise to yield to his entreaties, 
I suspect he wanted the fun of seeing the chaplain drunk. I did 
not accommodate him. We marched out into a field covered with 
the softest and cleanest and prettiest carpet you ever saw, of real 
clover-leaves and blossoms. Our tent was speedily pitched, and I 
stretched myself out and slept. Then walked to a bayou just a 
little way from us. The water is kept from overflowing the land 
by artificial levees. Then to my tent, to write this letter. Of 
course, I cannot manage a pen, lying as I am upon the ground, 
but hope you can make out this pencil scrawl. A part of it I have 
written by candle-light, but the bugs are big and biting. Please 
refresh yourself with Birdofredum Sawin's account of his sol- 
diering in the Mexican War. It is just the life we are living here. 

Our march from Donaldsonville to Terre Bonne, a distance of 
forty miles, I think our men enjoyed very much indeed. The road 
was upon the bank of La Fourche, — a river as large as the Con- 
necticut, — one of the outlets of the Mississippi. The water in the 
river was just about on a level with the heads of the men march- 
ing by its side. It is kept from overflowing the country by levees, 
upon the top of which there was room for men to walk, single file, 
and upon which one could secure a good prospect and good air, 
and at the same time run the risk of being popped over by any 
wicked rebel who might be concealed behind the levee on the 
other side of the river. The country is very fertile, and showed 
less of the ravages of war than we had seen elsewhere. The 
houses of the planters are larger and better. The country is 
called the "Garden of Louisiana," but hardly a white man or 
woman could we see. At every plantation we passed, swarms of 
negroes came out, and welcomed us with rapturous demonstrations 
of joy, invoking the blessing of all the saints upon us. The 



100 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

weather was as delightful as possible. We never have at home 
three June days that surpass those we spent in this march. 

Sergt.-Major Whitney's account of this march is as follows : — 

"We had," he says, "Sherman, Emory, and Grover's division, 
and another brigade under Weitzel. We took steamers at Baton 
Rouge, and dropped down the river to Donaldson ville, where La 
Fourche flows out from the Mississippi, to find its own way to the 
gulf. A march of three days took the command down the bank 
of the bayou to Thibodeaux and Terre Donne, about forty miles. 
For freshness and beauty and picturesqueness that was a notable 
march. The road lay about six feet below the level of the water 
in the bayou, so that the great steamers went by, towering for us 
to look up at. The air was sweet with perfume and cool with 
northern breezes. The beautiful plantation homes were embow- 
ered in roses and skirted with orange-trees laden with ripe fruit. 
It was said that we might have gone around by boat to New 
Orleans, and then by cars, but Grover gave us this march to 
toughen us for what was coming." 

Corp. Stowell says : — 

" We had to march from Donaldsonville to Terre Bonne, March 
29, — a distance of forty miles. A good march, on the whole ; 
but we were foot-sore, and our knapsacks, guns, and equipments 
weigh forty-five pounds, and the weather is very hot, and the road 
as dusty as it could be. Thibodeaux we found to be a very pretty 
place, and had not been torn to pieces by shot and shells. We 
had begun to straggle a good deal before we reached there ; but 
an order came to close up the ranks. The flags were unfurled, 
the bands struck up their finest music, and, tired as we were, we 
marched through the town in as good order and as fresh as if we 
were out on dress parade." 

To Judge Mattoon : — 

Bayou Bceuk, April 5, 1863. 

My thoughts turn more earnestly and soberly toward home on 
Sunday than on any other day. Not that Sunday is especially 
marked in camp. I suppose many of our regiment do not know 
that it is Sunday. The colonel asked me this morning if I would 
have a religious service. I told him that, if he could find a decent 
place for the men to sit down, I would preach ; but, as to preach- 
ing to men standing in this mud-hole under a broiling sun, I should 
not do it except upon an official compulsion. We have had a 



BATON ROUGE TO BRASHEAR CITY lOI 

month of busy service. You have probably heard of our famous 
march to Port Hudson, and our march back again. It was not a 
defeat, as we thought at the time ; for the object of the expedition 
was partially successful. The expedition told severely upon the 
men. When we left Baton Rouge a week ago last Friday, we left 
a good many 52d boys in the hospitals, with some 1,500 others. 

This army is divided into four divisions: first, Gen. Augur; 
second, Gen. Weitzel ; third. Gen. Emory ; and, fourth, Gen. 
Grover. The first is left at Baton Rouge. We are a part of the 
second brigade in the fourth division. Our brigade is commanded 
by Col. Kimball, of the 12th Maine, — the good man for the place, 
we think. There are in our three brigades fourteen regiments and 
three batteries. On Tuesday last our division commenced a 
march for this place, to re-enforce Weitzel, who had been com- 
pelled to fall back from Berwick Bay. We marched three days in 
succession, making twelve to fifteen miles each day, which, I be- 
lieve, is a good distance for an army to march. It was through 
the most beautiful section of the country I have seen in the State. 
The plantations showed more culture than I have seen. Some of 
the houses and grounds are quite elegant ; but even here we see 
the terrible effects of the war, — hundreds and thousands of acres 
which were cultivated last year with cane, which has never been 
cut, and is, of course, useless now. It stands in rows, stretching 
back from the river as far as the eye can reach, — a gloomy token 
of the desolation of war. In a few cases, the old cane is being cut 
and burned, and preparations made for a new crop ; but usually 
the whole country is lying idle, and running to waste. It is a 
beautiful soil and a delightful climate, the very best that June 
affords at home. The roses line the roads in profusion. The 
lilacs are in full bloom, and fill the air with their fragrance. The 
roads were in good condition for marching ; and, on the whole, we 
could not have had a more favorable time for it. The men stood 
it well ; but they are very foot-sore by reason of their previous 
marches, and we have had a good deal of grumbling, of course. 
We camped at night in open fields under our little shelter tents, and 
in some cases were lucky enough to get a few eggs and a little 
milk. At other times we fell back upon the inevitable hard-tack. 
I walked most of the way, and enjoyed it very much, especially 
when they allowed us to walk upon the top of the levees, which are 
some four feet above the water on one side and six feet above the 
road on the other side, and wide enough on top for men to walk 



I02 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

single file. The last day we were prohibited from walking there, 
as we furnished too good a mark for rebel rifles on the opposite 
side of the river. 

We reached Terre Bonne, where we struck a railroad from New 
Orleans to Berwick Bay. As the country is an unbroken swamp, 
it was planned that we should be brought to this place by rail ; 
but the transportation was hardly adequate. We were ready to 
start out any hour of Friday. All of our baggage, tents, and blan- 
kets, etc., were sent on. So we waited all Friday and all Friday 
night. It was a new experience. It was camping out without 
any of the conveniences of a camp. Luckily, I had Dolly's blan- 
ket to spread upon the ground. It proved to be a pretty cold 
night, but we had a camp-fire where I could occasionally get warm. 
In the morning I started early to a negro cabin at some distance, 
and called up the negro women to make me a hoe-cake for breakfast ; 
but before it was cooked the order was given to load into the cars. 
So I went without my hoe cake, after all. While waiting for the 
train, an incident occurred which reveals only too well the spirit 
that animates those whom we are compelled to obey. It seems a 
negro joined one of our regiments some time ago, and was em- 
ployed as a servant by one of the officers. On Friday an agent 
of his master came for him. This agent, we learned, was once a 
captain in the rebel army. He made application for the negro, 
and the order was sent for him to appear. The officer to whom 
the order was sent refused to receive it, and it was returned pres- 
ently to headquarters. Capt. S., of the same regiment, came in a 
great fury, and ordered the negro to be given up. The officer still 
refused, and Capt. S. drew his revolver and blustered. The men 
of the regiment, who had crowded around him, hating both Capt. 
S. and his errand, began to show fight. Capt. S. backed down ; 
and the negro took to the woods, and is, to-day, I think, not far from 
our camp. Gen. Grover has sent in an order requiring regimental 
officers to return within twenty-four hours to the provost-marshal 
all negroes who have come into our line since we left Donaldson- 
ville. Col. Greenleaf is greatly perplexed to know what to do. It 
seems, on the one hand, to be perfectly unjust to the law of Con- 
gress to require him to aid, and, if necessary, to call in the whole 
regiment to aid, in restoring fugitives. On the other hand, he is 
not sure that they intend to return these men to their masters. 
Perhaps that is not their purpose, though it looks like it. But 
what right has Col. Greenleaf, or anybody else, to question their 



BATON ROUGE TO BRASHEAR CITY I03 

intentions ? His business is to obey orders. He has no right to 
assume that his superior officers are not going to follow the law 
of the land. What is he to do ? To make the 52d a party of 
slave-catchers is not what we are here for, and to pass by orders 
from superior officers is subversive to military discipline. 

From Church's journal : — 

" In the afternoon a company of cavalry came in sight, but 
not near enough for us to tell whether they were we-uns or you-uns. 

"We are very economical of government rations just now, and 
succeed in making them hold out very well ; for we find sheep, 
pigs, and hens abundant. Eggs and vegetables we don't count. 
Our quarters are in an old house, which we share with a large 
army of hungry fleas, which, thinking us their choice friends and 
constant companions, make things lively for us. 

" At Bayou Boeuf our best sport is crab-fishing. A bit of pork, 
with a bit of landing-net, are all that are needed; and the lining 
of our haversacks furnished the net. He is a poor soldier who 
could not furnish a string of crabs ; and our rations furnished the 
pork. While here, Lieut. Ballou, of Co. F, when cleaning his 
revolver, shot himself through the foot, and was disabled for the 
rest of the campaign. At Brashear City a sergeant took a large 
kettle in one hand and a small one in the other, and started for 
water to the bayou, whistling ' The Girl I left behind me.' He 
slung in the small kettle, which he easily raised, filled, to the bank, 
then dipped in the big one, and was the wettest sergeant on 
record. 

" Gen. Banks rode along where a fatigue party were at work at 
Brashear City. One of our boys, wishing to be neighborly, ad- 
dressed him as follows : — 

" ' Good mornin', Mr. Banks. Are we going somewhere to-day ? ' 
The general smiled, but did not reply." 

To Mrs. Moors : — 

Bayou Bceuf, April 5, 1863. 

Yesterday morning our whole brigade of four regiments was 
packed on board two trains, and brought through the swamp 
twenty miles to this place. Some one asked what I thought of the 
country as I rode through it. I replied that I thought the Lord 
had not prepared this part of the world yet for man's use, that the 
alligators and snakes ought to have undisputed possession for at 
least a thousand years. By that time I thought it might be fit for 



I04 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

men to live in. I was disappointed that I did not see but one 
alligator all day, being in the rear of the two trains. They had 
been frightened away before I reached them. Snakes are quite 
abundant. We landed here at noon, where there is not a green 
thing to be seen. It is an old camping ground vacated by Gen. 
Weitzel the day before we arrived. It has the musty smell of an 
old camp, and as filthy as it can well be. The sun beats down 
hot enough. I try to keep quiet in the middle of the day. No 
village here that I can find ; but the ground is high, — that is, a 
little higher than the water in the river, which is a branch of the 
Atchafalaya. How long we are to stay here and whither we are to 
go no one knows. I begin to be impatient to see the end of all 
this. I can stand the poor fare, the sleeping on the ground, the 
hard marches ; but the feeling is very discouraging that we are 
doing so little. We have helped the government steal a little cot- 
ton, and now are expected to return the slaves to their mas- 
ters, and put some money into the pockets of a few bloats like 
Capt. S., — that is the whole of it. Yet I am not homesick nor 
discouraged. I am bound to stick to it; and I hope, when the 
time is out, that I shall have satisfied my conscience and the 
claims of patriotism. 

To Mrs. Moors : — 

Brashear City, April 10, 1863. 

Bayou Boeuf was the meanest place we have been in. The water 
was slimier and smelt worse. The days were hot, and the nights 
cool, and no green thing about us. Worse than all, we were on 
short rations, and no chance to buy anything. I suffered more from 
hunger than ever before. I could do nothing but growl, so gave 
up attempting to write. Yesterday we broke camp, and waited 
for a train to bring us here ; but none came. So, after waiting till 
10.30, when the heat was most oppressive, we started on our 
march, the hardest we have had. The sun boiled down upon us as 
it can in these hot latitudes only. We marched about ten miles, 
and reached here about two o'clock. Ball fell out ; Hosmer, also, 
for the first time. It surprises me to see how steadily Mason 
Moody holds on. He seems to be as tough as anybody in the 
regiment. We are on a clover-field, by the bank of Berwick Bay. 
It was a sad sight to see the men on the march, gasping for 
breath like heated dogs. Many fainted, and laid by the roadside. 
It seemed to us very cruel, as though we might have been brought 



BATON ROUGE TO BRASHEAR CITY 1 05 

on by rail. At least, we might have come in the cool of the day, 
and not have been put through so fast. A great many are sick 
and complaining with the effect of the heat, and partly from the 
improper food we have. Oysters abound here, and the men buy 
them in the shell. I do not dare to eat one. The despised hard- 
tack is, after all, the stafE of life. That, with decent coffee, with 
which we are supplied, suits me better than anything else. Not 
very exciting food, not a great variety, but it goes well. 

We are waiting for orders to move at any moment, to meet the 
enemy, who are in front of us. There was skirmishing and heavy 
firing in the night; but the morning is here, and no orders to 
move. As we walked here, and most of the brigades came by cars 
and boats, I hope they will let them do the fighting. It looks, 
however, as if we must have a battle. We are in as good condi- 
tion for it as we shall be. But only think of it, we have only 
about five hundred muskets ! Our regiment is scattered every- 
where, — a hundred at Baton Rouge, twenty-five at New Orleans, 
seventy-five sick at Bayou Boeuf. I write this lying upon the 
ground, with a newspaper for a desk, in good hope and spirits. 
Our horses have stood saddled all day, and no orders to move. 
So they were unsaddled ; and we were soon in bed, if not asleep. 
Oh, the mosquitoes, — they are big ones ! How big I shall not at- 
tempt to assert, only to say that a good many of them would fill a 
quart-pot. They must have good bills to get at my feet through my 
boots and at my hands through my gloves. My haversack pro- 
tects my forehead, my beard a part of my face, and my tin plate 
the rest of it : so they get a no " right smart " chance at me. We 
have an immense army here, — how large I do not know, but they 
have been pouring in here rapidly of late. While we were in that 
sink-hole at Bayou Bceuf, train after train passed with men, — two 
regiments to a train ; and they were passing day and night. It 
has been so since we reached here. Every hour or so a train 
passes crowded with soldiers. They go up by our camp to the 
Bay, and cross in boats to the other side. I cannot learn pre- 
cisely where the rebels are posted, but somewhere on the Teche 
River, between this and Franklin. The appearance is of warm 
work very soon. I cannot realize it in any degree. I cannot get 
up any excited feeling at the prospect of a battle. Very likely we 
shall see nothing of it. I hope and pray we may not. We are in 
the rear, so hope we may not be needed. 

On Monday last, at Bayou Boeuf, I told the colonel I should 



lo6 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

lik., to go to New Orleans and see the boys there in the hospital, 
and get a few knick-knacks, and at the same time get out of Bayou 
Boeuf. He was glad to have me go : so he wrote a pass, sent it, 
and got the colonel commanding the brigade to sign it, and then 
sent it to Gen. Grover for his approval. It was at once returned 
disapproved. The only thing about it that provoked me was that 
he gave other chaplains passes whenever they asked for them. I 
have never asked before. The colonel is a good deal disturbed 
about it. I am not. 

Ball has gone back to Bayou Bceuf in an ambulance, too sick 
to move along. Life is very uncertain, but life or honorable death 
shall be my motto. 

Bayou Boeiif, April "i. — On the 27th of March we left Baton 
Rouge for Donaldsonville, and after two days took up the line of 
march down the Bayou La Fourche for Thibodeaux. Did you 
ever see a division on a march ? It is a moving sight in more 
senses than one. True, there is no display about it. A country 
militia company of fifty men would show more fuss and feathers 
than that multitude of men moving with uniform tread. Tramp ! 
tramp ! tramp ! Regiment after regiment, sunburt, stalwart men, 
little variety, — dark blue blouse, light blue pantaloons, knapsacks 
on the back, haversack and canteen on one side, cartridge-box on 
the other, and musket on the shoulder. Through the " Garden of 
Louisiana " march our ten thousand men, some thirty-eight or 
forty miles. Beauty of scenery in comparison with that of our 
New England valleys there is none. Only large, flat plantations, 
well stocked with healthy negroes. The division is encamped on 
the banks of the Bayou Boeuf. Some sick were left in the gen- 
eral hospital at Baton Rouge. The regiment has lost by death 
since its formation thirty-five men. We were put on board a train 
on Saturday at Terre Bonne, and reached this place at noon, hav- 
ing come eighteen miles, most of the way through cypress swamps 
teeming with alligators and snakes. 

T. N. Austin, Co. A, writes in his journal, March 30, at Donald- 
sonville : — 

" Houses small, built like my barn. 

^^ March 31. — Marched by the side of La Fourche about thirteen 
miles. We passed through a fine country, but we were so foot-sore 
and tired we did not enjoy it very much. 

" April 4. — Took our first railroad ride since we left the North. 



BATON ROUGE TO BRASHEAR CITY 107 

The road was built of clam-shells ; and plenty of snakes coiled up 
by the side of the road, and alligators, too. At Bayou Boeuf we 
found a good many blackberries, which we enjoyed very much." 

Corp. Hosmer writes of the march from Donaldsonville : — 

" Seldom does an army march under circumstances so delightful. 
The miles are not weary ones. Some really remarkable conditions 
make our progress easy from first to last, — a bright sky and sun, 
a cool northern breeze, and a road for the most part in perfect 
condition to receive the soldier's footfall. Plantation after planta- 
tion. Sometimes the planter and his family will look out at us 
from behind a protection posted before them on the gate. Such 
tropic luxury and vegetation ! These scents and zephyrs, the bird- 
songs, the blue of the heavens, the broad palm-leaves at the plan- 
ter's portico, — all these, and, I suppose, the foil to all these, the 
miasma of the swamp close at hand, and the poisonous serpent 
lurking there. At noon we came to Thibodeaux. Before reach- 
ing there, the men began to straggle. As we entered the village, 
the drums struck up, the flags were unfurled, the foot-sore men 
forgot to hobble, the melting men forgot their heat. We were all 
straight and soldierly. The streets of the village were full of 
people, so it became us to make an impression ; and the sound of 
the drum and fife is a spur to the soldier. 

*' We were dusty and sweaty, but I think we made a good impres- 
sion. The colonel and chaplain are on their horses again. The 
day before and to-day they have walked more than half the route, 
giving their horses to the tired privates. 

^^ April 10. — We have left Bayou Boeuf, and have made another 
mov^e, and are now at Brashear City. We took up the line of 
march yesterday under circumstances which I have before de- 
scribed, brilliant enough, but becoming now an old story, though 
I confess I am not so hardened that I was not thoroughly thrilled 
through to hear a fine band play 'The dearest spot on earth to 
me is home.' It proved to be, by all odds, the hardest march for 
me. The sun was boiling hot, and the dust heavy. For the first 
time in my soldiering, with a red face and blistering feet, I was 
obliged to turn aside from the regiment and stop under a tree to 
throw away my load. It was not heavy. Men in whole sections 
had been stopping by the roadside for a long time, so that I had 
a good part of the regiment for company on my first falling out." 

From P. S. Parker : — 

^^ Brashear City, April lo. — We left Bayou Boeuf at lo a.m. 



I08 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

yesterday, and arrived here at 4 p.m. It was one of the hardest 
marches we have had. The sick had to be forced along at the 
point of the bayonet. Our general ordered a squad of men at the 
rear of each brigade with fixed bayonets to prick up those that 
lagged. 

"■^ April 11. — We left Bayou Boeuf on the 9th at 10.30, the sun 
pouring down hotter than I ever knew of in Massachusetts, and 
the hottest day I ever experienced. We had to march to this 
place, and carry our knapsacks, two days' rations, and our other 
traps. The regiment reached here at half-past three. I never 
had the heat take hold of me so before. I never had so hard a 
headache. It seemed as though my head would burst open. I 
kept on as long as I could, and fell out. I had for company some 
of the strongest men in the regiment. About half of some of the 
companies fell exhausted on the road. It is dreadful marching in 
such heat, carrying such a load, and being put through so fast ; 
but, if I can stand it, I shall not complain. We expected to march 
forward the same night and put into battle ; but we did not, and 
had yesterday to rest in. The rebels have encamped in large 
forces a few miles ahead of us, and will probably fight hard. My 
health is pretty good, and with a little rest I should be all right. 
Such marching makes us all grow old. A grand strike is to be 
made, and no retreat now. For us it is victory or death." 



I 



WAR /vvAP Or^^S OUT HERN LOUISIANA 



FOffT HUDSON 



Baton Rouge 




X. 

UP THE TECHE.— BRASHEAR CITY TO INDIAN RIDGE 
OR IRISH BEND. 

[April ii to April 14. 1863.] 

Of the expedition /// the Teche into the very heart of Louisiana 
I must give some details, leaving Col. Greenleaf and Sergt. Whit- 
ney to describe the general movement. I limit myself to what 
concerned the 5 2d Regiment. 

Col. Greenleafs account : — 

" At Brashear City, Banks perfected his plans, and issued his 
orders for an attack on Gen. Taylor in his intrenched position at 
Bisland, previously mentioned. Gen.' Banks himself was to cross 
the Atchafalaya with the main body, move up the Teche, and at- 
tack in front; while Gen. Grover, with his division, was to take 
transports to a designated point on the eastern shore of Grand 
Lake, disembark, and take position near the Teche, on the road to 
Franklin, from which position he could either co-operate with his 
superior in the attack or place himself with his command in rear 
of Taylor on the Franklin road, to cut off his retreat as he (Banks) 
should signal him to do. 

"The Atchafalaya at Brashear City is, in column of water, much 
like the lower Hudson, and navigable, as well as Grand Lake, for 
large ocean steamers. At this point Grover's division took trans- 
ports for Grand Lake on the nth of April, and landed at Irish 
Bend, on the west shore of the lake, on the morning of the 13th. 
Among the transports of this little fleet was the fine iron ocean 
steamer ' St. Mary,' on which ' this deponent ' afterwards made 
several voyages from New Orleans to Brazos de Santiago, at the 
mouth of the Rio Grande ; and on this beautiful steamer were 
packed nearly four regiments of the division, of which one was 
the 5 2d Massachusetts. We thought ourselves closely packed on 
board the ' Illinois,' on our passage from New York ; but elbow- 
room was at a premium on board the ' St. Mary,' as compared with 
what it was on the ' Illinois,' close as were our quarters there. 

" Our fine steamer is now full to overflowing, so that the men 
appear to lie two or three deep on deck ; while some hang up in 
the 'shrouds,' and others stand leaning against or crouching on 



112 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

the bulwarks. We are literally ' as thick ' on board ' as three in a 
bed ' ; but, with some little grumbling, we manage to endure the 
discomfort for about forty hours, — two nights, one day, and part 
of another, — when we land, and follow other troops across the 
Teche, while they (being in advance) are having a smart skirmish 
with the enemy, but driving him before them. 

" At night we bivouac near the Teche on fine grounds, known as 
Madam Porter's Plantation, on which a short time before, it was 
said, several hundred negro slaves had been employed. 

"The chaplain and colonel spread their two rubber blankets be- 
tween what had been two rows of corn or cane, lay down together, 
like the lamb and the wolf, pulled their woollen blankets over 
themselves, and, remembering Young's ' Night Thoughts ' (having 
once read them in the days of their youth), lost no time in seeking 
' tired Nature's sweet restorer, balmy sleep.' And they got it, too, 
as handsomely as any two tired mortals ever did, until about mid- 
night, when a drenching shower came up and flooded them out of 
their low bed between the ridges. They both arose, wet to the 
skin. Neither the chaplain nor his equally unfortunate bed-fellow 
indulged in any profane language on the occasion ; but it was 
thought that they fully shared the feeling of the pious farmer dea- 
con, when he had his large field of choice clover completely ruined 
by drenching showers, just as it was ready to be ' gathered into 
barns.' The good deacon is reported as saying, on surveying his 
ruined clover, 'The Lord knows I don't wish to find fault with 
anybody, but there's reason in all things ! ' 

"At daylight, on the morning of the 14th, the brigade was or- 
dered into line, and soon after marched for the battle-ground of 
Indian Ridge. 

" We found the highway in splendid condition : the morning 
was bright and rosy, and the surrounding country, with its almost 
tropical scenery, — with the perfume of flowers and songs of birds 
in the air, with the odors of the jessamine and notes of the mock- 
ing-bird wafted on the dewy wings of the morning, — charmed and 
delighted the senses of our advancing hosts as the landscape ex- 
panded in all its spring beauty before them. How much more 
suggestive of peace and happiness is this beautiful dawn and these 
delightful surroundings than of strife and bloodshed, which we are 
so soon to witness ! An easy march of an hour or two brings us 
within sight as well as sound of the battle-field. Our advance 
has engaged the enemy, who proves to be a portion of Gen. Dick 



UP THE TECHE II3 

Taylor's command; and the 12th Connecticut, Col. Birge, and the 
25th Connecticut, Col, Bissel, are in the hottest of the fight. The 
second brigade moves on to the field and forms in line of battle, 
the right of the 5 2d Massachusetts resting on a wagon road run- 
ning through the contested field. 

" On this road is a continuous line of ambulance men with 
stretchers, on which the wounded are constantly being carried to 
our rear, where hospitals have already been established. We 
sicken at the ghastly sight, listen to the terrible roar of cannon 
and the almost incessant roll of musketry in front, anxiously watch 
the progress of the fight before us, and expect every moment to be 
ordered in. It is our first battle proper. A few miles away we 
distinctly hear, also, the guns of Banks and Taylor ; and we know 
that the battle of Bisland is in progress as well as ours of Indian 
Ridge. It is to us a momentous, anxious hour. But soon the 
enemy retreat before Grover's vigorous attack, and leave him, with 
a loss of about four hundred killed and wounded, master of the 
field. 

"The second brigade did not participate in this spirited engage 
ment. It was held in reserve throughout. 

" In the mean time Banks had assaulted Taylor with great vigor 
in his stronghold on the Teche, by both land and water. Taylor, 
after a stubborn fight, had been driven from his position, and the 
signal ordered for Grover to cut off his retreat up the Teche, via 
Franklin. But (as I have since been informed by Capt. Mack, of 
the i8th New York Battery), unfortunately for the success of the 
combined attack, and owing to a misunderstanding on the part of a 
distinguished general officer (Gen. Emory) as to the character of 
the signal to be given, he countermanded the order given by Gen. 
Banks to Capt. Mack to make the signal; and the result was that, 
while we lay impatiently on our arms awaiting the signal, the 
ememy ' passed by on the other side,' — of the wood, — and escaped 
up the Teche; 'and thus,' as Washington Irving would say, 'the 
auspicious moment passed by.' 

" And now comes a forced march, such as few soldiers, in any 
cause or age or clime, have ever been compelled to make, from 
Franklin to Opelousas — occupying five days — in pursuit. Much 
of the country between these two points was magnificent, and the 
roads were good ; but the sun was scalding hot, dust almost thick 
enough to cut with a knife, and water mostly bad. 

" At New Iberia, on the Teche, thirty-two miles from Franklin, 



114 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

by order of Gen. Banks, yet much to our regret, we left four 
companies of the S2d Massachusetts, — A, E, F, and G, Capt. Long, 
Capt. Richmond, Capt. Stone, and Capt. Bliss, — to occupy and 
hold the town, Capt. Long having been assigned to the command 
of that post by the same order. Here also the colonel of the 5 2d 
Regiment was temporarily assigned to the command of the second 
brigade (what there was left of it), Col. Kimbal, our regular brig- 
ade commander, having been sent with the 12th Maine and the 
41st Massachusetts on an expedition to Petit Anse Island, to de- 
stroy the enemy's extensive salt-works, located at that point. 

"This change in the command of the brigade was made the 
evening of the i6th of April, and in one respect, at least, the 
change proved unfortunate ; for, owing, it is supposed, to a change 
of brigade headquarters the night before, Banks's general order 
to march at daylight on the morning of the 17th failed to reach 
the new commander until the time had actually arrived tor forming 
his line, so that the command had no time whatever for breakfast, 
or even to make coffee, nor, indeed, was the opportunity offered 
to cook anything during the entire day's march. The day proved 
to be sweltering hot, the water abominable, and the pace from day- 
light until sundown a killing one for infantry." 

From B. S. P. : — 

^^ New Iberia, April 18. — Our forces have been engaged with 
the rebels at a place called Indian Ridge. Our regiment was held 
in reserve, and took no active part in the battle, as the rebels re- 
treated just as we were to be called in. The loss on our side has 
been very great. Many officers have been killed or wounded. 
Those who visited the battle-field said it was a sad sight, — dead 
men and horses, guns, knapsacks, blankets, haversacks, and all 
soldiers' accoutrements strewn over the ground. It is a very dif- 
ferent thing to be at home and read of battles from what it is to 
be where the balls are whistling, the shells bursting, and see the 
wounded and mangled men brought off the field to the rear on 
stretchers. After the battle we encamped near the bayou. Cos. 
A and K went out on picket duty some two miles from camp. 
Hardly had time to eat our breakfast before we were ordered to 
fall in and march away. We marched this day on, on, on, — the 
longest march we have ever had in one day, — carrying such loads ! 
It seemed as if we never should stop. Our boys were pretty well 
used up. We marched twenty -five miles. The next day we 
started on, and I kept up as long as possible. My side ached so 



I 



UP THE TECHE II5 

that I had to fall out. Two-thirds of our regiment fell behind, 
and only one-third came in and stacked arms at night. Cos. A, 
E, H, and G, were left here ; and Capt. Long is provost-marshal. 
The rest of the regiment have gone on. We left several of our 
men at Brashear City ; but it is no place to be sick anywhere in 
the army. Most of the hospitals are poorly furnished, except at 
some place -like Baton Rouge, where supplies are readily obtained. 
Many of the boys are used up, and are getting old and worn out. 

" Dr. Sawyer, at the battle of Indian Ridge, got the name of 
being the best surgeon there. He would dress two wounds to 
any other surgeon's one. He took right hold, and did all he could 
to relieve the wounded sufferers." 

From Stowell's journal : — 

"We expected to meet the enemy very soon. We learn that 
they are well fortified ; but I am confident that we can sweep them 
out. I am more fearful they will skedaddle. We were crowded 
into the boats as thick as we could stand. Every inch of room 
was occupied, as we did not expect to be aboard but two or three 
hours ; but, by reason of some delay, we were aboard forty hours. 
We were so crowded we could neither lie down nor sit up. All 
are drenched with mud, and cramped. After landing, we skir- 
mished all day. At dark both sides stopped, and we were allowed 
to rest awhile, though still kept in line of battle. Our regiment 
were in a ploughed field ; and we laid down in a line, and were soon 
asleep, gun in hand. Of course, we had no supper ; and, in fact, 
we had had nothing but hard-tack for two or three days before. 
We had slept an hour or so, when the rain began to pour in tor- 
rents ; but no help for it. Our main efforts were to keep our guns 
and powder dry, which was somewhat difficult with the water an 
inch deep under us and pouring down over us. At four o'clock 
A.M. we were in line again, but we did not march till six. The 
enemy were posted on the edge of the woods, with their gun-boat 
' Diana' just back of them, throwing shell as fast as possible. At 
last we compelled them to blow her up, and soon their line was 
forced to retreat. In the afternoon we were engaged burying the 
dead and bringing in the wounded, I never wish to witness such 
another sight. I had no means of knowing the loss, but it must 
have been several hundred on each side." 

Sergt. -Major Whitney's article in the Springfield Repiiblicati, 
much abridged : — 

Weitzel took the lead in crossing the Atchafalaya, and pressed 



Il6 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

westward to the enemy's strongest entrenchments, seven miles 
away. Grover's men are packed closely upon four gun-boats and 
five transports. Upon the little " St. Mary " were the 24th and 
25th Connecticut and the 52d Massachusetts and Nims's battery, 
with many horses, so that the men could not stretch themselves 
out, and literally slept upon their arms, in extreme discomfort. We 
crept up the bayou into Grand Lake, and half-way up its western 
shore was the place known as Madame Porter's shell bank. But 
the gun-boat that was to escort us ran aground, and has changed 
the whole plan of the movement. The accident made a great 
deal of difference with the question who should be killed or 
wounded in the fight that was sure to come. Had the troops been 
landed early, the fight would have come ofT that day, when our 
second brigade was leading, and the loss would have fallen chiefly 
upon us ; but we were delayed one day, and then the third brigade 
was in the advance. We landed about noon, amid the fire of the 
skirmishers and the artillery. 

We pass wounded men and Confederate prisoners. We stretch 
the fan-light lines of our own skirmishers, Nims's battery, with 
which we had much to do through that year, pass between our 
own ranks, and, taking position, shelled everything opposite that 
looked suspicious. We stand at ease in the road, and a queenly 
woman, elegantly dressed and bareheaded, with jet black hair, 
passes to find Gen. Grover, to beg for the life, if possible the re- 
lease, of her son. " The poor boy was quite innocent," and has just 
been taken prisoner, and stands close by under guard in Confed- 
erate gray, — tall, fierce, and haughty, nineteen or twenty years of 
age. Gen. Grover listens in silence; and then she walks back 
again, the same lank, dusty, and grizzled man of Co. H escort- 
ng her, with his musket upon his shoulder. She is the great 
woman of that region. The negroes say she owns the whole field 
about her, and has six hundred and eighty-five slaves, and spends 
her summers at Newport. Her mansion, a fine one, shines among 
the trees a half-mile back; and a protecting detail from the 52d 
Regiment sit comfortably on the front piazza to guard it. 

When the sun is at the horizon, we throw ourselves upon a field, 
taking for pillows the ridges made by the plough. Down comes 
the rain and up comes the wind, adding another almost sleepless 
night to the last two we passed. Not even the heavy equipments 
can be taken off; for, in the presence of the enemy, every man 
must be ready against a night attack. At four o'clock the next 



i 



UP THE TECHE 



117 



morning we are up and off, with only a few green blackberries to 
moisten our breakfast of hard-tack. We have lived on our haver 
sacks since leaving Brashear City. Miserably wet, weary, and 
hungry, we throng down the road, and stop only to find ourselves 
the reserve and spectators in a sharp action that has already 
begun. The firing on both sides is sharp and continuous. The 
surgeons choose their location at a neighboring sugar-house, and 
are soon at their work. They make a pile of legs and arms, feet 
and hands. You would better not look at such things if you are 
about to expose yourselves to the probability of contributing to 
that ghastly pile. At last the rebels yield the field. Rebel pris- 
oners in considerable numbers are marched to the rear. The third 
brigade seem to be spent. In that little time they have lost three 
hundred and twenty men. When the sun is near the horizon, 
leaving the surgeons attending to the wounded, a burial party 
gathering up the dead and laying them in a common grave, we 
marched to a pretty field sloping to the Teche, and encamped. 
The neighboring plantations eke out the rations, fresh beef being 
served by the commissary ; and we sleep long and well. 

The chaplain on the " St. Mary " : — 

April II we were packed with three other regiments and Nims's 
battery on board the little steamer " St. Mary " to cross Grand 
Lake, It was the intention to keep us on board but a few hours, 
but one of the gun-boats which was to accompany us ran aground, 
and we were compelled to remain on board forty hours ; and most 
uncomfortable hours they were to most of the privates, crowded 
so that it was impossible to lie down. The officers, on the other 
hand, had the cabin, and were made as comfortable as possible. 
A table was set, real plates, cups and saucers, knives and forks, 
and all such things which revive memories of things which have 
been. But my jaundice had become so much my master that it 
must be attended to, so, instead of the luxuries of the table, I in- 
dulged in blue pills and rhubarb. I had hoped for some rest ; but 
in came a mail, — two bags full, — and it was all hurry and work to 
get it distributed, and I was so wearied that I turned in without 
reading my letters. We stayed on board from Saturday p.m. to 
Monday noon, having crossed the Bay. When we attempted to 
land, the rebels, by some emphatic shells thrown at us, seemed to 
say, " No, you don't land here ! " But we answered them with some 
shells more emphatic than theirs, "We will land here ! " April 13 
I found on landing that the horses of the brigade had been left 



Il8 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

behind. The rebels had fallen back a little ways, and we might 
see or hear from them at any moment. The surgeons got out their 
instruments and stretchers, and we started on. My blanket, over- 
coat, etc., were safely strapped on Dolly's back, and when I should 
see her no one could tell. So I had nothing to look after except 
my haversack and canteen. I trudged on with the rest. After a 
few miles' march we came upon a battery of rebels, which one of ours 
soon shelled out. By that time night came on, and we must halt. 
We spread out on each side of the road, and the men lay on their 
arms. The men lent me a blanket. The colonel spread down his 
rubber in a ditch between two cotton rows. He and I lay down 
and spread our blankets over us, till a shower came up and deluged 
us. Next morning we were early on the move. 

From Church's journal : — 

^^ April 11. — Our whole brigade, battery and all, were packed 
aboard a little steamer called ' St. Mary.' Talk about packing 
herrings in a box : they have large room in comparison. It was 
hot on shore, hotter on the water, and hottest in those crowded 
decks. When we lay down, the outside men hung overboard ; but 
there was no danger of falling into the water, for the men over- 
lapped each other like shingles on a roof. We were aboard forty 
hours. After landing, we had breakfast, dinner, and supper, all 
in one. It was our first square meal for three days. While we 
dined, we were called up to support the battery. We had no time 
for after-dinner conversation, but shouldered our muskets, and 
were in the march, keeping step to the music of the artillery and 
musketry firing in our front. After a sharp scrimmage, we lay 
down with our arms, and on the next morning we were up early ; 
and we witnessed, but did not share in, ihe battle of Indian Ridge. 
We were retained in the rear while the first brigade forced their 
way to the front. It was a hard place. One man thought it 
time to secure a safe place for his knapsack. He started to do so, 
but the captain's revolver convinced him that his knapsack was 
safe where he was. The Johnnies gave up the field, and went 
their way. An expert butcher and myself were detailed at night 
to go to a pasture near by and kill a beef for the company. We 
had both been two nights without sleep, and did not like the order. 
It was twelve at night before we were in our blankets, too tired to 
eat any of the meat we had secured," 

From J. K, H. : — 

"April II Gen, Grover's division embarked at Brashear City, 



UP THE TECHE 



119 



On the transport ' St. Mary ' we underwent a packing to which the 
stowage aboard the ' Illinois' was nothing. Our little boat carried 
three regiments, horses, and the greater part of the men of a bat- 
tery. We went on board Saturday afternoon, expecting to remain 
there but a few hours ; but we really stayed forty hours. We could 
not lie down, so sat with our legs curled under us in a blazing 
hot sun, under which we almost popped out on the deck like ker- 
nels of corn on an iron plate. Night came, and I slept with men 
crowding everywhere, right beneath me four or five muskets not 
covered over. I got up in the morning tattooed like a Carib where 
the steel projections of the muskets had pressed into my back and 
legs. Monday morning, when the fog lifted, a regiment or two 
was put ashore from the fleet, and found a party of rebels on hand 
to oppose the landing. The firing was sharp for a few minutes, 
when the enemy retired and we had opportunity to land. In the 
afternoon we were on the march. We plunged into a tall forest 
where there was a dense undergrowth of canes, the road under- 
neath a perpetual quagmire. The road was heavy, and cut deep 
with artillery wheels, through whose ruts we waded and jumped, 
with every now and then a sound of cannon to stimulate us from 
the advance. At night we crossed the Teche by the bridge which 
the rebels had attempted to burn, companies of the 52d now de- 
ployed as skirmishers. A section of the Massachusetts battery 
went out across the field, under charge of a straight, finely riding 
lieutenant, and presently were at it, throwing shell into clumps of 
trees where there were suspicious signs. A squad of rebel prison- 
ers went by us under a convoy of cavalry. They were stout, well- 
fed men, some in butternut dress, some in gray. We camp, as w'e 
often do, in a ploughed field. We are sadly in want of sleep, for 
during the two previous nights we have had almost none. We do 
not stop to pitch tents, but lie down in the furrows, trying to make 
provision against the impending rain. Down it comes at midnight, 
then at intervals till morning. Another tough and almost sleepless 
night. Our equipments are all, of course, on, and our loaded guns 
at our sides, to guard against a night surprise. At 4 a.m., wet 
and unrefreshed, we are on our feet again. No time for making 
coffee. We are ordered into line at once, and march forth into 
fearful scenes. We march out into the road, a listless, half-ex- 
hausted body of men. During the three previous nights we have 
had little sleep, and but little food since the Saturday before. It 
is now Tuesday. We are more or less drenched with rain, and 



I20 HISTORY OF THE 5 2D REGIMENT 

our blankets and clothing weigh double with the moisture. Pres- 
ently we hear the sound of firing. Each minute the roar of can- 
non is more frequent, and becomes mingled at last with the sharp, 
rattling volley of arms. We come at last into full view of the 
scene. We halt in the road, waiting for orders to go in. Hear 
that long crash of musketry, each individual discharge so blend- 
ing into the others that we can only hear one long sound ! It is 
a rebel volley, terribly effective, as we afterwards hear. Then we 
are ordered forward, and presently are on the field. We are pass- 
ing ammunition wagons now, and now a tree beneath which the 
surgeons are at work. 

"The column files to the right, and we stand in line of battle in 
the rear of the action, within rifle range of the woods where the 
enemy lie concealed, expecting every moment the order to ad- 
vance. The firing, however, slackens ; and presently comes word 
that the enemy are withdrawing. Prisoners come in by squads. 
It has been a sharply contested conflict. Toward night I go down 
the cart-path to the actual field, and see the broken muskets, the 
scattered knapsacks and clothing, the furrows where the enemy 
lay, the bloody pools where the dying fainted, the burial parties, 
the piles of corpses lying by the trenches just ready to receive 
them. They report that we lost in the neighborhood of four hun- 
dred, and only one brigade was engaged. It was a bloody strife 
opposite. Leaving a party to bury the dead, we march off, and 
encamp in a broad field, sloping down to the Teche. Permission 
was given to get from the neighboring plantations what was 
needed in the way of food ; and, after an exciting day, the regi- 
ment was soon at rest, — the rest we had won by the hardships of 
the three or four previous nights." 

Our little battle is known among the men as that of Irish Bend, 
by others as Indian Ridge. It does not make much of a figure 
in history. Newspaper reporters were not on hand ; but it was 
sharp, obstinate, and bloody. The small force engaged (the third 
brigade) was fearfully cut up. 



XI. 

UP THE TECHE.— INDIAN RIDGE TO OPELOUSAS. 

[April 14 to April 19, 1S63.] 

To Mrs. Moors : — 

Indian Ridge, Tuesday, April 14. 

About 8 A.M. the booming of cannon and the sharp rattle of 
musketry told us there was hot work on hand. We were hurried on 
till we came in sight of the battle-field, where we were halted, and 
■were held as a reserve. The battle raged for an hour. I climbed 
upon a fence, where I could rest and see what was going on. 
While we were waiting to be ordered in, the firing ceased, the 
rebels yielded their position and fled, and left us masters of the 
field. We soon had orders to move up, and take a position just 
in the rear of the ground where the battle was fought. Our men 
were at once employed in bringing in the wounded ; and a terrible 
sight it was. The loss in some of our regiments was very severe, 
the Connecticut 24th and the New^ York 59th, in particular. I was 
so weak I rolled myself up in a blanket, and lay down upon the 
ground all day, and did nothing, I did not even go over the 
battle-field. We remained on the field till near sundown, when 
we moved to a better camping ground. I took three wide rails off 
a fence, put one end of them across another rail two feet from the 
ground, and so made a good covering for the night. I borrowed a 
blanket, and climbed under the rails, and slept well, forgetful alike 
of battles and jaundice. The next morning we were called very 
early. It was evident we were to have a hard march. The rebels 
were in full retreat; and we must follow them up closely, the closer 
the better, lest they should burn the bridges, and do everything 
they should not do for our sakes. So after them we started. The 
day was pleasant, the roads good. I secured a contraband to 
carry my haversack ; and on we went all day long, stopping only 
for short rests. We marched twenty miles, which was a good deal 
for the men, and a good deal for me ; for I was very weak. In the 
course of the evening our horses came up. I was glad to see 
Dolly, but it involved additional care. I could feed myself on 
hard-tack and coffee ; but how to get anything for her to eat was 
a matter of more difficulty. The next day, Thursday, we made 



122 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

about fifteen miles only. We were then at New Iberia, a town on 
the Teche. The next morning it appeared that Gen. Banks had 
appointed Capt. Long provost-marshal, with Cos. A, E, F, and 
G to act as guard. I wanted to stay with them for a few days' 
rest ; but our men were falling out fearfully, getting sick and foot- 
sore. I did not like to ask the colonel to allow me to stop, so 
pushed on with the rest ; and it was the hardest day of the whole 
march. The rebels were just ahead, in full retreat, and were having 
frequent skirmishes with our advance guard. The dead horses and 
wounded men by the side of the road told the story. There was a 
bridge at Vermillion Bayou, twelve or fourteen miles ahead. They 
would burn it if they could, and we must save it if possible. So 
on we were hurried as fast as we could go, one after another falling 
out. About 4 P.M. a smoke ahead told us that the rebels had crossed 
the river, and had set fire to the bridge. They planted a battery 
on the other side, to furtlier obstruct our passage. Nims's battery 
in front of us, and which we were to support, soon opened upon 
them ; and the firing was sharp on both sides. The 52d were 
drawn up into line in the rear of the battery. And how many 
men do you suppose we numbered ? Just fifty-nine privates and 
line officers ! As I sat upon my horse, waiting to see what was to 
be done next, a twelve-pound ball struck, a rod from me, making the 
dirt fly in every direction, and the men, too, for that matter, knock- 
ing over some stacks of guns in its progress. As it went ricochet- 
ting by us, remembering that " discretion is the better part of 
valor," I concluded to show that better part by withdrawing from 
that position to the rear, where I spent the night. In the morning 
we removed to the banks of the bayou, where we waited to have 
the bridge rebuilt. It took all day to have the work completed, 
and we had a day of rest. A large number of the stragglers 
came up, and by night our ranks were quite full again. When 
we had made arrangements to spend the night where we were, 
there came the order to " fall in," and ^cross the bridge, and guard 
it against the return of the rebs to destroy it. Over the bridge 
we stopped. I tied Dolly to the first tree that offered, lay down 
under it, and was soon asleep. A storm was brewing. The 
thunder and lightning were incessant. Soon the rain began to 
pour. By the flashes of lightning, we could see a shed near by, 
and put for it, — Park and I. It proved to be a pig-pen well popu- 
lated. We jumped in, and found on one side a sort of scaf- 
fold, which the porkers could not reach ; but the fleas proved a 



UP THE TECHE 1 23 

worse trouble than the rain, so I was glad enough to return to the 
tree where I had left Dolly. I leave Sergt.-Major Whitney to tell 
the tale. 

From Church's journal : — 

"" April \z^. — We started in pursuit of Dick Taylor's retreating 
force, and we made twenty -five miles that day. The officers' 
horses that had been left behind at Brashear City came up. In 
their absence, horses and mules had been secured on the planta- 
tions as we passed. When their horses came up, the confiscated 
ones were turned loose, only to be confiscated again by high- 
minded privates, who preferred to ride. Carts, wagons, old family 
carriages drawn by horses and mules, a yoke of oxen, a cow, or 
anything which had four legs and could be harnessed, were in de- 
mand. So fast has been our pace that, when we stopped, out of 
the six companies only fifty-nine were in line." 

From J. K. H. : — 

''^ April 15. — In the morning at half- past six we are off. We 
are to join Emory and VVeitzel in a stern chase, which is a pro- 
verbially long chase. In three days we hunted that defeated army 
for nearly sixty miles. The first day we made twenty-five miles, 
— a tremendous march for men with knapsacks. Colored people 
of all ages and hues look at us from the roadside as we pass : 
white women and children peep out from the houses. Here and 
there are dead rebels flung to the side of the road in the 
haste of the headlong pursuit. The second and third day's 
marching used up the pursuers and the pursued. On the second 
day we camped at New Iberia. Four companies of the 5 2d are 
detailed for provost duty. On the third day, after about eigh- 
teen terrible and dusty miles, with men falling out exhausted 
in great numbers, we come out late in the afternoon upon the 
Bayou Vermillion. We halt in the rear of Nims's battery, and 
have just fifty-nine men to answer to their names out of the five 
hundred or so that started in the morning. Bayou Vermillion is a 
considerable stream. The enemy are crossing when we come in 
sight. They set the bridge on fire, and we have an opportunity to 
rest while it is rebuilt. 

"Through some mistake we had retained our knapsacks, and 
so were in heavy marching order. The road was bordered by 
a hedge of orange-trees, whose fruit the soldiers could gather as 
they passed. Everywhere were signs of great wealth. The day 



124 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

grew burning hot. We marched rapidly on, stopping occasionally 
to catch our breath. It was a forced march. Gen. Banks knows 
that every commander has been censured for not following up suc- 
cess, and now the success was to be followed up. Right, it should 
be so. Honor to our leader's energy ! But you people who 
clamor for rapid movements, how little do you know what these 
things cost the poor infantry soldiers ! I felt well, and marched 
with the best ; but, when it grew to be late afternoon, there was 
something cruel about the steadfastness with which the blue and 
white brigade flag kept the road in advance. It turned at last into 
a field, which was to be our bivouac. We accomplished that day 
twenty-five miles by universal agreement, marching from seven in 
the morning till sundown. During the night the enemy retreated 
again, and we were early in pursuit. The road was still beautiful, 
but the heat became most oppressive. I have never found march- 
ing so difficult. Men exhausted by the rapid movement of the 
regiment were turning in under hedge and bush. I was deter- 
mined to stand it while I could ; but hotter grew the sun, the dust 
filled the stifling air, rests seemed infrequent. I was at the last 
point of exhaustion. I turned aside under a clump of bushes, and 
had just time to fling open my belt and straps, when my brain 
swam. 1 reeled, and had just consciousness enough to break my 
fall so as to have my knapsack for a pillow : then down I went, 
completely used up. I lay in a stupor thus, half-fainting, half-con- 
scious, while within a few feet rolled and rumbled onward the ad- 
vancing and victorious army. ' Yah moole,' I heard a darky say 
to his mule, 'I know you's tired and weak ' ; but there is no rest 
for man or beast. Others came and sat down with me, and so 
we rested. A negro came by with chickens and ducks slung on 
a pole. I got a duck from him, and from another a handful of 
onions to flavor the stew. Thus we reached New Iberia. We 
supposed we were to halt for a day or two in this village ; but the 
enemy fled fast, so the next morning early we start out on another 
tedious march. The order to ' fall in ' came so early and suddenly 
that we had no time to make coffee or take any breakfast. 
Capt. Long and four companies of the 52d were left behind as a 
guard. After a mile or two we came to a turn in the road where 
the advance had had a sharp skirmish with the retreating rebels- 
Six or seven dead horses along the road, and one poor fellow in 
butternut lay stretched on the sod, the morning light on his uncov- 
ered face. Five or six more were in a gulley close by. There had 



UP THE TECHE 125 

been no time to bury them. We, the living, had not even time to 
eat, and were sweeping onward in our pursuit. 

"It was dreadfully tedious and hot. We marched by the hour 
together over dusty plains, under the burning sun. It was noon. 
We are still without breakfast. It is now two o'clock, and we 
have hobbled on some fourteen miles. I am sadly foot-sore. ' B.,' 
I exclaimed at last, ' I will fall out if you will.' He is sick and 
weary, more nearly spent than I am. We have half the regiment 
for company, strewn along the whole line of our march. We sleep 
for an hour by the side of the road, when two men of a Maine 
regiment come up with a hand-cart they have confiscated. We 
get permission to throw in our burdens, if only we will help draw 
the cart. In this way we pull and push forward a mile or two, 
our blistered feet making us limp at every step. Night comes, 
and every trace of the army disappears. I am for pushing on 
through the twilight, but B. is too ill. The Maine men are worn 
out, and the vote is to stay till morning. During the evening 
other stragglers arrive, — Bill Wilson's men. Irishmen, negroes, — 
so that we have a large assembly. One fellow has stolen a fiddle, 
on whose broken strings he manages to scrape out some tunes. 
We listen for a while, but sleep comes very soon. The next morn- 
ing we start off, hoping to overtake the regiment. We learn that 
they are in a grove on the Bayou Vermillion. So close were they 
to the flying remnant of the rebel column that the bridge across 
the bayou was still in flames, and had become impassable. As 
they stack arms in the rear of Nims's battery, only four men of 
Co. D were left, the rest having fallen out. Of the ' Color Guard,' 
none were left. Of the five hundred strong that left that morn- 
ing, only fifty-nine stood in their places. It was hard. 

"Wednesday we accomplished twenty -five miles; Thursday, 
twelve or thirteen ; Friday, without any time to cook anything, 
eighteen or nineteen. There was more to be done, however. 
'Which is better,' said the colonel, 'to undergo all this fatigue 
and labor or to have bloody battles and lose half the regiment?' 
Banks had the alternative to follow by forced marches on the very 
heels of the rebels or to fight battles. He chose the former 
course. On Saturday night the bridge was rebuilt, and the 5 2d 
was ordered across to guard it. We lay down after dark on the 
opposite bank, and presently were drenched in torrents of rain in 
a furious tempest. We lay in the pools, under the storm, until 
morning : then, with all our baggage weighing double, we started 



126 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

off through deep mud for Opelousas, accompUshing the march of 
twenty-five miles during Sunday and Monday. I have just had a 
glance at the map. How little one can tell ! Louisiana is done 
up neatly in pink. There is a cool-looking sheet of water, that 
dismal Grand Lake where we came pretty near 'going up,' all of 
us, on the 'St. Mary.' From Franklin to New Iberia is a little 
stretch up through the pink, with not a mention of those dusty 
leagues along which we almost left our lives as we limped over 
them. The map is unsatisfactory; but catch us forgetting what 
ache and sweat and hunger that distance cost us !" 

The chaplain to his wife : — 

You suggest in one of your letters that an egg beaten up with 
whiskey would be very strengthening on a long march. Yes, un- 
doubtedly ; but the trouble is, first, where is the whiskey to come 
from, and, secondly, where the egg ? There is the rub. Hard-tack 
and coffee Uncle Sam furnishes for such occasions. 

April 19. — Orders came to start early. Capt. Perkins asked 
me to eat some chicken broth with him. By the time it was 
cooked another shower deluged us. As I ate the broth, about as 
much water ran into the cup from my cap and from the clouds as 
I could eat with my spoon. So the cup of soup held out a great 
while. It was Sunday morning. During the pouring rain the 
army was defiling by, the artillery dragging through the mud, and 
the infantry soaked with rain. Before the rain was over we 
wheeled into the line, and tramped on through mud and water all 
day. It was a hard Sunday. Nothing to remind one that it was 
Sunday. Our road lay along broad plains, stretching on for miles, 
on which were immense herds of cattle. Horses, mules, sheep, 
and swine were very abundant ; and the idea of starving out the 
rebels, which had been discussed so freely, was seen to be quite 
ridiculous. Whenever we stopped for the night, men were at once 
sent out, and brought in beef, pork, and poultry for the regiment. 
The rebels, as they retreated, attempted to burn, and in many 
places succeeded in burning, the cotton ; but we were so near their 
heels that they could not do much of that work. Every bridge 
they could burn they did, and made us stop to repair it or wade 
through the stream. 

April 20. — Monday night brought us to the little tumble-down 
town of Opelousas, where we expected the rebels would make a 
stand. But they were too much used up for that, and the town 
made an unconditional surrender. 



UP THE TECHE 



127 



We reached here as tired and jaded a set of men as you can 
think of. Here we rested till Sunday morning in a tolerable camp- 
ing ground, only there was no water within a quarter of a mile, 
and then it was so muddy and slimy it seemed almost impossible 
to drink or wash in it. This lack of decent water is a great draw- 
back to this country. On Sunday we marched to Barre's Landing. 

From Sergt. Whitney : — 

" Saturday, April 18, we have for a rest. By night the bridge 
being completed, we move across the bayou, and camp beside the 
road, to protect the new bridge from rebel assault. The chaplain 
and sergeant-major have made their beds together for most of 
these campaigning nights, and they select a place on which now to 
get their sleep. The clouds threatened rain, and the proposed 
place is dishing ; but the spot is sheltered by the dense foliage of 
a tree, and there are bulging roots for pillows. They have been 
too long in the field to be particular, so they roll themselves up in 
the blankets, and are soon fast asleep, side by side. Then come 
the first drops of rain, increasing in quantity slowly. The chaplain 
and sergeant-major are awake enough to keep from being stepped 
on ; and at last the rain pours, and, working through the foliage, 
falls down upon them. They draw up their rubber blankets, and 
the rain falls upon their feet. They push down their blankets, and 
it comes through their hair. The chaplain gets up, and looks for 
a better place. He comes back. ' Sergeant-major, I have found a 
good dry place : you would better come with me.' ' Where is it ? ' 
sleepily. ' In a pig-pen, — a nice, dry shelf in a pig-pen, under the 
roof. I am going there, and you would better come.' The sergeant- 
major aches in every bone, besides being very doubtful whether, in 
this excellent and attractive place, there is room enough for two. 
' I guess I will stay here ' ; and, after covering himself to keep off 
the rain, he goes off to sleep. In half an hour he is disturbed by 
some one who proposes to lie down by his side. This is not sur- 
prising, for war makes strange bed-fellows. But he sleepily and 
mildly asks, ' Who is it .? ' ' It is I,' the chaplain replies : ' I have 
come back.' ' What is the matter ? Why did you not stay ? ' A 
fresh flash of lightning reveals the chaplain giving an uneasy 
scratch to his trousers : it is not necessary for him to add the 
single word ' fleas.' In the morning the two comrades find them- 
selves on an island in the midst of a considerable pond. Luckily, 
by the help of a darky, they are able to dry their blankets before 
it pours again." 



128 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

From Church's journal : — 

'■^ April 19. — With clothes, blankets, etc., wet, weighing twice 
their usual weight, we marched on five or six miles to Lafayette. 
From Vermillion Bayou a two days' march brought us to Ope- 
lousas, fording a bayou where the water was up to our waists. 
Dick Taylor's army was thoroughly disposed of. We had followed 
them up so closely that they had not time to concentrate. Here 
we rested five days. Some confiscated tobacco was issued, and 
we forgot our troubles, and our blisters healed. In six days we 
had marched one hundred and forty miles. Rations have beer> 
scarce ; and we were a hard-looking crowd, so sunburnt as to look 
like mulattoes, out at the elbows, out at the knees, out of money, 
out of patience, — nothing plenty but hard marching, lice, and 
fleas. 

"One day an effort was made to skin the hind legs of an alliga- 
tor, which had been shot an hour or two before. Eight or ten of 
us were standing around to witness the operation. When the 
knife penetrated the thick hide, Mr. Alligator swung around his 
long tail, and we very unanimously lay in the dust. 'Golly, 
massa soger ! ' said an old darky : ' dat critter won't die till de sun 
go down.' And he did not." 



XII. 

OPELOUSAS TO BARRE'S LANDING. 

[April 20 to May 10, 1S63.] 

From Col. Greenleaf : — 

"When the brigade reached Vermillion Bayou at sundown, the 
six remaining companies of the 52d Massachusetts could muster 
but fifty-nine men with the colors, the 24th Connecticut but one 
hundred and fifty, etc., by far the greater number of each com- 
mand having fallen out by the way, from sheer physical exhaus- 
tion. 

" Veterans all understand the necessity for preserving the proper 
intervals between regiments and brigades on such a march, and 
that no regimental or brigade commander has any alternative but 
to bear aloft and carry forward his colors, however hot the ad- 
vance may make the pace. And thus the physical energies of man 
and beast were taxed to the utmost in reaching Opelousas, and 
apparently to little purpose, as we took few prisoners and captured 
little property ; but we did make things lively for Gen. Taylor. 
We at least demoralized his army and scattered his forces." 

Gen. Banks gives a more cheerful account of the enterprise. 

GEN. BANKS'S REPORT TO GEN. GRANT. 

OrELOUSAS, April 23, 1863. 
We have pushed with vigor the expedition upon which we were 
engaged. Our success has been complete. We have utterly de- 
stroyed the army and navy of this part of the Confederacy, and 
made it impossible for the enemy to reorganize his forces for some 
months to come. The infantry is completely dispersed. We have 
captured two thousand prisoners, one thousand stand of arms, 
ammunition, ordnance stores, etc., twenty heavy guns, demol- 
ished his founderies at Franklin and New Iberia, and the salt- 
works below Iberia. We have captured two steamers and several 
boats, and compelled the destruction of ten or twelve transport 
steamers. The capture of the fortifications at Butte a la Rose 
opens to us completely the Atchafalaya to Red River. 



130 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT * 

At the same time Gen. Banks issued a proclamation of thanks 
to the army for the vigor with which they had conducted the cam- 
paign and the success which had attended their efforts. 

The colonel's account : — 

" After resting a few days at Opelousas, Grover's division was 
ordered to Barre's Landing, on the Courtableau, a tributary of the 
Atchafalaya, nine miles distant, and near the head of steam navi- 
gation for Mississippi River boats, where it set to work at once to 
* gobble' up the products of the country, — cotton, sugar, molasses, 
horses, cattle, mules, etc., — to ship to New Orleans everything 
{nearly everything) but the live stock. But soon the army was 
ready to move on to Alexandria on the Red River ; and yet it was 
regarded important that a considerable force should be left at 
Barre's Landing to continue the service of seizing the products of 
the country, shipping the same to New Orleans, receiving and for- 
warding other troops and supplies for the main army above, and 
last, though not least, receiving and guarding Gen. Butler's his- 
toric 'contraband of war.' 

"Accordingly, at this time the colonel of the 52d Regiment re- 
ceived an order from the general commanding, appointing him 
commandant of the post, and charging him with these somewhat 
important duties. 

"The army moved forward, but the general was kind enough 
and considerate enough to allow me to retain the six companies of 
my regiment as a part of the post command. 

" Soon after I had been assigned to this command, and just as 
Gen. Grover was leaving the landing with his division, I was 
waited upon by his quartermaster, Capt. F. W. Perkins, — a gentle- 
man and scholar as well as soldier, — and was informed by him 
that, while engaged in the general confiscation business with which 
he had heretofore been specially charged, he had made the acquaint- 
ance of a genuine Union man, — a wealthy planter residing about 
two miles from the post, — who had voluntarily delivered to him 
his cotton, sugar, and molasses, and hauled it to the steamboat 
landing himself, taking the quartermaster's receipt therefor ; and 
that, in addition to this, the planter had actually saved him and 
his foraging squad from capture while on confiscating duty, by 
giving him timely warning of the presence of the enemy, w'ho was 
lying in ambush for him ; that, on being thus warned, he procured 
additional force, and dispersed the enemy ; that, in consideration 
of this double service rendered, as well as in consideration of the 



OPELOUSAS TO BARRE S LANDING I3I 

fact that he had already parted with much property, he promised 
the planter that he would not molest him further ; and that, on 
learning that he (Capt. Perkins) was to move on with Gen. Grover, 
while I was to remain, he had given the planter a letter to me, 
setting forth these facts, and commending him to my favor and 
consideration, not then expecting that he would be able to see me 
in person ; but that, having the opportunity, he improved it to see 
me. 

" I answered the quartermaster that I was willing to accept his 
statement of the case, and disposed to act upon his suggestion ; 
that I was disposed to discriminate always, so far as possible in 
such matters, between the loyal and disloyal citizen, and that I 
saw no reason why I should make an exception to the rule with 
his friend, the planter. The quartermaster — noble fellow! met a 
tragic death — thanked me, and left; and a day or two later the 
Union man and planter came with his letter. 

" I found the letter as represented, and the planter confirmed 
the statements made to me by the quartermaster. I promised to 
protect him (the planter) from further molestation ; and, with a 
cordial invitation for me to visit him on his plantation, he left me. 
A few days later a delegation of negroes — intelligent, healthy, 
hearty-looking fellows — waited upon me, as they said, 'to advise 
with me about the situation.' They had noticed men, women, and 
children of their people flocking to the post by the thousand, and 
that they were protected and fed when they reached us. They 
wanted my advice with regard to their own coming, also, with their 
families. I asked them whence they came and to whom they be- 
longed. They answered that they came from a plantation about 
two miles away, and that they belonged to 'Massa Gantt,' — our 
Union friend and planter. 

"I then asked them if 'Massa Gantt' was kind to them. They 
said he was. If he fed and clothed them well. They said he did; 
that they had no fault whatever to find with his treatment of them, 
but they ' wanted to be free.' I answered them that they could 
come within our lines, with their families, if they wished, and that, 
if they came, they should be protected the same as others ; but 
that, from what I had learned of ' Massa Gantt ' before and from 
what they had just told me, my advice to them would be to re- 
main, for the present, just where they were. I told them I had 
little doubt that they would all be free when the war should be 
over, wherever they might be, but that, if they undertook to follow 



132 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

the fortunes of the army with their families, I feared but few of 
them would live to return. And I predicated the latter statement 
on what I had known of the great mortality which had prevailed 
among negroes when congregated in camp in large numbers. The 
death-rate had been fearful : they had died off like diseased 
sheep. 

"These ' Gantt ' negroes thanked me for my advice, said they 
should act upon it, and bowed themselves out of headquarters. A 
week or two later I accepted Mr. Gantt's invitation, and visited 
him at his house. I then and there saw some of the negroes 
again, — saw how they fared, how they lived, etc., — and was con- 
firmed in the opinion that I had given them wise counsel. Time 
passed on. Gen. Banks was advised that Gen. Gardner had, as 
anticipated, reduced his force at Port Hudson. Accordingly, he 
hastened from Alexandria with the main army, recrossed the 
Mississippi, and formally invested the offending town." 

To my wife : — 

Opelousas, April 25, 1S63. 

We have had a hard, long march to this place. The rebels were 
on the run ; and, the faster we marched, the less chance they had 
to turn back and fight us. So on, on we went. The days were hot, 
the roads good, the fields on every hand were covered with herds 
which told us that the rebels were not starving. We halted once 
where several dead horses told of a sharp skirmish. A house near 
by was completely sacked by our boys. I am sorry to say the 
52d helped. They destroyed everything they could lay hands on. 
That night I slept with the men of Co. H, and our horses came 
up at night, and of course I felt stronger. It was with some diffi- 
culty, however, I rode. My jaundice made me so sleepy that I 
could hardly keep my seat. 

April 20. — Next day was Sunday. We were roused up early, 
and had breakfast, but before we were through with it there came 
another shower. I had a present of some chicken broth, which was 
a great refreshment. We spent the day in a dreary, hot, wearying 
march, twenty miles, to Opelousas. We must make it in two days, 
and make all manner of detours in order to cross the streams where 
the rebels had burned the bridges. We had to wade the horses 
and guns through the bayous. The last day we w^aded the whole 
army through a large pond with water two feet deep. We 
reached Opelousas at sundown on Monday, April 20, tired and 



OPELOUSAS TO BARRE S LANDING I33 

jaded as we possibly could be. We could hardly hav^e stood it 
another da3^ We had accomplished our part of scattering the 
rebel forces. It was good policy, doubtless, to push us on in that 
way, but a hard one for our regiment. The next day Banks issued 
an order which was read at dress parade, in which he congratu- 
lated us upon the success of the movement and the great things 
we had achieved. The rest here has been very grateful. The 
drawback is the miserable water, not fit to use. We have to 
drink water that you would not suppose a pig would drink, 
— muddy, slimy, nasty, hot. Yesterday I bathed in a mud-puddle 
that removed one layer of dirt and replaced it by another. We 
are living well just now, plenty of poultry and fresh beef. Whitney 
and I eat out of the same tin plate. We have allied our forces. 
We have two cups, one plate, two spoons, between us. Fortu- 
nately, he does not swear nor use tobacco. 

We have left an awful scene of desolation behind us. In spite 
of the orders not to pillage, burned and sacked houses mark our 
course. We are getting impatient to have the time come for our 
return home, but I do not regret coming ; but I do want to see 
something accomplished. 

The only looting I have observed in which the 5 2d Regiment 
have taken a part has been on this march. Looting is a very dif- 
ferent thing from foraging. The latter is securing, without pay to 
the owner, the necessary food for the support of an army while in 
a hostile country, and can be defended by the necessities of war. 
Looting is stealing and destroying all property the men can lay 
their hands on, without any idea of benefit to themselves. 

We have done a good deal of foraging, of course, but never till 
this march any looting that I have observed. Our men had be- 
come careless of the rights of property, and it must be confessed 
there were provocations for looting. For instance, one day on 
this march we were passing a large, fine-looking plantation house. 
A guard of Union soldiers was placed there, as was usually done, 
to protect the place from molestation from the army passing by. 
But the owner came out in a great rage, cursed the guard and the 
officer who placed it as well as the army and the Union govern- 
ment, whereupon the officer removed the guard, and left the place 
to its fate. The soldiers at once rushed into the house, and ran- 
sacked it from basement to attic, broke up the furniture, including 
a nice piano, carried off such articles of ornament as they fancied, 
and left the place a desolate wreck. Of course, the boys were to 



134 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

blame; but the owner, by his intemperate rage, brought the evil 
upon himself. 

Barre's Landing, April 27, 1S63. 

Everything promised a quiet Sunday, and that implied a relig- 
ious service, which we have not heard for about two months. 
Ball came back this morning with about fifty others, who had been 
left sick at Bayou Boeuf. He has been a long time on the way. 

Saturday p.m. came an order to prepare to move next morning 
at six o'clock from Opelousas. Just after we started Booth, of 
Co. B, who had been ill for several days, fainted, and fell by the 
wayside. His companions saw that death was nigh. They waited 
a little while till they were sure that life was extinct, then dug a 
grave, wrapped the body of their comrade in his blanket, covered 
it over, and hurried on to join their places in the ranks. The 
chaplain was in the advance, and too far away to reach, so the 
poor fellow found a lonely grave by the wayside, with no religious 
service and nothing to mark the spot. We moved directly east 
from Opelousas, and were brought up by the breaking of a bridge 
over the road as the cavalry was passing. About three o'clock 
in the afternoon we reached this place at the junction of the 
Teche and Bayou Courtableau, called Barre's Landing, ten miles 
east from Opelousas and thirty or forty from Port Hudson. It is 
a good camping ground, with good water; and I am off with 
others for a bath. We found first-rate bathing, water quite decent, 
not an alligator nor a moccasin in sight all the while. When we 
reached here, there was a rumor that blackberries could be found 
in a field. So, with my tin cup, I rushed in with the others, and 
filled it half-full with green ones, then filled the cup with sugar 
and water, kindled a fire on the ground with twigs, sat down by it, 
and stewed them. You can have no idea how good they were. I 
only regret that the stock of blackberries was so soon exhausted. 
I took supper with the colonel, who is very kind, and is as popu- 
lar as ever with the men. His popularity is well deserved. After 
supper I went to see a Texan on a trained horse lasso some cattle. 
He did it very skilfully. This morning I found near the camp an 
old carryall, and with some assistance drew it into camp, and 
made it my headquarters. It protects me from the sun, for we 
have as yet no tents. I hope I can keep it. We are now in the 
heart of a great cotton and sugar growing region. We are gather- 
ing them in in great quantities, to be loaded on steamers for the 
market. We employ several mule teams a day. Gen. Banks, I 



OPELOUSAS TO BARRE's LANDING 



135 



am told, estimated the cotton and sugar to be obtained in this 
region at $10,000,000. It will take a great while to gather it all 
in. I prefer to stay here in this lonely, out-of-the-way place than 
to march as we have been. 

Sunday seems to be the day chosen for extra work. We are 
here, guarding this landing-place, where we are hauling in an im- 
mense quantity of cotton, to be sent to New Orleans. We have 
had no religious service for six weeks. I am getting much better. 
The regiment is a good deal scattered. It is a miserable life that 
we are leading, but I am now quite at my ease. 

May I, 1863. — I have just heard of Perrigo's death. He died 
at Bayou Boeuf, a hundred miles at least from here. He was a 
good fellow. I am sorry to hear of his death. 

You ask about my clothing. Well, it is a little dilapidated. My 
stockings are out at the toes, and so are not convenient for pull- 
ing on my boots ; for that process is likely to leave the stockings 
at the top of my boots. I have not any undershirt except the one 
I had on when the extra baggage was sent away. Constant wear 
and occasional washing in these dirty puddles have rendered it 
rather thin in texture. To-day the whole back came ofif. What is 
left of it — that is, the front and arms — Ball washed ; and I pro- 
pose to adorn myself in it if it grows cool to-night. The military 
cap, which has often done duty as a night-cap, is in a shocking 
bad condition ; but a man here is braiding me a palm-leaf, which is 
easily obtained. The swamps are full of it. He will have to split 
it with his jack-knife, and it will be rather green at first ; but it 
will gradually fade to a respectable white. My solitary pair of 
trousers is decidedly the worse for wear. I have found that my 
relations with lizards, fleas, and possibly snakes, would be less 
intimate if I wore my trousers at night, so they have clothed my 
lower extremities ever since I left Greenfield. They have not 
quite passed the power of my needle ; but, when they do give 
way, it will be like the " Deacon's One-hoss Shay." The color, 
too, has become a little uncertain, — hardly pass now for army 
blue. Meals taken in the open air, without a table, run great risks 
of scattering grease and molasses, which abound in this country, 
into your lap. The march in the rear of an army, where the dust 
is so dense you can see but a little ways before you, enables the 
dust and the grease to form intimate relationships. There are no 
chairs, of course ; and the trousers frequently bear from place to 



136 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

place marks of the various geological strata through which we 
have passed. The beauty of my overcoat is sacrificed to its utility, 
for I spread it under me at night ; and the time I spent in the pig- 
pen imparted to it some odors which linger about it, as do those 
of the flowers about the shattered vase. On the whole, I am well 
ofif for clothes. About the only thing in which the regiment at 
present is uniform is in having two large holes or patches in the 
seat of their trousers. I wish we could make our appearance in 
Greenfield streets in our present rig. I am sure you would all be 
entertained. 

It is May Day: the sun is hot. We have talked of crowning a 
queen of May, but the only queen we could find was Dr. Sawyer's 
black cook. — a very good woman, doubtless; but we could not 
get up much enthusiasm for her. 

From the Gazette and Courier : — 

Barrcs Landifig, May 4. — We have had eight weeks now of 
service in the field ; and active service it has been. We have had 
no fighting, but we have had a great deal of hard marching. 
Every march we have made has been harder than any previous one. 
Camp Miller was the life of princes; Camp Banks, a good deal 
harder; our first camp at Baton Rouge, harder still ; the second, 
harder than the first; and since then we have been in the field, 
learning by experience the hard lessons of war. This is a big 
country, as level as it can be. You don't know how we sigh for a 
good-sized New England hill. The boys and girls at home could 
know nothing of coasting here, even if they had the snow. On 
our marches we have generally had good roads. In the long 
march from Berwick Bay to Opelousas we marched over plains 
unfenced and which were covered with herds of cattle, which find 
grand pasture there. It does not look as if the rebels were in 
danger of starving. They have plenty of fresh meat and corn- 
meal. Our men have been busy here at Barre's Landing bringing 
in cotton. More than four thousand bales have been brought in, 
and sent by boat to New Orleans. Our regiment has dwindled 
away almost to a point. We are like a big snake, with the head 
here, the folds at New Iberia, Brashear City, Bayou Bceuf, and 
New Orleans, and the tail at Baton Rouge. Four of our com- 
panies are at New Iberia, under Capt. Long, one of the most pop- 
ular and efficient officers we have. 

Dr. Richardson was sick, and left behind at Bayou Boeuf. 
Now Dr. Sawyer is sick, and is going to Brashear City. So we are 



OPELOUSAS TO BARRE S LANDING I37 

quite destitute of doctors, except as we use those of other regi- 
ments. 

May 7. — This is a fine level country. I have not seen a hill 
or stone since I came into the State. The land is fertile, bears 
great crops of cotton, corn, and sugar-cane, and produces more 
alligators, snakes, lizards, scorpions, negroeg, to the acre than any 
other State in the Union. There have been three thousand colored 
people brought here since we came. I am provoked to see that 
some of the newspapers at home are croaking fearfully about the 
Banks expedition, — that it has proved a failure, as many thought 
it would, the waste of time and money, that Banks is a coward, 
and so on. Now the man that says this is a rebel at heart; for it 
is false, every word of it. When the facts of the expedition are 
known, every honest man will say that it has been thus far emi- 
nently successful. 

At Barre's Landing we spent most of the month of May, as 
peaceful and uneventful a month as possible, alike removed from 
war and civilization. Here we gathered in contrabands by the 
thousands — a picturesque crowd — and cotton in great amounts. 
It was a prolonged picnic. The boys, in gathering cotton for the 
country's use, gathered in chickens at the same time for their own 
use. Cooking utensils were not abundant : our tin pot was our 
main dependence. I told the boys one morning that, if they 
found a kettle lying around loose anywhere, they might bring it 
along. At night one brought the very thing I needed, — namely, a 
coal hod, — which served my purpose admirably. There was no 
lack of poultry just then, some pork and potatoes could be secured 
at the sutler's, and the commissary furnished hard-tack ; and such 
delicious stews as we had ! Cannot get such living any where else. 
Before my stew was quite cooked, the boys would come up to see 
if they could get the loan of the chaplain's coal-hod for their own 
stew. The coal-hod became a great favorite in the regiment. 
Prolonged fasts on the previous march had prepared good appe- 
tites for the luxuries Barre's Landing furnished. I have gone 
somewhat extensiv^ely into the hen business. I keep some hens 
tethered to stakes about the camp, and they furnish us some fresh 
eggs ; but the hens are consigned to the coal-hod on the first 
rumor of breaking up camp. Their missing places are soon sup- 
plied. I think the planters in this region must have come to the 
conclusion that the Yankees were fond of poultry, and had good 
appetites. I wrote one sermon at Barre's Landing; but it was not 



138 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

upon the subject of stealing chickens. Such a topic would have 
made a disturbance in camp. 

J/<rv 4, '63. — At dress parade I invited the men to a prayer- 
meeting. We have not had one for a long time, and a hundred or 
more came to the meeting in my tent. The men sat down on the 
ground in the open air. I had my confiscated carryall seat for a 
pulpit. There are a multitude of men ready to help carry on such 
meetings. Sunday was a splendid day. I looked over my one ser- 
mon, and got ready for church, which consisted in sponging my 
clothes with soap and water and mending them as well as I could. 
We had a large congregation, good singing, and the sermon was as 
good as the chaplain could make it. Then a bath in the river, and 
afterwards a dinner, which consisted of minute pudding and 
pickles. Then a call from Major Hall, a splendid fellow, full of 
health and life, loves the service, especially in the cavalry, which 
is full of excitement. He has all the dash aiid boldness required 
for a good cavalry officer. He stayed to supper with me, which 
consisted of mush and molasses; and, by a little management, I 
contrived to have one plate for him and another for myself. I 
hope we are to remain here and continue to guard this place. The 
camp is better than I shall expect to get elsewhere. We do not 
suffer much with mosquitoes, but the fleas are almost intolerable. 

May 10. — In the evening we had a prayer-meeting in a cook 
shanty. A picturesque sight I thought it. The shanty made of 
rails, one tallow candle, forty or fifty rough men in their shirt- 
sleeves or ragged coats, but all interested and earnest as they 
could be. The chaplain had a chair, and sat in the centre as 
moderator. After the meeting Hosmer and I went over to the 
"nigger quarters," as they are called, where there were hundreds 
of the poor creatures who have taken refuge with us. Poor fel- 
lows I they have had a hard lot of it, and a still harder one is in 
store. The present generation must suiter, whatever be the final 
issue. 

Corp. Hosmer at Barre's Landing : — 

"A mountain of cotton bales is piled upon the river bank, to 
which hundreds of teams are continually adding. We are stationed 
here to serve as a guard while this property is being gathered. Is 
this hard ? It is the government policy, and should be thus de- 
fended. The owners of all this are rebels, who have fled at our ap- 
proach. It is right, therefore, to confiscate their property. Great 
barbarities, I fear, have been committed ; but of these I have seen 



OPELOUSAS TO BARRE's LANDING 1 39 

but little. They are committed by stragglers. I do own up 
frankly to pillaging, to have stolen some onions in the Swayze 
garden, to have assisted in robbing some sugar-casks, and to have 
held a candle while a lot of purloined cattle have been butchered. 
It is nearly three weeks since we encamped on the Courtableau- 
The pile of cotton is a mountain at the landing. All day long 
teams have brought it in, and now it goes piecemeal through the 
bayou on little steamers toward New Orleans. I am reduced now 
to about the last stage. My blouse grows raggeder, my boots, as 
the boys say, are hungry in many places. I have only one shirt, 
and that has shrunk about the neck until buttons and button-holes 
are irretrievably divorced. Washing days, if I were anywhere else, 
I should have to lie abed until the washerwoman brought me 
the shirt. Now I cannot lie abed for two reasons : first, I am 
washerwoman myself ; second, the bed is only bed at night. By 
daytime it is parlor floor, divan, dining-room, and librar}', and 
therefore taken up. I have long been without a cup. Somebody 
stole mine ; and I, unfortunately for me, am deterred by the relic 
of a moral scruple which still lingers in my breast from stealing 
somebody's else in return. Rations pall nowadays. We pine for 
simple fruits and vegetables. The other day, however, I received 
a gift. An easy- conscienced friend of mine bestowed on me 
a superb turkey, — the biggest turkey I ever saw, probably the 
grandfather of the whole race. He was fat, moreover, so that he 
looked like an apoplectic alderman. I carried him to my tent 
with toil and sweat ; but what to do with him for the night } If he 
were left outside, he would certainly be stolen. So the only way 
was to make a bed-fellow of him. Occasionally he woke up, and 
gobbled. I feared all the night the peck of his bill and the im- 
pact of his spurs. In the morning we immolated him with proper 
ceremonies. The chaplain's coal-hod — the best thing in camp to 
make a soup in — was in use ; but I found a kettle, and prepared 
for an immense and savory stew, the memory of which will ever 
steam up to me from the past with grateful sweetness." 



XIII. 
DOWN THE TECHE. 

[May 21, 1S63.] 

The colonel's address : — 

"May 21 orders came to us to vacate Barre's Landing, and to 
march back to Brashear City. 

"Col. Morgan, with the 90th New York Infantry, Col. Chicker- 
ing, with the 3d Massachusetts Cavalry, had previously arrived. 
Both officers 'ranked 'me, and both assumed to command en route. 
The train was about eight miles long. In it were about five thou- 
sand 'contrabands,' men, women, and children. One of the lieu- 
tenants of the 52d Regiment, a brave soldier, but, sad to tell, not 
as proficient in our English grammar as in the military tactics, 
was charged with the somewhat onerous duty of getting the ne- 
groes in line preparatory to marching, the first day; but he found 
it considerable of an undertaking. If he succeeded in getting a 
few in line, and then left them to bring others up, the first would 
fall out, and then he would be compelled to go all through with 
the same motions again ; and so on, until the poor fellow got 
pretty much discouraged. At last, having got them in the best 
shape he could, having toiled and sweat at the business for some 
hours, he approached his captain, gave the military salute, and re- 
ported, 'Captain, I have the honor to report that the colored corpse 
is now ready to move.' 

" It was so ordered that morning that my little command had 
the rear of the moving train, and therefore was the last to file out 
of camp. I remained to see the last company and the last negro 
off; and, just as the left of tlie last company filed past me into the 
highway, I heard loud shouting and considerable of a hurrah on 
the opposite side of the bayou, and, turning, saw a long line of 
mule trains, laden with a great variety of 'plunder,' mainly house- 
hold effects topped out with any number of 'contrabands,' of all 
ages and both sexes, hurrying pell-mell to the Landing. 

" I waited for the first ferry-load to cross, and was soon saluted 



DOWN THE TECHE I41 

by two or three of the same colored delegation that had favored 
me with a visit from our Union friend's — ' Massa Gantt's ' — plan- 
tation a few weeks previous, and who then asked and accepted my 
advice with respect to themselves. I expressed some surprise at 
seeing them (having first returned the salute), and asked them 
what they were doing. They said, when they left me before, thev 
thought they would do as I advised them, and stay with ' Massa 
Gantt ' ; but, when they learned the day before that we were all 
going to leave, they changed their minds, and concluded to 'go 
'long, too,' and then asked me if they should not push on, and join 
their friends. I said, ' Certainly you can, if you wish ; but how 
about these mules and wagons and provisions and fine household 
furniture ? Are these all yours ? ' ' No : dem tings all 'long to 
Massa Gantt ; but we wants 'em, and so we takes 'em.' ' But is 
that right ? Ought you to take things in this way which do not 
belong to you ? Your people who have gone along are not pro- 
vided with such things, nor are the soldiers even ; and why should 
you sfc-a/ them in order to have them ? ' ' Well, we wants 'em, and 
so takes 'em,' was all they were inclined to say about it. And so I 
left them, and rode at once to Col. Chickering, — who, by special 
order from Gen. Banks, had command of the train, — briefly made 
known to him the situation, and suggested that, while the negroes 
themselves should be taken and cared for, they should be required 
to surrender their stolen property, and that it should be returned 
to the owner. But the colonel took a different view of the plunder 
question. He said, 'Let them go along with us to Brashear City, 
and you can report the matter there to the post commander.' So, 
musing on the mutability of all human affairs, and of the affairs 
of 'contrabands of war' in particular, I rejoined my regiment. A 
few hours later the plundered gentleman himself overtook the 
train, and rode up to me and my staff. He arose at the usual 
hour that morning, to find himself dispossessed of nearly all his 
personal property, — mules, wagons, beds, bedding, beef, pork, 
crockery, silver-ware, cutlery, furniture, — everything, pretty much, 
that the sable crowd could lay their hands on had been taken ; 
that they had not even left silver or crockery or cutlery or pork 
enough to set a table for two. And what could he do about it ? 
I reported to him what I had myself seen and already done in the 
premises, explained the situation as well as I could, and suggested 
to him that he accompany us to Brashear City, one hundred and 
ten miles distant, where I would use the little influence I might 



142 ■ HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

have to get the stolen property returned to him. The gentleman 
was only too glad to act upon my suggestion. 

"The commanding officer, fearing an attack upon our rear and 
the loss of his train, favored us with a forced march the entire 
distance. The last day we were attacked, and marched forty 
miles in much the same deplorable condition as when we chased 
the rebels up the Teche, four or five weeks previously. Then the 
enemy ran before us : now we scud before them. But we arrived 
safely at the post, albeit we were nearly exhausted. 

"On arriving, I found orders awaiting me to report without delay 
with my regiment to our brigade commander before Port Hudson. 
Gen. Banks having previously invested the town, all his available 
troops were needed. Orders, therefore, were at once given for 
the regiment to take cars for New Orleans, whence we were to 
take steamer up the river ; and, while these orders were being exe- 
cuted, I went with Mr. Gantt to submit his case to the post com- 
mandant. Col. Walker, of the 4th Massachusetts. I briefly stated 
the case to Col. Walker, giving him the facts substantially as stated 
above, denounced the stealing by the negroes as an outrage which 
ought not to be encouraged by the authorities, and urged him 
strongly to deal justly by the wronged man, and order his property 
restored to him. Col. Walker gave me to understand that he 
would do this ; and I left him to attend to his own duties, while, 
with my own brave lads, I hastened to continue my duties on the 
sanguinary fields of Port Hudson. 

" A year or more later I was informed by our worthy and effi- 
cient division quartermaster, before mentioned, that Col. -Walker 
refused to do anything whatever for our Union friend after I left ; 
that he was compelled to return home empty-handed a few days 
afterward, mortified, disappointed, disgusted ; and that his negroes, 
who so deserted and wronged him, had since, from some cause or 
other, nearly all died, that not more than five or six per centum of 
their number survived. And six months later, while honoring me 
with a friendly visit in New Orleans, the unfortunate gentleman 
himself confirmed the sad tale with his own lips." 

Sergt.-Major Whitney wrote this account for the Springfield 
Republican, and I make copious extracts from it : — 

"On the 2ist of May we broke camp at Barre's Landing, and 
took up our southward march. At the head was the 41st Massa- 
chusetts Cavalry, then a train six or eight miles long, with here 
and there a regiment and a section of artillery, and then the rear 



DOWN THE TEC HE 



143 



guard. The train was such a sight as few of us have ever had the 
chance to see. There were fifty ammunition wagons, the pieces 
having gone along with Banl<s. There was a drove of over one 
thousand horses, mules, and beeves. There were six thousand 
negroes on foot, on horseback, or in carts ; five hundred emigrant 
wagons, loaded with everything conceivable, such as feather beds 
and* bureaus, to mountainous heights ; a nursing mother, with her 
baby, mounted on a pinnacle, or a self-conscious African beauty 
answering the salutations of the soldiers with smiles, showing a 
brilliant display of teeth. We must have made an amusing, even 
if an infuriating, spectacle to the natives. Though we were carry- 
ing off their chattels, real and peisonal, few could have failed to 
get a hearty laugh at the circus parade we furnished them with 
their earthly goods. 

" The blooming of the roses attended our northward march. 
Now that is past, and the blackberry season has come instead. 
At every halt the men turn to the sides of the road, and eat great 
berries as big as their thumbs. Indeed, we did scarcely anything 
else. It is one of the curious things about heavy marching that 
the memory does not hold events or sights of the way in their true 
order. Experience follows experience, so that all events are well- 
nigh effaced. As one sits down to recall what happened on that 
march, there floats up a vision of soldiers swarming into sugar- 
houses with empty haversacks, and tumbling out again, laden 
with sweets. One loaded more than he liked ; for the top of the 
hogshead of molasses had yielded under him, and he dropped in 
to his neck in the luscious fiuid. Until that man could wash his 
clothes, he was not counted good company, except by the flies and 
ants. At the edge of every town the fifes and drums struck up, 
the men fell into step, brought their muskets from arms at will to 
right shoulder shift, and went down the street in impressive style. 
Very funny was one sight as we went through St. Martin's. Two 
ladies are sitting very haughtily on their upper gallery, through 
their fans watching the Feds go by, their heads held very loftily, 
and their looks full of disdain. Suddenly their colored mammy 
rushed out from the lower part of the house, overpowered by the 
sight of our long procession, and determined, though weighing 
fully two hundred and fifty pounds, to go on foot with us, many 
thousands of her people, sure that liberty and happiness would 
be wherever they were going. Suddenly the haughtiness of the 
tine ladies on the gallery changed. They flashed down the inner 



144 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

Stairs, rushed to the very edge of the street, got each a fat arm of 
their household rehance, and sought to drag her back to the house. 
The soldiers cheered both sides, but the ladies prevailed. 

"Our first day's march was eighteen miles, the next we made 
eighteen, and on the following day, the 23d, we made eighteen 
miles again. On the 24th we made fifteen miles. On the 25th we 
went through Franklin, making twenty-one miles, stopping a little 
below Centreville, expecting to encamp. Ninety miles in five days 
was pretty good speed for a party hampered as we were with an 
enormous train. But just here we find that our real work was 
about to begin. We are just settling down to a night's rest, when 
stafif officers, in intense excitement, came dashing up to the various 
colonels with orders to return immediately and quickly on our 
tracks. Silently, but with inward grumblings, we fall into line, go 
back into the road, and plod back, back, back. Five miles we 
measured in our silence, broken only by an occasional expletive 
from one who does not see the fun of all this. At last we halted 
for a while, and then, in the end of daylight, deployed into a field, 
along the fences facing northward, and watched. But we were 
convinced that no enemy was on the road to shell us then. It 
turned out afterwards that Gen. Mouton, in command of a rebel 
force, expected to attack us, but thought he could do it better 
further on, as he was told that we were embarrassed with an enor- 
mous train and with hordes of negroes. Convinced that we were 
safe for the night, we came back grumbling. Thinking that it was 
a scare on the part of our officers, we crept back to the place where 
we had started to camp. When we reached it, it was half-past eleven 
at night. We had added ten miles for what we thought at the 
time a useless scare, — ten miles to the twenty-one that had seemed 
a good deal more than enough. 

" It did not take us long to fall upon the ground, and get lost 
in the soundest sleep. Presently came the call, ' Fall in ! fall in ! ' 
It was hard to wake us when no bugle blast from mules at the 
wagon wheels had given ofiicial notice of the coming of day, and 
no genuine bugle call at headquarters had said, 'Wake up!' It 
is not day : it is the moon that is rising. We have slept but an 
hour. It is only half-past twelve. What can be wanted now.? 
We go heavily into the road, and turn southward. We are pressed 
on without halts for rest. Thirty-one miles of marching since the 
early morning prepared us poorly for this. The men, with terrible 
thoughts which struggle against the oppression of desire for sleep. 



DOWN THE TECHE I45 

— the men sleep as they march. Speak to them, and you have to 
rouse them as you would have to arouse a man at midnight in his 
bed. Seven miles are measured by four o'clock, and then there is 
a halt. The train keeps on. At dawn of day the enemy was up, 
and pressing on in the road for a sharp battle, an easy victory, and 
a splendid prize. They reach our camping ground in the morning, 
and we are not there. The bird has flown, and has lodged seven 
miles away. The fatal rest of the rebel force at Vermillionville, 
and Col. Chickering's prudence in ordering a forced march after 
moonrise have snatched from them the prize that they had marched 
so far and so fast to win. Gen. Mouton calls off the pursuit ; and 
his men, jaded, disappointed, disgusted, returned slowly up the 
Teche. 

"The next morning we spring swiftly on for thirteen miles, and 
at noon are at Berwick Bay, under the shelter of our guns. The 
number of Union soldiers on that march was about one thousand 
eight hundred well-seasoned men. We have made one hundred 
and twenty miles in five and one-half days, fifty three in the last 
thirty hours, forty miles in twenty-four hours ; and now our jour- 
ney is done. We cross the Atchafalaya, and encamp." 

Daniel W. Lyman gives the following account in the Northamp- 
ton Gazette : — 

"Thursday morning, May 21, we fall into line with a train some 
six or eight miles long. The force consists of the 41st Massachu- 
setts mounted, the 90th New York, 52d Massachusetts, 26th and 
22d Maine Regiments, one company of the 13th Connecticut, and 
one section of Nims' battery. Could the train pass through the 
Connecticut Valley, say from Greenfield to Springfield, it would 
have been a sight greater than any circus that ever was exhibited. 
The cavalry took the advance, then a long train of wagons loaded 
with commissary stores, then ambulance wagons, then a long train 
of contrabands, with vehicles of all sorts, shapes, and sizes, piled 
with all manner of furniture, the weak, sick, and infirm on the top 
of the load. We were hoping to have an easy march. Six miles 
without halting in the heat of the day and through clouds of dust. 
After a halt for dinner we went on till after dark, making a dis- 
tance of more than twenty miles the first day. For three days on 
we continued our march with varied experiences, making each day 
from fifteen to twenty miles, and met with no difficulty till near 
the close of the third day, when, after the advance had encamped 
for the night and were waiting for the rest to come up, the rear 



146 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

guard was fired upon, and a portion of the force was ordered back 
five miles, to find that only a few guerillas were falling back be- 
fore them. After they were driven back, the infantry were ordered 
about, and continued to march all night, except an hour at mid- 
night. We arrived at Berwick Bay, having marched one hundred 
and twenty-six miles in five days and two hours, the last fifty- 
three miles in twenty-eight consecutive hours." 



XIV. 

LETTERS FROM NEW ORLEANS. 

To Mrs. Moors : — 

New Orleans, May 21, 1S63. 

This is a new spot to write from, — in a civilized place, with a 
chair to sit in and a marble-top table under my paper. I had 
been thinking for several days at Barre's Landing to ask for leave 
of absence for a few days, and go into the city ; but on Sunday 
last Col. Greenleaf gave me a pass. I supposed he wanted I 
should render assistance to a crowd of sick men that were to be 
sent to New Orleans. It turns out that he thought I was not 
usually well, and needed a rest and a change, so he was sending 
me to New Orleans. The impression then was that the 5 2d Reg- 
iment was to move soon to Red River. On Monday I went aboard 
the boat for Brashear City. While waiting for the boat to start, 
the colonel came aboard, and told me, in the strictest confidence, 
that he had just received orders to march the regiment back to 
Brashear City, one hundred and twenty-five miles distant, and to 
take with them, all the contrabands, mules, horses, wagons, etc., 
that they could lay their hands on. I rejoiced with great joy that 
I had escaped that march. It will be a hard one for the boys. I 
should have felt that I must go with them, had I known it. On 
board our boat were two hundred sick men to be left at Brashear 
City, under care of Dr. Sawyer, one hundred and ten bales of cot- 
ton, and three or four hundred negro women and babies. We 
started at 3 p.m., and passed down the Bayou Courtableau and 
stirred up any number of alligators asleep on the bank. At dusk 
we reached the Atchafalaya, and tied up to a tree, and remained 
there all night. The boat was so crowded there was no place to 
sleep. Dr. Sawyer and I attempted it on the dining-table ; but the 
doctor was taken ill, so I was up with him most of the night, and 
got no sleep. The next morning we were early on our way on the 
Atchafalaya. Do you remember that these are the places where 
Evangeline sought for Gabriel ? In the morning, as we passed 
Butte a la Rose (the Greenfield paper called it Butler La Rosa), we 



14S HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

met a boat coming up. I thought of you on board looking for me 
a la Evangeline. I did not see you ; but we passed near enough to 
catch glimpses of the men of our four companies, A, E, F, and G, 
on board, going up to Barre's Landing. They will get there just 
in season to join the others in their long march back to Brashear 
City, which they have just left. It is too bad ; for they have just 
marched from New Iberia to Brashear City, — fifty miles. Many 
conjecture that the march is all a feint, and that the 52d Regiment, 
when it does move, will move norlh to Simmesport, where Grover's 
division is concentrating. All this is conjecture. 

We reached Brashear City at 2 p.m. I was busy at once, helping 
unload the sick men. Dr. Sawyer is better, but could do nothing. 
Hosmer says, as he stood looking on as I came off with one and 
another sick fellow leaning upon my shoulder, a man standing by 
said, referring to me, "He is a clever old fellow, is he not?" 
There is, indeed, a good deal of labor and exposure, when every 
month adds at least a year to the age of every man in the regi- 
ment. We are a bronzed, shaggy, ragged set. We have six or 
seven hundred sick men in tents at Brashear Cit}', about fifty of 
the 5 2d Regiment boys, none very sick. Mason Moody I saw as 
we passed through ; thin, but does not look sick. I tried to see 
the sick men in the hospital, and told the boys they were in luck 
in staying here and avoiding the hard march which the regiment 
must make ; for the roads would be very dusty, the water scarce, 
and of so poor a quality that we would not want to wash our 
feet in it at home. We are living in great excitement, full of con- 
fidence that something is at last to be done at Port Hudson. 

New Orleans, May 26. 
The mail has come. I hope there is a letter for Pat somewhere. 
I mean the little, good-natured, friendless, dirty Pat that I have 
told you about, who rarely fails to bring me in a drink of milk in 
his canteen when he is on picket duty. I have been to look after 
the baggage of our regiment, and found that most of the boxes 
had been broken into. Shall I bring our colored boy, Sam How- 
ard, home with me? If I do, keep the garden going; then get 
into the easiest chair with the newest novel, and call out occa- 
sionally: "Sam, pick the peas!" "Sam, dig the potatoes!" 
" Sam, put the rooster to bed ! " When Bridget is washing, you 
may say : " Sam, fill the coal-hod." " Sam, kill the pullet, and 
make a savory stew." 



LETTERS FROM NEW ORLEANS I49 

I hope you will not worry about my health, I was a good deal 
run down when I came here ; but I have secured lodgings with 
a good colored woman, and she takes excellent care of me, and 
I hope I am improving. I am expecting the regiment will pass 
through here on their way to Port Hudson, and I hope I shall be 
well enough to go with them. That is my only trouble now. I 
am too weak to do much marching. I get on nicely with my col- 
ored hostess. I listen to her stories, praise her children and her 
cooking, and she does get up the nicest little home dishes you can 
imagine. I think it will be best for me to stay here till I am bet- 
ter, before I undertake to join the regiment. I did expect to go 
to-morrow, but I will wait a day or two. Do not worry about me 
or fancy that I am sick ; for I am not, only in the condition where 
I must be very careful of myself. 

May 28. — The regiment has arrived, and are marching on 
toward Port Hudson. They have had a hard march from Barre's 
Landing to Brashear City, — forty miles, they say, in twenty-four 
hours. 

To my Sunday-school : — 

New Orleans, May 31, 1S63. 

I am hauled up here a few days foi- repairs, not to get a new 
leg or arm, like multitudes of poor fellows I see in the hospitals. 
But I had become a little weak in the joints. I needed rest. So 
I obtained a few days' leave of absence, and came here, where 
a good mulatto woman has taken me into her nicely furnished 
rooms, 

Sunday is spent very strangely in camp, very different from 
what I could wish. My last Sunday with the 5 2d Regiment was 
at Barre's Landing. Late Saturday night a boat came up and 
brought a mail ; and, as I am postmaster, I had to sort and dis- 
tribute the mail. - Some came Saturday night for theirs, others 
Sunday morning. I was busy till noon on Sunday in sorting the 
mail, and getting one ready to go back. Then to the hospital, 
with a mail for the sick men there. In the afternoon the men 
were called out for inspection, all their guns, knapsacks, and 
equipments carefully examined. If a speck of rust is seen on a 
gun, the man is sent in disgrace to his tent to clean it. As soon 
as the inspection was over, we were all called out to a review. It 
seemed quite useless, and especially so to have it on Sunday. The 
men scolded about it ; but it does not do to scold in the army. 



150 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

We must do as we are told.. I have no doubt we made a very 
pretty show for some people who had come up from New Orleans, 
evidently to see the little army here. After supper I called to- 
gether as many of the men as were disposed to come, and we had 
a good religious service. 1 stood at the door of my tent, and the 
men sat on the ground before me. I preached a sermon from the 
text Mark xii. 30. What was it .'' There is a good deal about a 
soldier's life, which is very hard ; but to sleep on the ground, even 
without a tent over you, is not a great hardship. To eat coarse 
food is not very bad. A man who is in good health will never 
complain of his food or his lodging. The hardship comes when a 
man is sick, — marching all day when he should be in bed. To be 
sick in the hospital, with no kind hand to minister to his wants, 
is very hard. We have seen a great deal of this. The govern- 
ment does all it can for the comfort of the men, but there is a 
great amount of suffering ; for they are bringing to the hospitals 
every day men wounded in the recent battles at Port Hudson, 
some with arms, some with legs shot off, and these men suffer 
terribly. War is a horrible thing, and I hope the time will come 
when there will be " peace on earth and good will to men " ; but 
it is not yet. We have a good government, and we must do all we 
can to defend it. And I hope we shall hear good things from Port 
Hudson and Vicksburg. When these are taken, the government 
will let us go home, and not till then ; and it will be a glad day 
for all of us who can reach home. 

Stowell's letter from New Orleans : — 

" We arrived at Brashear City about noon, making fifty miles 
since the morning before. There were only eleven of our com- 
pany to come in : the rest had fallen out. I did not feel very 
badly when I reached Brashear City ; but I lay upon the ground 
and slept nearly twenty-four hours, and, when I awoke, I was used 
up, and for two or three days was quite sick. I am better now ; 
but another trouble has come, — one of my hips and knees refuses 
to navigate. I don't know what the matter is, unless it is rheu- 
matism. It pains me quite hard, and I cannot walk much ; but I 
am in good quarters, where I have the best of care. We arrived 
at Algiers just at night, and the order came for all who were able 
to go on board a boat immediately for Port Hudson. Out of thirty- 
eight of our company, fifteen have been sent to the hospital. 

'"'■ Sunday, May 31, — The surgeon has just been the rounds, and 



LETTERS FROM NEW ORLEANS I5I 

this afternoon I am to have my hip blistered, which I think will 
help me. 

"•Hospital, Jime 4. — The doctor has blistered my hip, and I 
am doing quite finely, and hope to join the regiment all right. I 
am in good health and spirits, and, had I been treated as a human 
being should be, this would not have happened to me ; but to 
march men fifty miles in twenty-eight hours in this climate is a 
little more than most men can endure. There are sixty patients in 
the room I am in, and about the same number in the other rooms. 
The deaths average about eight a day. They are taken out every 
morning, put into the dead-house, and are buried in the after- 
noon. I am growing a little better, so that I walk about some 
with a cane. It is very warm here, — a steady heat day after day. 
The thermometer ranges from 100° to 108° in the shade. 

'■'■June 15. — I asked the doctor to send me to the regiment, but 
he would not do it, 

"y«//^25. — I am gaining, but would be better to stay here a 
few days longer ; but they are wanting every man they can get 
at Port Hudson. It is said we have lost over three thousand men 
there. 

" ^ime 26. — I expected to leave yesterday, but tlid not. This 
morning I received a mail for the first time since coming here. It 
had all been up to the regiment at Port Hudson. I had ten let- 
ters from home. Just think of it ! I am expecting the order every 
minute to 'fall in'; then ho! for Port Hudson. I can get there 
without much marching. 

''Lafayette Square, New Orleans, July 2.— This date shows 
that I am not at Port Hudson, as I expected to be by this time. 
The rebels are getting so thick about here that they will have to 
keep what troops they have in this city. I have charge of a squad, 
and am quartered on Lafayette Square, in about the centre of the 
city, and one of the most pleasant places I ever saw. I am not 
quite as well as I wish,— not as well as when I was at the hos- 
pital. 

" y^b' 4-— Yesterday I did not sit up, and think I shall have to 
go back to the hospital again. They are celebrating the Fourth 
in great shape. 

''July 10.— Port Hudson and Vicksburg have both fallen,— one 
on the 4th, the other on the 8th. Everything has been in a state of 
excitement ever since. It has been nothing but firing of cannon, 
music, torchlight processions, etc., and, in contrast to all this, loads 



152 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

of wounded, sick, and dying men going by to the different hos- 
pitals, all mixed up together. July 15 left New Orleans at 5 p.m., 
and arrived at Baton Rouge the i6th at one o'clock r.M. Landed 
at Port Hudson at 6 p.m. on Thursday. Found the regiment 
camped about a mile from the river, a good many of them sick, 
and all homesick. I believe it is the most nasty, hateful, God-for- 
saken place I have seen in the whole campaign, but we are all in 
hopes to get away from here soon. 

" Thursday, jfuly 23. — We are at last fairly started for home, on 
the boat ' Choteau.' " 



XV. 

NEW IBERIA. 

Neiv Iberia. — I have already said that, in our hurried march up 
the Teche, on our arrival at New Iberia, four companies, — A, E, 
F, and G, — were detailed to remain and hold the place. Capt. 
Long was appointed provost-marshal. This detachment was to 
keep the peace of the town and gather in such stores of cotton 
and sugar as they could find for the benefit of the government, 
and to prevent the transportation of salt from the mines near at 
hand to rebel armies. The duty assigned was not a hard one, and 
was faithfully performed. I have the benefit of several journals 
which were kept by most of these companies, from which I make 
copious extracts. First Capt. Richmond's account : — 

"Although loath to be separated from the regiment, we were glad 
to be spared the terrible march in the heat and suffocating dust. 
The different companies were stationed in different parts of the 
town, Co. E, in the western part, had charge of the prisoners, of 
which there were about a hundred and fifty. The prison pen was 
a church, which perhaps never before saw so large a congregation. 
We kept the prisoners a few days, when a detail was made from 
each company, under the command of Capt. Bliss, and they were 
marched down to Franklin, and delivered up to the regulars. 
Our duties while at New Iberia were not very arduous. We main- 
tained picket lines on several of the roads leading out of the town, 
and kept the little town well governed. We occasionally sent a 
foraging party out into the country to pick up something better 
than army rations. This is about the way that a certain lieuten- 
ant and a small squad did the work : Arriving at a plantation with 
a mule and a cart, the lieutenant asked the planter if he had any 
sheep. If he had, he was ordered to have his darkies drive them 
up into the yard. The lieutenant then would pick out about half 
a dozen fat lambs, and order the darkies to kill and dress them, 
and put them into the cart. This done, he would say to the 
planter,'Send in your bill to Uncle Sam. 'Whether our uncle got 
the bill or not we do not know; but we got the lambs." 

While here, Capt. Richmond had a horse that did not suit him very 



154 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

well. One day, as he had him saddled for a ride, he saw a man 
coming down the road (a rebel of course), mounted on a fine-looking 
horse. As he came up, the captain hailed him, and said, " I would 
like to swap horses with you." Not thinking to force matters, in- 
deed not expecting to make a trade, the reb never spoke a word, 
but got off his horse, removed and changed the saddles and 
bridles, handed the reins to the captain, mounted his new horse, 
and rode away. During the whole transaction not a word was 
spoken. The captain noticed a sort of a vicious smile on the face 
of the reb as he rode away, but thought little of it at the time, but 
afterward had occasion to recall it. He felt quite proud of his 
new horse ; but his conscience troubled him a little for taking it 
away from the reb, feeling that the proposition to swap amounted, 
to the reb, to a positive order. The captain mounted his new 
horse and rode out into the country. He soon discovered that 
he had not a very pious horse, but one much like Josh Billings's 
mule, of which he said that, if he was going to break him, he 
should begin at the forward end. The next day he, in company 
with Capt. Bliss, started for the bayou at the salt-works, to shoot 
alligators, each having a musket on the saddle. They had got 
out of town a short distance when the captain's horse concluded 
to try titles with his Yankee rider. By a series of plunges and 
bolts, he succeeded in landing the captain in the ditch, insensible 
for a moment. Across the plain the horse went, and the captain 
never saw him again, and never wanted to; but he has many times 
since recalled the sardonic smile on the face of the reb while 
changing horses. That horse no doubt really thinks to this day 
that he killed one Yank. We whiled away our time as best we 
could, endeavoring to earn our $13 per month in killing time, if 
not rebels. During most of the time that we were at New Iberia 
we had no surgeon and no medicine, which, I suppose, accounts for 
the good health of the men while there. One object of our stop 
at New Iberia was, I suppose, the salt-works, from which the rebs 
were taking out large quantities of very fine salt. These works 
were destroyed by our force, but years after were worked under 
the superintendence of our Col. Greenleaf for a time. We finally 
received an order to leave New Iberia and the Teche Country, 
and take off what little force there was below us, and take the 
darkies that wanted to go with us, leave them at Brashear City, 
take the boat up the Atchafalaya River, and join our regiment. 
We left New Iberia May 13, fully expecting to be attacked by the 



NEW IBERIA 155 

rebs before we got far with our twelve hundred darkies, but were 
not molested. We sailed up the Atchafalaya River, and joined our 
regiment May ig, very glad to take our old places in line again 
after more than four weeks' absence. 

Stowell's letter : — 

'■'■ Nezu Il)cria, April 16, 1863. — Now for the first time in many 
days I have a little leisure. I must begin back a little ways. We 
left Brashear City one week ago. Our division was put on trans- 
ports. We were crowded aboard the boat as thick as we could 
stand. Every inch of room was occupied, as we did not expect 
to be aboard but two hours ; but a gun-boat that was to escort 
us ran aground, and so we were kept aboard forty hours. We 
all suffered for want of rest. We could neither lie down nor sit 
up, and headaches and cramps prevailed. We landed at a place 
called Indian Ridge. The rebels were not asleep, and we skir- 
mished with them all day, but finally drove them over a bayou, while 
they attempted to burn the bridge; but we were so near they did 
not succeed. At dark both sides stopped ; and we were allowed to 
rest a little, though kept in line of battle. Our regiment was in 
a ploughed field ; and we lay down in a line, and were soon asleep, 
gun in hand. Of course, we had no supper, and, in fact, had had 
nothing but hard-tack for two or three days before. When we had 
lain there about an hour, the rain began to pour in torrents, but no 
help for it. Our main effort was to keep our guns and powder dry, 
which was somewhat difficult, with the water an inch deep under us 
and pouring down over us. At 4 a.m. we were again in line, and 
witnessed, without sharing in, the battle of Indian Ridge. We were 
held in reserve ; and, just as we were ordered in, the rebels broke 
and ran. The afternoon we were engaged burying the dead and 
bringing in the wounded. I never wish to witness another such 
sight. I have no means of knowing the loss, but it must have 
been several hundred on each side. The 25th Connecticut lost 
their colonel, lieutenant colonel, and adjutant, and about eighty 
from the ranks. They had only three hundred before the fight. 
The 56th New York and 26th Maine suffered badly. We took 
many prisoners, and encamped close by the field, the first time for 
four nights that we had had a chance to sleep much. The next 
day we marched twenty-three miles, and carried our heavy loads, 
though it was fearfully hot. We reached New Iberia at night, 
and the roll was called. Only twenty-three of Co. F answered to 
their names. The rest had fallen out one by one. 



156 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

'^'^ April 26. — I have been in the saddle nearly every day of late, 
scouring the country in search of cotton, sugar, etc. We go where 
we choose, and confiscate all the teams we can find, and make the 
negroes hitch up and load with cotton and sugar, a great deal of 
which we find hidden away in the swamps and woods ; but most 
always we can find a negro who will tell us where it is. It is al- 
most a reign of terror here. 

" April 28. — Yesterday I was in the saddle all day, and found 
a good deal of cotton. We could trade horses where we thought 
we could better ourselves, though sometimes we got shaved. I 
saw some of the finest horses in a lot as we were going by, and 
I managed to catch one ; and, after putting on my saddle and 
bridle, I turned my old one loose and mounted my new one, when, 
lo ! he could not be made to move a peg, backward or forward. 
So I had to take my traps ofif, and let him go, but succeeded in 
getting a fairly good one. 

^^ May 5. — All but our four companies leave to-morrow morning 
for Opelousas. We shall not leave till all the others are gone, as 
we are on guard. 

^' Bras hear City, May i8. — We left New Iberia Wednesday, and 
were the last troops that left this part of the country. We took a 
large party of negroes with us. First came three companies, then 
the darkies, then the other company as rear guard. Six of us 
were detailed to ride from one to three miles in the rear, to watch 
for stragglers and guerillas. We had good horses and a very 
pleasant time ; could stop at the plantations, and get all we wanted 
to eat. The people were willing to use us well for fear they 
should do worse. 

"On our arrival at Brashear City we were put on a steamer to 
go up the Atchafalaya, to join our regiment at Barre's Landing. 
Reaching there, we found that we were to march back to Brashear 
City, to guard an immense crowd of contrabands. It was a long, 
hot, hard march. We were to have eight days for the one hun- 
dred and twenty-five miles. But circumstances compelled us to 
do it in six days. 

" Hospital, New Orleans, May 30. — They have brought me here 
at last, as you will see by the date of this. We have seen pretty 
hard service since I wrote last, and are pretty well used up. We 
left Brashear City on the 18th for Barre's Landing, and since we 
have landed find we are to march back immediately to Brashear 
City, — one hundred and twenty-five miles, — to help guard a con- 



NEW IBERIA 157 

traband train. We started Thursday noon, with orders to occupy 
eight days on the march, but got back to Brashear City in six 
days. It was fearfully hot and dusty. Some of the way we could 
not see twenty feet ahead, the dust being like thick smoke. The 
last fifty miles we made in twenty-eight hours. The colonel got 
frightened on Monday afternoon, when we had got about six miles 
below Franklin. We were all tired out, having marched twenty- 
one miles, when the couriers came galloping down the road, with 
the word that the rebels had attacked the rear guard, which was 
some five miles back. There were two regiments in the rear of 
the train. The train of contrabands was four or five miles on. 
The colonel, fearing disaster in the rear, ordered the 52d and the 
90th New York to 'right face, double quick march.' We had to 
hurry on for five miles, and found the rebels had skedaddled 
before we got there. So we had to march back to where we 
started from." 

(The corporal is mistaken in supposing that Col. Chickering 
was needlessly alarmed at the approach of this force in the rear. 
It turned out that there was a large force of the rebels in that 
region, waiting for an opportunity to attack our force.) 

"About twelve o'clock we reached the place we had started 
from, hoping for a little rest, for we had already marched forty 
miles ; but we did not get it. We halted, ate a little hard-tack, 
and fell in again for the last ten miles that lay between us and 
Brashear City. We arrived there about noon, making fifty miles 
since the morning before. We encamped upon the ground, and 
slept nearly twenty-four hours ; and, when I awoke, I found that I 
was quite sick. One of my hips and knees refused to navigate. 
I do not know what the trouble is, unless it is rheumatism. I 
cannot walk, but am in good quarters in New Orleans, where I 
have the best of care. There are about seven hundred at the 
hospital, and the building is large enough for more." 

T. N. Austin, Co. A, kept a voluminous journal of his daily ex- 
perience. 

He relates this characteristic experience. While at New Iberia, 
a squad of darkies was brought in, and he addressed an intelligent- 
looking colored woman, and asked, "Where do all you niggers 
come from ? " She, bristling up, called out to the man in charge 
of the squad, and said, " Sir, this soger calls me a nigger ! " 
"Well," says Austin, "what are you, anyway .-' What should I 
call you ? " "A free lady of color," she replied with great dignity. 



158 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

As she had been away from her master's house less than forty- 
eight hours, Austin thought she was putting on airs. This New 
England soul was much grieved to find that at New Iberia little 
regard was paid to the Sunday, — horse-races and the like in the 
afternoon, the priest taking a share in all the sports and deciding 
all the contests. 

While our men were at New Iberia, trouble occurred between 
the negroes and whites at St. Martin, a village ten miles away. A 
call was made upon our force at New Iberia for aid ; and Capt. 
Stone, of Co. F, with a squad of thirty men, was sent to St. Martin 
to secure peace. On their arrival they found the place in great 
excitement. The negroes had armed themselves, and were threat- 
ening the inhabitants with all manner of disasters. The citizens 
had prepared to defend themselves, and a sharp skirmish had oc- 
curred, in which the whites had the advantage, and secured ten of 
the leaders in the trouble. These they took to the bridge over the 
river, pinioned their arms and legs, placed a noose around the 
neck of each one, and at a given signal strung them all up and left 
them dangling in the air. In the night their friends came and 
carried their bodies away. But the trouble was over. Capt. 
Stone stayed till he saw there was to be no further need of his 
services, and then took his squad back to New Iberia. 



XVI. 

PORT HUDSON AND CLINTON. 
[May 28 TO June 7, 1S63] 

Col. Greenleaf's account: — 

" On the twenty-eighth day of May, a.d. 1863, the 520! Massa- 
chusetts was moved by rail from Brashear City on the Atchafalaya 
to Algiers on the Mississippi, opposite New Orleans, eighty-six 
miles distant, and on the 29th and 30th was transported by 
steamer to Springfield Landing, thirteen miles from our division 
headquarters, then before Port Hudson, and one hundred and 
forty-five miles above New Orleans, and thence completed the 
march to headquarters about midnight of the 30th, the stupid 
guide who had been sent from the front to escort us back to the 
second brigade having lost himself and led us several long, weary 
miles out of our way. And let me say here, by way of commen- 
tary on the hardships of our western Louisiana campaign, now 
ended, that, if there are any modern six days' go-as-you-please walk- 
ing champions, either in this country or in Europe, who, knowing 
the facts, would prefer these terribly exhausting forced marches 
through the Teche country and back, heretofore described, ending 
with this last day and night march from Springfield Landing, made 
under the same circumstances and conditions that we made them, 
to a six days' contest on the sawdust, under the rules of the 
'trampers" prize ring, I would be charitable enough to regard 
them, one and all, as fit candidates for some well-regulated lunatic 
asylum. And I am strong in the faith that any surviving member 
of the regiment who made these marches would fully indorse the 
sentiment. 

" But we were joyfully received by our respected brigade com- 
mander. Col. William K. Kimball, of the 12th Maine, at his head- 
quarters in the woods before Port Hudson, and heartily welcomed 
back to our former place in the line. 

"The assault by Gen. Banks on the enemy's works, on the 27lh 
of May, had been repulsed with considerable loss to the Union 
army, in which, among many volunteer white troops, was a bri- 
gade of colored soldiers commanded by Col. Nelson. On our 



l6o HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

march from the Landing to the front, on the 30th, we met many 
hospital ambulance wagons, bringing the sick and wounded to the 
rear. And from some of those whom we met we learned for the 
first time of the wonderful fighting qualities displayed by these 
negro troops during the said assault on the 27th of May. The 
report was that 'they fought like very devils'; that they went 
into the fight eight hundred strong ; that they made six or seven 
splendid charges on the enemy's works, under a most murderous 
fire, and at last, by almost superhuman efforts, succeeded in cross- 
ing the wide ditch in front and scaling the abatis; that, once in- 
side the fortifications, they proceeded forthwith to bayonet the 
Confederate gunners, but, in their martial frenzy, soon threw away 
their guns, seized their hated foes with their hands, and tore their 
quivering flesh with their teeth ; but that they were finally over- 
powered by greatly superior numbers, and compelled to retreat, 
leaving six hundred out of eight hundred of their numbers dead 
in the trenches. And it was painfully interesting to note the 
effect which this. wonderful tale produced on different individuals. 
One man, with complaisant look and self-satisfied air, would stand 
a little more erect than usual, and say : ' I told you so. I always 
knew the negro would make a far better soldier than the white 
man." Another would smile incredulously as he heard the marvel- 
lous story, as much as to say: 'Wait until you learn more of the 
facts in the case before you decide. This tale smacks too much 
of the Oriental, — sounds quite too mythological to be fully be- 
lieved by any body.' While the third person would, perhaps, in- 
dulge in a sneer at the very mention of a negro soldier, and 
denounce the unofficial report as a base fabrication, designed to 
mislead the public in the interest of stay-at-home politicians. At 
the proper time and place, in the course of this narrative, we will 
give the actual facts as to this report, derived from official sources. 

" As I now recall the distance, I should say it was from one 
thousand to twelve hundred yards from our new camp in the 
woods to the strong, well-defended earth-works of the Confederate 
Gen. Gardner in front, glimpses of which we would get from nu- 
merous openings in the wood, or a full view of a long line of them 
from many of the tree-tops or from the western edge of the 
woods. 

" Batteries of the 19th Army Corps were planted at different, 
well-chosen points along our own front ; and between them and 
those of the Confederate general in the invested town a regular 



PORT HUDSON AND CLINTON l6l 

artillery duel was kept up night and day. Every few seconds, 
either from one of our own batteries near by or from one of Gard- 
ner's, one thousand yards or so away, or from both, we hear the 
report of one gun or more, 'from morn till night, and from night 
till dewy morn again.' Occasionally an ugly shell from some one 
of the enemy's guns bursts over our heads where we lie encamped 
in the wood, and the fragments thereof go meandering about 
among the boys in blue, in a most careless, inconsiderate manner. 
One large fragment of such a shell which 'brought up' at my own 
feet about this time I deliberately seized and confiscated, and 
now possess as my proud and only trophy of the war. 

"And so the time wears on until the 7th of June, 1S63, when, in 
consequence of an engagement a few miles to our rear, between a 
body of our own cavalry, commanded by the dashing young Capt. 
Perkins, and a considerable force of mounted rebels, said to have 
been commanded by Gen. Mouton, in which engagement Capt. 
Perkins was killed and his command put to route, a force of 
seven thousand strong, — cavalry, artillery, and infantry, including 
the 52d Massachusetts, — commanded by Gen. H. E. Paine, was 
sent out to capture or disperse this troublesome brigade of 
mounted 'gray-backs,' as they were sometimes called. 

"About daylight on the morning of the 7th of June Gen. Paine 
set out on his expedition with his valiant little army, to give battle 
to the aforesaid 'gray-backs,' and pursued his way unmolested 
over the most dusty of roads, under a broiling Southern summer 
sun, with the thermometer among the nineties in the shade, with 
most of the water to be had of worse quality than that of any frog- 
pond to be found north of Mason and Dixon's Line, to the pleas- 
ant country village of Clinton, twenty-five or thirty miles from 
Port Hudson, where we rejoiced to learn that the enemy had 
kindly and considerately concluded to disperse without fighting. 
At any rate, we failed to 'gobble ' him or even to catch a glimpse 
of the backsides of him. 

"Then we countermarched back to our old camp in the woods, 
under much the same conditions as to heat, dust, and water as 
those under which we suffered so much in the march to Clinton. 
Not a ' foot passenger ' in the whole command had a dry thread of 
cloth about him on the march either way, so great was the heat 
and so profuse the perspiration ; nor, indeed, could the more fortu- 
nate 'mounted' braves of the command, either with or without 
shoulder-straps, contrive any way to escape the scorching rays of a 



l62 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

June sun in Louisiana, to avoid the suffocating, ever-present dust, 
or to improve the quality of the most impure, stagnant water. All 
suffered alike in these respects; and the 52d Regiment in particu- 
lar 'rejoiced and was exceeding glad' to return to the rest and 
shade and shelter of the friendly wood before Port Hudson, as we 
did on the afternoon of the 9th of June. 

"On the whole, this march to Clinton and back was one of the 
most exhausting to the soldier (as it was the last) of our campaign, 
as hard to endure as some others heretofore described had been, 
and was one which will be remembered, I venture to say, so long 
as a single member of the regiment who was ' present ' on this 
march shall survive. So long as the ears of the last survivor shall 
be able to distinguish the martial notes of the fife and drum or 
his eyes discern the glorious f^ag under which he then marched 
through dust and smoke, and fire and flood, and battle shocks, to 
victory at last, among his most vivid recollections will be that of 
the march to Clinton." 

Daniel W. Lyman in the Northampton Gazette, June 10 : — 

"In thk Woods before Port Hudson. 
"■The March to Clinton. — The regiment left here on Friday 
morning about four o'clock, with six other regiments of infantry, 
a regiment of cavalry, and twelve pieces pf artillery, under com- 
mand of Gen. Paine. Owing to a poor guide, we marched sev- 
eral miles in the wrong direction ; and, by the time we had got 
fairly started on the right road, the sun had come out burning hot, 
and the men were overcome by the terrible heat and dust. The 
heat was so overpowering that the men could not march in the 
middle of the day, and halted till six o'clock, when the order was 
to 'fall in,' to march three miles; but we went eight, and did not 
stop until after eleven at night. As soon as it was light we were 
on the march, and kept on till noon, when we halted close by 
Amete River, a clear running stream with a gravelly bottom, the 
most like a New England brook we have seen in the State of 
Louisiana. At midnight we were aroused again, and marched 
some seven miles to within two miles of Plympton, where we 
were halted for a short time till the destruction of the armory, 
depot, and the government works were complete ; and, finding 
that the rebels whom we had come out to attack had skedaddled, 
we turned about, and marched back in the burning sun to the 
camp ground of the previous day, at which place we rested till six 



PORT HUDSON AND CLINTON 1 63 

P.M., when we marched agahi for over three hours. By daylight 
the next morning we were again on our way, and did not stop 
until we were nearly back to our old place. Thus ended a mem- 
orable march from Port Hudson to Clinton and back, as bad, if 
not worse, than any the 52d had made, owing to the excessive 
heat. Hundreds were overcome by it." 

Corp. Hosmer writes : — 

" Of the episode to Clinton and back I do not mean to write 
much, for you have had enough of hard marching. Let a few 
words suffice. The force, consisting of regiments detached from 
this and that brigade, with some artillery, a large body of cavalry, 
left camp here in the forest about four o'clock in the morning. 
How hot and dusty it grew ! We began by taking the wrong road, 
which gave us an extra distance of five or six miles, and then we 
went by the longest route. The first day at noon the heat became 
perfectly intolerable. Several were nearly killed by its power, and 
we were forced to halt till night. Thenceforth we marched for the 
most part at night ; but the dust was excessive, the night short, and 
the water often poor. At dawn we halted within two or three 
miles of Clinton, to hear from the cavalry in the advance that the 
foe had fled. Back we came, therefore, dragging wearily into our 
old camp through all the dust and heat, tired in every bone, every 
fibre, clothing soaked and resoaked with perspiration, having in 
the course of four days gone some fifty or sixty miles." 

June 20. — Word has come that Niles, of Co. I, has just died in 
the hospital at Baton Rouge. He had a " bee in his bonnet," but 
has furnished much fun for the regiment. He delighted in cutting 
down the big trees near our camp ; and the crash of one falling to 
the ground gave him great pleasure. There are not so many big 
trees in Louisiana as there would have been if it had not been for 
Niles. 



XVII. 

BEFORE PORT HUDSON, AND THE ASSAULT OX THE 
14TH OF JUNE. 

Col. Greenleaf's account : — 

"At night we often listen to the discordant shrieking of our 
own shells, as they go plunging through the air in the direction of 
the doomed town, and watch the effect of the explosion within 
the beleaguered works. They are sounds and sights never to 
be forgotten; better heard and seen than described, — at least, 
by me. 

" Artillery firing on our side still continues night and day, at 
brief intervals. At times the very earth is made to quake and 
tremble at the discharge of monster Dahlgren guns, a battery of 
which has been brought from the sloop of war ' Richmond,' lying 
in the river below, manned by her brave sailors, and planted not 
far distant. 

"Gen. Gardner now answers our fire less frequently than at 
first; yet, if one of us 'Yanks' ventures into the open field in 
front or to the edge of the wood even, he at once becomes a tar- 
get for rebel sharpshooters five or six hundred yards away, and 
their leaden slugs come humming and singing about our ears like 
busy bees. If we show ourselves in any opening or clearing be- 
tween the brown earth fortress and our camp, a dozen triggers are 
pulled on us at once ; and it is no fault of the 'gray-back ' marks- 
men if we escape unhurt. But all this is only a prelude — mere 
boy's play — to the sanguinary work yet to come. Gen. Banks is 
now making the necessary preparations for a grand assault upon 
Gen. Gardner's formidable works. Three strong columns are to 
be formed to storm the fortifications at as many different points, 
one column to be commanded by Gen Augur, one by Gen. Weitzel, 
and the other by Gen. Dwight. The second brigade is assigned a 
place in the central column, commanded by Gen. Weitzel, a gradu- 
ate of West Point, — a gentleman, withal, and every inch a soldier, 
although, in form and size, he would well compare with the late 
lamented General-in-chief, Winfield Scott. For several days 
squads of men have been employed cutting fascines in the w'oods. 



THE ASSAULT ON THE 1 4TH OF JUNE 1 65 

and other squads preparing small bags of cotton, all to be used, 
as such things are generally intended to be used, in storming the 
parapets. Bridges across small streams or ravines, over which the 
attacking force is to pass, are covered with layers of cotton, to 
deaden the sound of artillery wheels and the tramp of men and 
beasts as they pass over, and every man unfit for duty is sent to the 
rear. 

"The adjutant of the regiment (Lieut. Decker, formerly lieuten- 
ant colonel of the Massachusetts loth), one of the most faithful 
and efficient officers in the service, was one of this unfortunate 
number. The colonel himself escorted him to the hospital, two or 
three miles to the rear, and there left him in care of one of the 
surgeons. 

" On the 13th of June Gen. Banks issued his general order for 
the grand assault to be made on the following day. Soon after it 
was issued the commanders of companies were assembled to hear 
the general order read, and to receive such special regimental 
orders as the occasion required. Each commander was to see that 
his men were furnished with water and rations for twenty-four 
hours, and to caution them to be as cool and deliberate as possible 
in any emergency that might arise ; not to shoot at random nor 
too high, but to reserve their fire until they could do some execu- 
tion with their guns ; not to skulk nor seek to dodge bullets that 
would come whistling about them, but to stand by their colors and 
face whatever dangers might confront them, like brave, loyal men. 
The colonel little knew at this time how welcome to all, himself 
included, would be the stumps and trunks of trees and rifle-pits 
on the field of battle before high twelve another day ! With that 
day's duties done, and with most keen anticipations of still more 
arduous duties on the morrow, the command sought rest and sleep 
at an early hour. A short time before midnight Capt. Long, of 
the color company, came groping his way through the wood to 
regimental headquarters, having left the hospital in the rear (where 
he had been confined some days) against the earnest protest of 
the surgeon, in order, as he said, that he might be with his com- 
pany to share its fortunes in the hour of its greatest peril. He 
spread his rubber blanket on the ground beside the colonel, and 
lay down for an hour's rest, — if possible, to sleep. Kind, good, 
brave friend and soldier, he survived the war; but now, alas ! 

"'The lightnings may flash, and the loud thunders rattle, 
No sound shall awake him to glory again ! ' " 



l66 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

" Soon after midnight a warm breal^fast was served by the 
cooks, and soon after breakfast the regiment was in line, awaiting 
orders to move ; and we had not long to wait. 

"A few minutes later we were slowly winding our way out of 
the forest by the right flank, but hailing every now and then, to 
accommodate the column in front and rear. Sometimes we halt 
a few minutes in front of artillery or cavalry camps, about which 
breakfast fires had been built, the reflected light from which, on 
man and beast and wagon-wheels and trees, and polished brass 
and steel of many guns, contrasted w^ith the darkness and gloom 
of the night and wood, reveals a sight well calculated to inspire 
the brush of an Angelo or the pen of a Byron ; and then again we 
halt in places dark, of which a Milton only could truly sing. Many 
a soldier on that memorable night must have wished himself both 
painter and poet, that he miglit put upon canvas in enduring 
colors or upon paper in enduring ink what he then saw and felt. 
We were on the eve of a great battle. No soldier could tell what 
might befall him ere another sun should rise and set. We were 
anxious, fearful, hopeful, yet firmly resolved upon our duty. 

"At daylight we emerge from the forest, and enter a deep 
ravine through which a military road has been cut, on both sides 
of which are high banks that command a full view of the Confeder- 
ate ramparts to be stormed by our column ; and, as we wind into 
this road, we plainly see them four or five hundred yards away, 
although the crest of the whole line is shrouded in the smoke of 
fire-arms incessantly discharged therefrom. The column makes a 
brief halt in this ravine. Bullets now come flying over our heads 
thick and fast, making harsh, discordant music for our ears, fairly 
setting our teeth on edge ; and a tremendous cannonade opens all 
along our semicircular line of batteries, eight or ten miles in ex- 
tent, and is answered with great energy and spirit by the enemy's 
shorter, irregular line confronting us. It is one continuous roar 
of artillery along the two opposing lines, mingled with the inces- 
sant rattle of musketry from the rebel ramparts, and the heavy, 
malignant shrieking of murderous shells from both sides as they 
come and go, tearing through the air, and the familiar 'thud' and 
'crash' as they strike on either side. One man in Co. C is killed 
by a rifle-ball, notwithstanding we are so well protected by the 
high banks of the ravine. It is a scene calculated to try the 
strongest nerves, to test the most chivalric courage. 

"At this moment our brigade commander came in person to 



THE ASSAULT ON THE I4TH OF JUNE 167 

the regimental commander to communicate to him an order that 
minute received from Gen. Weitzel for the 52d Regiment to be 
temporaril}' detached from the brigade, and, as an independent 
command, to act as ' flankers ' for the right of his assaulting col- 
umn. Whereupon the two commanders ascended together the 
steep bank on the right, to survey the field lying between the two 
contending armies. A few moments were sufficient for this sur- 
vey ; and a minute later the regiment was filing out of the column 
by the left flank, up the precipitous bank on the right, and on to 
the open field above. The regiment moved a little more than its 
length on this high exposed ground, when it was halted. While 
marching at the head of his column this short distance, the colonel 
was eagerly taking in the situation, and forming his plan of 
operations. We were now in line at about right angles with the 
head of the main column in the ravine, facing the enemy and fully 
exposed to his murderous fire. The whole plateau is commanded 
by his well-trained batteries, and swept by a constant shower of 
rifie-balls. It is really like unto a leaden hail. The surface of 
the ground between us and the Confederate lines is quite irregular 
and uneven, and much of it covered with stumps and logs and 
brambles and tops of fallen trees interlacing each other. Over 
this undulating ground and these numerous obstructions and 
under this venomous fire, we must make our way to the front 
as best we can and in the best order we can. We must discover 
and dislodge, or report to Gen. Weitzel, any foe lying in ambush 
between us and the intrenchments and we must act promptly. 
No time is to be lost. 

" If we would avoid great loss of life and limb, we must gain 
our position under the fortifications in the quickest time possible, 
we must make a dash for the front while those hosts of 'gray- 
backs ' yonder are dividing their attentions between the assaulting 
column, now moving, and our much less formidable line. 

"The moment the regiment was halted and had faced the ram- 
parts, whence came such showers of shot and shell, the order was 
given for the five companies on the left (now the right) to deploy 
in skirmish line, and push to the front with all possible haste, 
Lieut. Col. Storrs to command the right of the line and Major 
Winn the left. 

"The order was obeyed as promptly as given. The gallant 
command dashed forward in the best order the innumerable 
obstacles would permit, and had soon deployed so as to cover a 



l6S HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

front of about a quarter of a mile. In the mean time the five re- 
maining companies are held in reserve, and permitted to seek 
such shelter as stumps and fallen trees and the ravine near by 
afforded. 

" On, on, presses our line of brave boys in blue, in spite of every 
obstacle ! The fire to which they are exposed grows hotter still 
as they advance; and they avail themselves of such protection as 
a tangled ravine and the scattering logs, bushes, and stumps 
offer. 

" As the skirmish line advances, the reserves are ordered up. 
Capt. Bliss, of Co. G, an efficient, promising young officer, is car- 
ried off the field, mortally wounded. Lieut. Rice, of Co. B, an 
equally meritorious officer, is severely wounded. One soldier of 
the reserves is struck in the hand, and another in the leg ; and our 
rank and file are killed and wounded along our long skirmish line, 
in uncertain numbers. We wonder how those brave lads, in that 
long, irregular line, can live at all in such a 'leaden rain,' under 
such a deadly fire. The roar of cannon, the plunging, shrieking, 
and bursting of shells, and the discharge of small arms are continu- 
ous on both sides. Soon we observe that the assaulting column 
is checked in its advance, apparently with heavy loss ; but our 
gallant skirmishers, under the immediate direction of the lieutenant 
colonel and major, still press forward. They soon gain position 
within pistol range of the entire line of fortifications, covering a 
front of one-fourth to one-third of a mile ; and, as the main column 
does not advance, they now halt, dig rifle-pits, roll up logs, utilize 
stumps, pile up brush, and otherwise protect themselves as best 
they can from further loss. And from this poorly sheltered, ad- 
vanced position 'the boys' soon silenced the enemy's artillery in 
their front. If a rebel sharpshooter shows his head above the 
ramparts now, he does so at his peril. But it is now apparent that 
the grand assault has been repulsed. Artillery firing mainly ceases. 
Only sharp-shooters on both sides seem to be busily engaged ; 
but they evidently have business enough on hand, particularly 
in our own neighborhood. About this time our most anxious, 
perambulating colonel is made aware of the fact that he in partic- 
ular has become an object of considerable interest, — a sort of 
revolving, moving target for several Confederate gentlemen of that 
obnoxious persuasion ; and, as there appears to be no further 
need of personal exposure on his part just now, he promptly seeks 
out a good-sized stump, on high, commanding ground, extempor- 



THE ASSAULT ON THE 14TH OF JUNE 169 

izes it into regimental headquarters, and occupies them in person 
without formal ceremony. 

"The bullets come 'thud, thud, thud,' into the tough old stump, 
and continue to 'zip' and whistle about these new and novel yet 
strictly 'military' headquarters, until the sun is well down in the 
west. We cannot yet move to bring off our wounded or to bury 
our dead. The reserves are mostly under cover a short distance 
to the rear; and thus we remain on the battle-field until the fol- 
lowing morning. As was necessary, we went into the fight in 
light marching order, and have unavoidably suffered much from 
want of our blankets during the damp, chilly night. 

"Early the following morning the assistant adjutant-general of 
the brigade came upon the field, dodging from stump to stump, 
and stooping and running from one fallen tree-trunk to another, 
to escape the bullets of some scores of rebel marksmen, in quest 
of regimental headquarters, for which he had orders from the 
brigade commander. The colonel saw the assistant adjutant-gen- 
eral approaching, and could but audibly smile to see him ma- 
noeuvre under fire, but, wishing to save him from further annoy- 
ance or erxposure, stepped briskly back some distance to meet 
him. The orders proved to be congratulatory to the regiment, but 
required us to hold the position we had gained under the breast- 
works, at all hazards, until further orders, and to remove head- 
quarters to the rear, where communication could be had with them 
without so much risk of life and limb. 

" The congratulatory part of the orders was duly appreciated 
and acknowledged, the importance of other parts fully recognized, 
and the part requiring a ' change of base ' for the regimental com- 
mander obeyed at once without protest. The colonel did not 
deem it necessary to return to take formal leave of his tempo- 
rary camp behind. the stump, but continued his reverse move- 
ment to the edge, or brow, of the plateau, where, in plain view and 
within range of the parapets, he noticed two large tree-trunks 
lying one upon the other, which together were about breast-high, 
which evidently would be equal to stopping rebel bullets, and 
which furthermore could be safely approached from the low lands 
to the rear. Behind these two accommodating tree-trunks, he 
forthwith established his new headquarters, and caused a ' shelter 
tent' to be erected over them to keep off the hot rays of the June 
sun. 

" From this point communications could be had with our cooks 



lyo HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

(most welcome visitors about this time), with our hospitals, both 
in the woods and one some miles to the rear, and also, after dark, 
with our brave lads at the front. But so exposed is the position of 
the latter, so near the fortifications are they, and so exposed also 
the only route to them, that we can only send them rations or 
relieve them, or bring out their sick and wounded or bury their 
dead, under cover of the night. 

"We now learn that our skirmish line gained its position in 
front with small loss, considering the terrible fire to which it was 
exposed, but that all three of the grand assaulting columns had 
been repulsed with heavy loss, — with a loss, according to reports, 
of about fifteen hundred killed and wounded ; that the assault, on 
the whole, had amounted to but little ; that early in the day many 
soldiers were severely wounded, and fell in such exposed places 
that they could not be brought off the field until night ; and that 
among this unfortunate number was the courteous and gallant 
Gen. Paine, who commanded the late expedition to Clinton. As 
soon as it was fairly dark the night of the 15th, the 'reserves' still 
on the field were ordered off, back into the woods near by, and 
preparations made to take rations and blankets to the boys in 
front; and the following night the reserves went to the front, and 
relieved those on duty there, with the exception of Co. F, Capt. 
Stone preferring to remain in the trenches, manfully, heroically 
performing his duty to the end. 

" Every two or three nights those on duty in the rifle-pits were 
relieved by those off duty in the rear; and so the exhausting, 
perilous work went on from the 14th of June to the 8th of July, — 
three weeks and over. 

"We have nearly silenced Gardner's batteries along our line, 
one fourth of a mile long, from the first day; but his well-educated 
sharpshooters still continue a careless, lively host. If one of our 
boys ventures to show his head anywhere along this line during 
daylight, a well-aimed bullet is almost certain to go crashing 
through his brain on the instant. And it is the same with those 
hungry-looking 'butternut' fellows inside. If one of them shows 
himself or his head above the ramparts, it is generally the last 
time he does it : a ball from a Springfield musket is almost certain 
to make sad havoc with him before he can change position. Keen 
eyes are looking along many a rifle-barrel thrust between sand- 
bags, on the one side, and through loop-holes, on the other, with 
trained fingers on the trigger ready to send death messengers on 



THE ASSAULT ON THE I4TH OF JUNE 171 

their quick errands at every opportunity ; and the exchange of 
shots is frequent along the whole line. Our artillery still con- 
tinues to play on Gardner's works at irregular intervals night and 
day; and we consequently still continue to hear the familiar sound 
of Parrott shells as they rush, comet-like, from our lines, and strike 
and explode within his. 

" But, as we failed to carry Port Hudson by assault, Gen. 
Banks now determines to reduce the place by regular siege 
operations, — by the slow process of sapping and mining, — follow- 
ing the example of Grant at Vicksburg. Zigzag saps, or deep 
trenches, were accordingly started by our engineers from secure 
points several hundred yards away from the stronghold, and 
pushed day and night with great vigor in the direction thereof. 

"Negro soldiers, especially, were employed on this important 
work ; and I can bear testimony to the fact that in this they ren- 
dered splendid service. 

" About this time we began to receive newspapers from the 
North ; and among them I remember particularly the New York 
Herald, containing, among other articles of interest, detailed ac- 
counts of the alleged wonderful performances of these same negro 
soldiers during the assault made on the 27th of May, which 
amounted to much the same story we had heard on the march 
from Springfield Landing, previously mentioned. We resolve that 
we will ascertain the facts as to this matter ; but the time is not 
yet : we must first push this siege to a successful issue." 

Baton Rouge, June S, 1S63. 

My dear Wife, — I am again at the old place. I came from 
New Orleans on Friday. When I reached here, I heard that the 
52d had been ordered from Port Hudson to Clinton. There is no 
use to go on to Port Hudson, for the 52d is not there. So I stop 
here, and spend the two days in visiting the multitudes at the 
hospitals. I shall go on this morning as far as Springfield Land- 
ing, four or five miles this side of Port Hudson. Things are evi- 
dently approaching a crisis. Our forces have been planting big 
guns, and are ready to open with them. It is to be a regular 
siege, and I hope not a long one. I have slept here on the piazza 
of Lieut. Stearns's house ; and the whole house shakes with the 
tremendous firing at Port Hudson, twenty miles away. I cannot 
but believe that Port Hudson will be ours in a few days, and then 



172 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

probably we shall be pushed on up to Vicksburg ; but it is of no 
use to speculate. I saw crowds of wounded men yesterday 
brought down from the assault at Port Hudson. 

Full of hope, I am yours, 



June 9. 

My dear Wife, — We are in the midst of busy and exciting 
scenes. I am here at Springfield Landing, sixteen miles above 
Baton Rouge. The underbrush has been cleared away, tents 
pitched, and it looks like an extensive picnic-ground, — a forest of 
trees on every side, by the bank of the river. It is the base of 
operations upon Port Hudson. Here stores are brought, here the 
sick and wounded are put on board steamers, and carried below 
to Baton Rouge and New Orleans. I have had a cordial greeting 
here from a lot of 52d boys who are in the hospital. I hear all 
manner of stories about a big fight at Port Hudson on the 27th 
ult. Our men made an assault, and were repulsed with a terrible 
loss. Hosmer is here, doing grand service as nurse to a multitude 
of men. Some of our regiments went quite near the breast-works. 
Our men have been busy planting heavy siege guns, and it is said 
to-day is the time to open with them. If so, we shall have lively 
times. The chances are now that we are to have a terrible battle 
in a few days. I hope it will be confined to the artillery, and that 
no assault will be made. You may judge that I am well, better by 
far than before I went to New Orleans. I am full of hope, and 
yet not without anxiety. Unless the signs fail, there is to be a 
bloody battle — one of the decisive battles of the war — fought 
within twenty-four hours of this time. So far as I can judge, the 
preparations are made ; and to-morrow the attempt will be made 
for the third time to get possession of this stronghold o,f the 
rebellion. 

To my wife : — 

In Front of Port Hudson. 

I left Springfield Landing on the 9th, with a mail in an army 
wagon drawn by four mules. We had to make a detour twelve or 
fourteen miles, in order to get on the other side of Port Hudson. 
We hear the booming of cannon on our left all the way. We 
pass ten rebel outworks which we had carried at the fight the 



THE ASSAULT ON THE 14TH OF JUNE 1 73 

week before last. I reached here in the afternoon, and had a 
cordial greeting from the boys. I found I had good reason to 
bless the men who invented diarrhoea, as Sancho Panza had to 
bless the man who invented sleep. First, it saved me the long 
tramp from Barre's Landing to Brashear City; and, second, it 
saved me the hard tramp from here to Clinton, the hardest march 
the 52d have had, as we have said of all previous marches. It 
used up the boys fearfully. On the staff Dr. Richardson was the 
only one to report present. The men had long stories to tell me 
of their perils before they went to Clinton. They devoted their 
nights to dodging shells w-hich the rebels threw at them. On their 
return from Clinton they encamped on the rear of their old 
ground, a little more out of the way of the rebel guns. Still a 
preference was always given for the north side of a tree for a lodg- 
ing-place. A good tree was assigned to me, as likely to break the 
force of a shell as anything that could be found. My couch was 
made there, which consisted in spreading my poncho on the 
ground, and putting a mail-bag under my head for a pillow. Did 
I sleep ? Not very well. How could I ? Boom ! would go the 
big siege guns off to the east. That would startle me in spite of 
myself. Boom ! boom ! would go their guns in different parts of 
the line. I could look up through the trees, and see a few stars 
looking quietly down upon me. They would let me sleep, but the 
villanous gunpowder the rebs were burning would not. Early in 
the morning Capt. Long's darky, Frank, came to ask me to go with 
him and see the captain. We found him at brigade headquarters, 
not a very elaborate edifice, but a yard with a brush fence around 
it. The captain was on the ground, not very sick. He wanted I 
should take care of Frank for a while. I agreed to use him as 
cook. My darky, Sam Howard, enlisted at Brashear City, so I 
have lost him. After breakfast I went with the colonel to the 
front to see the rebel works, and see our preparations to shell 
them out. The works on both sides are very formidable. I did 
little more than take a glimpse, as I did not want to offer myself 
as a useless mark for the sharpshooters. My classmate Rodman 
the lieutenant colonel of the 38th Massachusetts, was killed by a 
sharpshooter at this very spot a few days ago. The ground about 
here is heavily wooded, and very much broken by ravines. The 
woods are full of rifle-pits, fallen trees, etc., which the rebels had 
prepared as places of concealment from which their sharpshooters 
could pop off our men. 



174 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

Saturday Evening, June 13. 

The decisive hour draws near, the cannonading grows more 
severe hourly, and the fearful struggle will take place between now 
and to-morrow at this time. When you go quietly to church to- 
morrow morning, we shall be — It is fearful to contemplate. I 
mean to keep calm, but I cannot write. I hope and pray the 52d 
will do their share, and that we may be successful. Heaven grant 
it may be with little loss of life ! 

Hopefully, but anxiously. 



To my wife : — 

An assault is to be made Sunday morning. Before dark we 
were ordered into line. Each captain makes a little speech to his 
men. In view of the immediate result, I quote that of Capt. Bliss 
to his men: "To-morrow you will be ordered into battle. Let 
every man do his duty. There must be no skulkers. A dead 
brave man is better than a living coward." At midnight the cooks 
came with coffee and food ; and soon after came the order to 
move. I stood around till they were all gone, then lay down 
under a tree, and was soon asleep. The rapid and heavy firing at 
daylight aroused me, and I started to find Dr. Richardson, With 
him I was to spend the time. He had been ordered to the ex- 
treme right. With difficulty I found him, in a little oven just by 
one of our heavy batteries, the bullets falling over us, though we 
were partially protected by the top of the cave where he was to 
stop ; but the stench from some half-buried men killed in the pre- 
vious assauk was almost intolerable. Nothing was provided for 
the doctor's use. He thought there must be some mistake about 
his being ordered there. I offered to look up the medical director, 
and ascertain where he was expected to be. The battle then was 
at its utmost fury. Several batteries were pouring in large shot 
and shell, and the musketry kept up an unceasing rattle. We 
were confident all was going well. Presently I found my horse, 
and dashed along, the bullets flying threateningly about me. I 
found the medical director, and learned that Dr. Richardson was 
where he was expected to be, and where he stayed till Thursday 
night, v\ith nothing whatever to do ; but it made him sick. I won- 
der it did not kill him. I returned with my report to the doctor; 
and, as no wounded men were brought that way, I was persuaded 
that they must be carried out the other way. So, mounting Dolly, 



THE ASSAULT ON THE I4TH OF JUNE 175 

I rode to the centre, with bullets flying every moment. Leaving 
Dolly in a safe place, I entered the first hospital, which was simply 
a large enclosure, cleared of underbrush, in the woods. They 
were bringing in the wounded very rapidly. On the operator's 
table I recognized Fred Sanderson, of Petersham, under the in- 
fluence of chloroform, losing an arm. I saw at once that it was 
Emory's division hospital I soon found Grover's, — another large 
enclosure in the woods. Capt. Bliss was soon brought in, mortally 
wounded. Presently Sergt. Belden, Co. D, was brought in, — a 
severe flesh wound in the hip. The eight doctors were all busy 
at the four operating tables : both of our surgeons were away, — 
Dr. Sawyer sick in the hospital. So I got water and bandages, and 
dressed Belden's wound as well as I could. In a pause I looked 
at my watch, thinking it must be almost noon, and found it was 
but half-past seven. I worked on for hours, and saw more hor- 
rible sights than ever before ; then, strange as it may seem, went 
to the cooks' tents in the rear, and got a dinner of fried fat pork ; 
then back to bathe and dress wounds till night ; and then back 
to my camp at sundown, and lay down under a tree, and slept 
soundly till morning. The next day I was very tired, completely 
prostrated. Men continued to be brought in wounded every little 
while. Among others, Bennett, Co. K, whom you will remember. 
In the mean time the siege goes on. Our regiment has been close 
up at front, where the battle was fought on Sunday, and remained 
there till Friday night, where they are concealed by logs and 
stumps, unable to raise their heads without having rebel bullets 
hurled at them. They suffer fearfully from the heat, to which 
they are exposed by day, and to the cold by night. If a rebel head 
appears above the parapet, the boys try to hit it. Pat Conoly 
fired from behind a bush in that way, and, in his eagerness to see 
what the result had been, popped up for an instant, and thus ex- 
posed his head, and in another instant was struck dead. 

Assistant Adjt.-Gen. Irwin, in his History of the 19th Army 
Corps, makes this report of the assault on the 14th of June: — 

" The result of the day may be summed up as a bloody repulse. 
Beholding the death and maiming of so many of the bravest and 
best of the officers and men, the repulse may be even deemed a 
disaster. In the whole service of the 19th Army Corps darkness 
never shut in upon a gloomier field. Men went about their work 
in a silence stronger than words. ■ On this day 21 officers and 
182 men were killed, 72 officers and 1,245 '^s'"' were wounded,. 6 



176 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

officers and i8o men missing: besides these 13 were reported as 
killed, 84 as wounded, and 2 missing, without distinguishing be- 
tween officers and men, thus making a total of 216 killed, 1,401 
wounded, 18S missing, — in all 1,805. Among the wounded, many 
received mortal hurts ; while, of the missing, many must be set 
down as killed." 



XVIII. 

PORT HUDSON. 

[June iS to July 9, 1S63.] 

To Mrs. Moors, June 18 : — 

Thursday P.M. — There is a cessation of firing for a while, and 
a truce in order to bury the dead. The rebels have brought in one 
hundred and forty dead bodies for us to bury. Co. D buried one 
hundred and fourteen. 

Sunday fuorning. — In three weeks we ought to be at home ; but 
there are very few signs of going. I do not see how we can be 
spared. Banks is in a very tight place, — an unconquered fort in 
front and a large rebel force, we hear, in his rear; communications 
with New Orleans cut off ; the army largely disquieted, as many 
feel that their time of service is out. I am living pretty well, con- 
sidering. I get good pickles and dried apples, and they help the 
hard-tack wonderfully. I find that I am growing very poor, and a 
chair would be as much of a luxury as anything. No chair, table, 
or bed do we have. I was going to tell you what kept me busy a 
portion of each day, but, on the whole, conclude to keep that till 
I get home, to tell you privately. Have I told you that Capt. 
Long left the hospital the night before the assault, in order that 
he might lead his men ? He has been with his company ever 
since. I am ragged now beyond all power of imagination. The 
only consolation is that I am even less so than most. As long as 
the skirt of my coat holds on, I can cover a portion of my rags. 
So long as I am well, I shall be in good cheer and hope. We 
have had six men killed within a few days, and a great many 
wounded. Our recent losses are these killed : Gould, Co. C ; Noah 
Baker, Co. E; Daniel Lyman, Co. K; Pat Conoly, Co. B; James 
Foster, Co. F. Wounded : Capt. Bliss, mortally ; Whitcomb, H. 
Wells, Co. A ; Lieut. Rice, Call, Co. B ; J. Bailey, Co. C ; Belden, 
Smith, Co. D; Brayman, Co. E, mortally; Davis, Co. E; Miller, 
Co. G ; Cook, Co. H ; Bennett, Co. K, mortally. The wonder is 
why that assault was made on Sunday. No one can tell why. 
We only know that we were marched up to the rebel breastworks. 



1 78 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIINIENT 

on Sunday, and were driven back with fearful slaughter. What 
an excitement we have had! What horrors! I shall not attempt 
to write them ; and, when I get home, I shall not attempt to tell 
them. The 5 2d behaved splendidly, and that they did not suffer 
more is a mystery to us all. 

Pat Conoly was made very happy by his two letters, which he 
received on Saturday, and went through the assault on Sunday all 
right, but on Monday fired once too much. The place was ob- 
served by the rebels, and a ball struck him in the head and killed 
him instantly. He was buried where he fell. A warm-hearted, 
kindly, affectionate fellow, without a friend in the world. I am 
sorry to lose him. Capt. Bliss was shot through the lungs on Sun- 
day. I stayed in the field hospital just in the rear of our army all 
day, and helped take care of the poor fellows. I dressed the 
wounds, and saw more awful sights than I ever dreanied of before. 
So far as we can judge, nothing was accomplished, — only the loss 
of more than one thousand men, killed and wounded, and a sad 
discouragement to the living. Our prospect of success now is very 
small. Yet another attempt of desperation will be made in a day 
or two. The 52d are in an exposed position. They are hid in 
ravines and behind logs and stumps close up under the enemy's 
breastworks, where they cannot get out by day, nor even show 
their heads nor walk a step in an upright position. I want you to 
know that I am quite well, eat well, sleep well, notwithstanding 
the horrors around me. This defeat will delay our return home. 
I fear we shall not see the inside of Port Hudson this summer- 
Capt. Bliss died at eight o'clock last evening, — a handsome, prom, 
ising fellow and a first-rate soldier. I hear that Mason Moody 
has been sent down the river, worn out and needing rest. He is 
one of the victims of the Clinton march. In the evening the firing 
of the big guns becomes faster and more furious, so much so as 
to attract our attention ; for we know not much about it ordi- 
narily. If I should be asked this moment if the firing had been 
continued this afternoon, I should reply, " I really do not know : I 
have not observed," — so careless do we get about such things. 
When we get up in the morning, we ask some one how the firing 
has been through the night, and more likely than not he cannot 
tell anything about it. Assaults have failed. So a regular siege 
is now in order. Seven hundred heavy guns are said to be in 
position to bear on Port Hudson. About one o'clock this morn- 
ing the sound of heavy guns was so great that they could not be 



PORT HUDSON 1 79 

distinguished. It was a continuous roar. Then the small arms 
began to mingle. About two o'clock it was fearful and grand. 
Our regiment was quite up, and stood in line of battle ; but after 
a while an order came to lie down where we were. The firing 
slackened, and a thunder shower took its place. I returned to my 
tree ; and, as I listened to the grand majestic roll of the thunder, 
I confess I liked it better than the artillery. I dropped asleep, 
and was awakened by the rain falling on my face. I could only 
draw my poncho about me, and sit up and take it. Yesterday was 
a dreary day, wet and drizzling, with frequent showers. I took a 
mail to Gen. Grover's headquarters, and got lost on my way back. 
I had a long but pleasant walk through the woods. I was care- 
ful to keep out of range of the rebel muskets. Our big guns 
boomed away all day. The mystery with us is why the rebels do 
not lire their big guns. All manner of explanations suggest them- 
selves. They are out of powder, they are out of percussion caps, 
they are coaxing us to another assault, are among the solutions. 
It turns out at last that we have silenced all their big guns. The 
siege goes on. Nothing to mark any changes. Our regiment is 
quite up in front, so that our siege guns in the rear are fired over 
our heads. Yesterday one of our shells fell short of the mark, 
and dropped among Co. K men, and mortally wounded Sergt. 
Bennett. Some of us officers crawled in behind a log and lay 
there, while the rebels, evidently knowing that we were there, 
though none of our heads came above the log, peppered the other 
side of the log quite briskly. We lay there a long time. What 
do you think we busied ourselves about ? Well, we were discuss- 
ing what minor poems in the English language had the most 
merit, and, on the whole, were our favorites. Gray's " Elegy," 
Bryant's "Thanatopsis," Wordsworth's "Ode to Immortality," 
Poe's " Raven," Goldsmith's " Deserted Village," among others, 
were considered. 

I am still here in the rear; for here are our hospital stores and 
the doctor's quarters, and here are the sick and used up men. 
Some twenty are lying upon the ground, stretched upon their 
rubber blankets, with their knapsacks under them. The first 
thing every morning for me is to go and roll those twenty men 
over, readjust the knapsacks under their heads, get a little gruel, 
if I can, for them ; and the operation has to be repeated two or 
three times a day. Of course, I have to get down to them on their 
blankets to roll them over. If I have secured some inhabitants 



l8o HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

of those blankets, it is not strange; but the first thing after this 
service is to examine my apparel, and get rid of the superfluous 
inhabitants. 

My mind goes back often to that fearful assault on Sunday. It 
was on as rough a piece of ground as can be imagined. It is 
naturally very uneven, cut by deep ravines. A year ago it was 
well wooded, but the trees were cut down, and so felled as to 
obstruct the approach of an assaulting army. These trees make 
a perfect jungle, through which it is almost impossible to make 
one's way ; and through this tangle of brush, logs, and vines, the 
assault was made. The repulse was most entire and complete. 
A few regiments reached the foot of the entrenchments, and a few 
ascended the embankment. I was too busy myself in the work of 
the hospital to see much of the fighting. 

Life is monotonous enough here. It is like living in a perpetual 
thunder-storm. Cannon and mortars are booming away by day 
and by night. We do not notice the racket very much. The 
rebels are cracking at us with rifles ; and, when a hat with a head 
in it is seen above the stumps and logs, it is sure to be hit. Our 
people are now sapping with all their might; that is, digging a 
protective wall parallel with the rebel works. They push forward 
cotton bales, and work behind them, and place fascines and hogs- 
heads filled with cotton on the side next the rebels I was in- 
there yesterday, where the men were at work within fifteen yards 
of the rebel fortifications. Our men throw hard-tack over to the 
rebels for fun ; and they throw back cartridges, to which they 
attach burning saltpetre paper, evidently with the intention to set 
our cotton on fire. They succeeded the other day, and we hastened 
to throw some bomb-shells as a return for the compliment. Yes- 
terday I crawled behind some logs with commendable haste, show- 
ing both humility and agility. I do not come up to the entrench- 
ments very often. I do not like it. I am not yet enough of a 
soldier to hear the whistling of bullets without cringing. I spend 
most of my time here in the woods, taking care of the sick men 
two or three times a day. Ball and I devote quite a good deal of 
time just now to cooking. Last night we had a regular buttered 
toast, the first we have ventured on. It was the first happy con- 
junction of bread and butter in our larder. It was a triumphant 
success. We invited in W^hitney and Hosmer. A log served for 
seats, but Hosmer sat upon a box ; and, as he grew weighty with 
the toast, he broke through. So we eat, laugh, and sleep, others 



PORT HUDSON l8l 

swear and play cards ; while horror and death are all about us. 
Something must be done speedily. The time of service of several 
of the regiments is about expiring. We have a tough job before 
us before we can go home. To lie in the hot sun is hard enough, 
but everything makes us miserable. The last week has been 
monotonous beyond any of its predecessors. We notice the can- 
nonnading as little as you would the shingling of a barn on Frank- 
lin Street, except sometimes at night it becomes sublime as a 
thunder-storm, — the night before last, for instance, when for two 
hours an uninterrupted fire of shot and shell were poured into the 
fort. The work of besieging' still goes on: slow and wearisome 
work it is. 

I judge from your letters that you are trying some experiments 
in natural history. Well, I am busy investigating in the same 
department. You begin your work earlier in the day than I do, 
and make more of a backaching job of it. My method is to sit 
upon a log when the more sober business of the day is completed, 
and limit my investigations to the two articles that compose my 
apparel ; namely, my shirt and trousers. A hat and boots are re- 
served for dress occasions, — such as going to headquarters, for 
instance. Graybacks and black legs are the species to which I 
specially devote myself. Why have the vermin, do you ask ? 
Well, you are a tolerably neat woman : why do you have flies in 
your house ? 

You may judge that I am well. I am better by far than before 
I went to New Orleans. I am full of hope, and yet not without 
great anxiety. Unless the signs fail, there is soon to be a bloody 
battle. We have it intimated that an attempt will be made to- 
morrow for the third time to enter Port Hudson. We hope to 
celebrate the Fourth within that stronghold. Batteries have been 
placed to command every available space. I expect to hear the 
deafening roar of hundreds of guns before morning. Everything is 
quiet to-day. I do not know whether there has been firing or not. 
I have not noticed. As my attention is called to it, it is still going 
on. It appears now as though the 5 2d would not be in a very 
exposed place ; for they have had a hard spot for eighteen days. 
I think they will stay where they are, and hold that part of the' 
works, so that the rebels cannot get out. Almost every day we 
hear of one or more deaths in the regiment or at the hospital 
or at Baton Rouge. I am not starving, but paddling about here 
barefoot, with my shirt all open in front, looking shabby and 



l82 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

rowdy enough. I am glad you said in your letter, " Stay till the 
job is finished." I have quoted that to a lot of grumbling men 
to-day. The future is full of uncertainty; but, if we do not go 
in now, we may as well give it up. Our army cannot stay here 
much longer. 

Another butter toast today for dinner, Capt. Bissell for guest. 
I told Ball it was not so good as the one we had yesterday. He 
replied, "There was no butter for it," so he used pork fat. I told 
him that, when next he was compelled to make a butter toast with 
pork fat, to inform me of the fact, and I would not invite com- 
pany to dinner. 

To the Gazette and Courier by the chaplain : — 

June 25. — We are still tugging away at this rebel stronghold, 
which, excepting Vicksburg, has hardly its equal in the New 
World. Nature and art seem to have conspired to render the 
place impregnable. Situated upon high bluffs, which are inter- 
sected in every possible manner by ravines and valleys, it is al- 
most equally inaccessible by land or by water. The line of en- 
trenchments, in general parallel with the river and five miles in 
length, pursues a zigzag course, to get the advantage of cross-fire : 
the area must be six or eight square miles, possibly more. The 
breast-works are constructed in the most thorough manner. The 
place is now closely invested. The line of skirmishers is kept 
constantly at the front within one or two hundred yards of the 
rebel works ; while they protect themselves behind logs and 
stumps, as best they can, and pop as often as they discover any- 
thing to pop at. To gain the ground we are now occupying has 
cost us dearly. But the wonder is that the cost was not greater. 
In the woods which we now occupy are rifle-pits, trenches, and 
ravines, from which the enemy were driven onl}^ by the most per- 
sistent bravery. This work had been largely done before the 52d 
came up. So we shared neither the honor nor the sacrifice. We 
arrived May 30, and on the 5th of June started on our expedition 
to Clinton, where a force of the rebels was lurking. They ske- 
daddled ; and we came back as fast as we went, and much more 
exhausted. Sunday, June 14, was the first day of battle for the 
52d. It had been determined to storm the works, and this was 
unluckily the day decided upon. I say unluckily, for nothing 
could be more unfortunate, not to say unwise, than to commence 
such a difficult and perilous undertaking against the deep-seated 
conviction of the popular mind. I feared — nay, even expected — 



PORT HUDSON 1 83 

repulse; and so it turned out. The 52d were deployed near the 
beginning of the engagement as skirmishers on the right. This 
we did under a sharp fire from the breast-works, till we were 
within less than two hundred yards of them. Here we halted till 
night, awaiting further orders. At last we were told to hold this 
position till relieved, which we have done up to the present time. 
The whistling of bullets, the storming of shells, was truly frightful ; 
and the mystery is how many missiles could be hurled at random, 
and hit so few. Our boys behaved well. 

In these ravines, hidden away here and there, the 52d boys 
have been kept nearly three weeks. The discomforts of such a 
place you cannot realize. The men are exposed to the uninter- 
rupted rays of this torrid sun, with no shelter except what they 
can make with their rubber blankets or by burrowing like squirrels 
in a bank. In these ravines no air can circulate to moderate the 
intense heat. The nights are cool, and few of the men have 
blankets. Their knapsacks and most of their clothes, except 
these rags upon their backs, are stored at Baton Rouge. The 
flies and mosquitoes set sleep at defiance. The men are obliged 
to keep very still in their places. A head shown above the logs 
is a sure mark for rebel bullets. For several days there was no 
going out in the daytime ; but by digging, removing obstructions, 
and placing logs, shelter passages have been constructed, so that 
rations and water can be carried in, and men can pass to and 
fro with comparative safety. But it is a hard place. If a man 
had been told when he went in there that he was to stay three 
weeks, he would hardly have expected to come out alive. Several 
who have not had a day's sickness have been compelled to yield 
now, and the whole appearance of the men is changed. They 
cannot help being dirty and ragged. A whole garment would 
be a curiosity. If we could muster in Greenfield streets, I do 
not know whether we would excite more pity or laughter. About 
three hundred are all that can be mustered for service in the field. 
The others are scattered far and near. In a comfortable and safe 
place the surgeons and chaplain have their tent; and there the 
sick are brought in, and lie upon the ground under the trees. The 
cooking for the regiment is done in a ravine in which the water is 
found half a mile away in another direction. It would be a long 
story to tell what our regiment has done and endured since they 
came into this region. I know the men have done their part well, 
and borne their share of the labors and hazards of a campaign 



184 HISTORY OF THE 52 D REGIMENT 

which has demanded as arduous and vigorous labor as any cam- 
paign of the war. Our regiment in this remote corner of the 
Union do not have as many friends from home to write glowing 
accounts of what they are doing as the regiments which are more 
accessible; but the army of the gulf can have the sweet conscious- 
ness that no portion of the army of the Union has been more active 
and untiring than this. The march to Clinton and back a month 
ago did more to break down the men than any week's work they 
have had. Many have not had a well day since. In the unsuc- 
cessful assault on the enemy's works on the 14th the 5 2d took an 
honorable part. Why was the assault made on Sunday? you may 
well ask. We know of no reason for it. It was a sad, disastrous 
day. It is a marvel which I cannot explain that the 52d suffered 
so little. Other regiments, apparently no more exposed, suffered 
fourfold more than they. Col. Greenleaf and the other field offi- 
cers showed great coolness and courage, and handled the regiment 
well ; and to this, in a measure, their exemption from great loss is 
due. We feel every day more and more how fortunate the regi- 
ment is in its commanding officer. No man speaks of Col. Green- 
leaf but to praise him, no dangers which the men would not cheer- 
fully meet at his call. To stand by the colors and the colonel 
is the rallying cry in battle. Every one speaks well of the 52d. 
We had but few men killed and wounded on that day, but the 
positions secured then ought to be held ; and at this date, July 6, 
we have been twenty-one days exposed to the fire of the enemy. 

To Mrs. Moors : — 

July 3. — Another night has passed, and no assault has been 
made. Banks made a speech to the soldiers a few days ago, 
and told them they would dine in Port Hudson on the Fourth of 
July. The rebels seem to know everything that is going on on 
our side. They shouted to our men yesterday: "You are coming 
in to-morrow, are you? Should like to see you try it! You are 
going to dine in Port Hudson on the Fourth, are you ? Your 
dinner will last you as long as you live. Dine on cold grapes, 
won't you ? " 

Everybody expected the assault would be made this morning ; 
but the night has been unusually quiet. No cannonading, but a 
good deal of musketry firing. The assault must come soon, or 
not at all. If Port Hudson does not fall now, Banks may as well 
give it up. 

/// the Woods before Fort Hudson, jFuly 4. — You say that the 



PORT HUDSON 185 

boys write but few letters home nowadays. It is so, and for 
good reasons. They have no materials, and no opportunity to 
use them, if they had them. Do you ask where they are ? In the 
rifle-pits and ravines in the front of the enemy's works, within 
easy rifle range. In front of the rebel works the trees have been 
cut down and left where they fell, making an almost impassable 
barrier. The ravines increase the difficulty of approach. 

July g. — Hoora ! Hoora ! We have got in at last. The day 
before yesterday came official information of the surrender of 
Vicksburg. Yesterday Gardner proposed to surrender Port Hud- 
son, The terms agreed upon were an unconditional surrender. 
At eight the S2d fall into line to march to Augur's headquarters on 
the left, to enter the fort at nine o'clock. It is as glorious as it 
can be, and comes in the very nick of time for us. Now I hope 
to start soon for home ; but expect us when you see us. I cannot 
tell when we shall start, but probably I shall not write again. We 
are all excitement. Such a Fourth of July as we have had you 
never heard of. True, we did not get into Port Hudson to eat 
our Fourth of July dinner; but we fired a grand salute for a full 
hour at noon, and every band was brought out and played its best. 
We gave the rebels a good Fourth of July greeting. 



XIX. 

THE SURRENDER OF PORT HUDSON. 
[July 9, 1S63.] 

Col. Greenleaf's account: — 

"From this time forward, from the morning of the 21st of June 
to the 8th of July, 1S63, it was but a continuation of the hardships 
and perilous exposure for those in front heretofore described. 

"Night and day the skirmishing is kept up; night and day the 
riflemen on both sides eagerly watch for human targets ; night 
and day the siege operations go steadily forward. The zigzag 
saps in the open fields, in plain view of both lines, are slowly, but 
surely advancing on the fortifications. These saps are about six 
feet wide, and from the top of the earth which has been thrown 
out to the bottom of the trench from eight to nine feet. Al- 
though in the open field the workmen (mostly negroes) are pro- 
tected in great degree from the fire of the Southern marksmen by 
means of hogsheads filled with hard pressed cotton, placed on the 
surface of the ground at the head of the sap, and rolled ahead a 
few feet at a time as the work of excavating progresses, yet, in 
spite of every precaution that can be taken, from four to six brave 
lads are brought out, either killed or wounded, every twenty-four 
hours. Miller, of Co. F, was killed while looking along his mus- 
ket, through a loop-hole, by a portion of a slug from the parapet a 
few yards away. The slug struck the muzzle of his gun, and parted : 
one part entered his rifle-barrel, the other penetrated his vitals. 
Sergt. Bennett, of Co. K, was mortally wounded by a fragment of 
a shell from one of our own batteries, which exploded within our 
intrenchments. Fragments of the shell were thrown back over 
the breastworks, and one of these fatally struck him. 

" Cyrus Stowell, of Co. D, the ' pleasant corporal,' exposed his 
head for an instant from behind his tree-trunk, and on that instant 
was shot and killed by an Argus-eyed Confederate from behind 
his parapet and sand-bags ; Severence, of Co. E, was killed within 
a few yards of the regimental headquarters on the brow of the 



THE SURRENDER OF PORT HUDSON 187 

plateau, behind the two fallen tree-trunks ; Conoly, of Co. B, and 
Foster, of Co. F, met the same fate in the trenches ; Brayman, of 
Co, E, is mortally wounded ; and so it goes. Yet this night and 
day labor and exposure, these harsh and discordant notes of war, 
this continuous roar and rattle of the siege, the sight of bloodshed, 
the suffering of the sick and wounded, the presence of death 
even, all become monotonous at last. We become, in a measure, 
calloused to horrid sights and painful sounds : we notice them, 
and think of them, less and less as the days go by. 

"But 'cavaliers' have been built, — one of them not far from 
our reserve camp. These ' cavaliers ' are high, artificial mounds, 
built up in the open field by means of numerous hogsheads filled 
with cotton, piled one upon another, and with sufficient earth filled 
in between them and covering them to make the mound solid and 
strong. 

" From these high elevations our marksmen can see beyond the 
breast-works into the fortress, and get a longer and better range. 
On one of these cavaliers Capt. Mack, of the iSth New York Bat- 
tery, mounted one of his twenty-pound Parrotts, and with it dis- 
mounted and silenced the last heavy gun in either redoubt that 
had caused us trouble or that was opened upon us. It had been 
shelling us a long time ; but, being mounted in a redoubt within 
the parapets and withdrawn at each discharge, our sharpshooters 
in front were unable to locate, much less to silence it. But a 
well-directed shot from the cavalier (whence it could be located) 
by Mack's skilled gunner struck the solitary piece in the muzzle, 
and destroyed it forever. This was truly an exhibition of splen- 
did artillery practice. About this time our saps approach the 
parapets : we soon commence to ' mine ' them. So near are we 
now to the besieged 'butternuts' that they now and then toss 
hand grenades over their earth-works among our working force. 
These explode and injure our men, but do not deter them from 
their work. Lieut. Hurlbut, of Co. A, a most resolute and de- 
serving soldier, is among the number wounded by these hand 
grenades. Although unseen by each other, conversation is car- 
ried on between the besiegers and besieged. The latter beg for 
tobacco, the former ask some memento in return ; and the coveted 
articles are tossed back and forth over the parapets. 

" On the seventh day of July we were fairly under the fortifica- 
tions in different places, — had 'mined' them and prepared secure 
places for our magazines of power with which to blow them into 



l88 HISTORY OF JHE 52D REGIMENT 

the air, and open a passage for our troops. Three or four days 
more, and we should have been ready to fire the train and to fol- 
low up the explosions with victorious assault ; but on the eve of 
that ever-to-be-remembered day we received the 'glad tidings of 
great joy' announcing the fall of Vicksburg. 

"The official despatch from Gen. Grant to Gen. Banks, an- 
nouncing the surrender, was made the occasion of great rejoicing 
within the Union lines as soon as the contents thereof became 
generally known. Salutes were fired, bonfires lighted, and cheers 
went up all along our front. Col. Kimball caused a copy of the 
official despatch to be tossed over the parapet to anxious Confed- 
erates, who desired to know what so much rejoicing signified. 

" Upon receiving this information about midnight of the 7th, 
Gen. Gardner sent a flag of truce to Gen. Banks, requesting a 
cessation of hostilities, with a view to a consideration of terms of 
surrender. Gen. Banks replied early on the morning of the 8th 
by sending Gen. Gardner a copy of the official notice from Gen. 
Grant of the fall of Vicksburg, and saying, ' Under present circum- 
stances I cannot consistently with my duty consent to a cessation 
of hostilities for the purpose you indicate.' Whereupon a few 
hours later Gen. Gardner sent another note to Gen. Banks, from 
which I quote as follows : ' Having defended this position as long 
as I think my duty requires, I am willing to surrender to you, and 
will appoint a commission of three officers to meet a similar com- 
mission appointed by yourself at nine o'clock this morning, for the 
purpose of agreeing upon and drawing up the terms of sur- 
render, and for the purpose of asking for a cessation of hostilities. 
Will you please designate a place outside the breast-works where 
the meeting shall be held for this purpose } ' 

"In closing his answer to this note, Gen. Banks said : ' I have 
the honor to state that I have designated Brig.-Gen. Charles P. 
Stone, Col. Henry W. Birge, and Lieut. -Col. Richard B. Irwin as 
the officers to meet the commission appointed by you. They will 
meet your officers at the hour designated, at a point where the 
flag of truce was received this morning. I will direct that active 
hostilities shall entirely cease, on my part, until further notice, for 
the purpose stated.' 

" The commission thus appointed met at the time and place des- 
ignated by the two opposing major-generals commanding, and 
mutually agreed upon and adopted the following articles of capitu- 
lation : — 



THE SURRENDER OF PORT HUDSON 189 

"Article i. Major-Gen. Frank Gardner surrenders to the 
United States forces under Major-Gen. Banks the place of Port 
Hudson and its dependences, with its garrison, armaments, muni- 
tions, public funds, materials of war, in condition, as nearly as may 
be, in which they were at the time of cessation of hostilities; 
namely, six o'clock a.m., July 8, 1863. 

"Article 2. The surrender stipulated in Article i is qualified 
by no condition, save that the officers and enlisted men compris- 
ing the garrison shall receive the treatment due to prisoners of 
war, according to the usages of civilized warfare. 

" Article 3. The private property of the officers and enlisted 
men shall be respected, and left to the respective owners. 

" Article 4. The position of Port Hudson shall be occupied 
to-morrow at seven o'clock a.m. by the forces of the United States, 
and the garrison received as prisoners of war by such general offi- 
cers of the United States service as shall be designated by Major- 
Gen. Banks, with the ordinary formalities of rendition. The Con- 
federate troops will be drawn up in line, officers in their positions, 
the right of the line resting on the prairie south of the railroad 
depot, the left extending in the direction of the village of Port 
Hudson. The arms and colors will be piled conveniently, and 
will be received by the officers of the United States. 

"Article 5. The sick and wounded of the garrison will be 
cared for by the authorities of the United States, assisted, if de- 
sired by either party, by the medical officers of the garrison. 

"Charles P. Stone, Brigadier-General. 

" W. N. Miles, Colonel commanding the right 

wing of the army. 
"Wm. D wight, Brigadier-General. 
" G. W. Steadman, Colonel commanding the left 

wing of the army. 
"Marshall S. Smith, Lieutenatit Colonel, Chief 

Artillery. 
" Henry W. Birge, Colonel commanding jth 
Brigade, Grant's Divisio?i. 
" Approved. 

N. P. Banks, Major-General. 
" Approved. 

Frank Gardner, Major-General. 

" The formal surrender of Port Hudson was accordingly made on 
the 9th of July, 1863. Gen. Gardner, on that occasion, offered to 
surrender his sword with his command, but was requested to retain 
it." 

[From the official report made by Gen. Stone to Gen. Banks, 
we learn that the number of enlisted men paroled at Port Hudson 
was 5,935; officers not paroled, 405. Aggregate of prisoners 
taken, 6,340. 



igo HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

Capt. Jackson, of the Confederate army, reporting to Gen. J. E. 
Johnson July 9, 1863, says: "Port Hudson surrendered yester- 
day. Our provisions were exhausted; and it was impossible to cut 
our way out, on account of the proximity of the enemy's work. 
We have lost two hundred killed, and between three and four hun- 
dred wounded, and two hundred have died from sickness. At the 
time of the surrender there were only about twenty-five hundred 
men fit for duty."] 

" I well remember that bright, pleasant morning in July when, 
with banners flying and bands playing, we proudly marched into 
Port Hudson. I then thought it the happiest day of my life. 

"The term of service for which the 5 2d Regiment enlisted 
expired while we were in the hottest part of the siege, but we had 
had the satisfaction and honor of serving until grand results had 
been achieved. We now enjoyed the distinguished honor of hav- 
ing aided in compelling the surrender of one of the strongest and 
most stubbornly defended military positions ever successfully 
besieged in this or any other country, thus aiding to remove that 
last remaining obstruction to commerce on the Mississippi River. 

" We could now return to our dear old New England homes, 
rejoicing in this exultant thought, in the proud consciousness that 
our military duties in the Union cause had been faithfully per- 
formed. 

" We were to be the first regiment to ascend the Mississippi 
River after it had been opened to navigation, but must delay our 
departure a week or two for want of the necessary transportation. 
While our army had been laying siege to Gen. Gardner on the 
east bank of the river. Gen. Taylor, whom we persuaded to vacate 
Fort Bisland and then pursued up the Teche to Opelousas, thence 
to Alexandria, as previously described, had been making things 
somewhat lively for Banks's remaining force west of the Missis- 
sippi, at Brashear City, and at Donaldsonville and vicinity. 

"About the 20th of June Taylor, having returned with his 
reconstructed command down the Teche, surprised and captured 
the federal garrison at Brashear City, numbering, all told (includ- 
ing convalescents), about fifteen hundred men, together with a 
large amount of supplies : thence, moving through La Fourche 
country, he struck the Mississippi near Donaldsonville, and from 
that point interrupted our communications with New Orleans. 
Thereupon, as soon as Port Hudson fell. Gen. Banks again paid 
his compliments to Gen. Taylor. An expedition requiring all the 



THE SURRENDER OF PORT HUDSON igi 

available river transportation was immediately fitted out and sent 
down the river to dislodge Taylpr at Donaldsonville, redeem La 
Fourche country, and recapture Brashear City. In the mean 
time our convalescents from New Orleans and Baton Rouge were 
brought up by Surgeon Richardson, members of the regiment on 
detached service called in, and other necessary preparations made 
to embark on the first transport that could be spared us. I im- 
proved this delay to ascertain the facts with regard to the conduct 
of the negro troops on the 27th of May previous, as it had been 
my purpose to do from the time the first reports of their wonderful 
exploits reached me. I went in person to Gen. Grover, — a model 
soldier, affable, competent, and brave, — in whose division the said 
Nelson's colored brigade served on the occasion referred to, called 
his attention to what had been said and written with respect to the 
conduct of that brigade on the 27th of May (and he had heard 
and seen reported substantially the same accounts of the affair 
that had reached me), and asked him to do me the favor to give 
me the facts in the case as officially reported to him, adding that 
I not only desired the actual facts for my own satisfaction, but 
that, as I was about to return North with my command, for truth's 
sake and the country's sake, I should take pleasure in stating the 
official facts to whomever they might concern in the North, when- 
ever I should have occasion. Gen, Grover smiled in his quiet, 
pleasant way, and replied : ' Well, colonel, the story is a short one, 
and soon told. Most of the unofficial reports of the affair which 
you inquire about that have come to me, as they have to you, are 
greatly exaggerated. Nelson's brigade numbered about fourteen 
hundred men : they participated in the assault on the 27th of May, 
but they made no such wonderful charges as has been reported. 
They did not leap the parapets and bayonet the gunners, nor in- 
deed did they get very near the parapets : they did not even carry 
the rifle-pits thrown out in front. Their entire loss for the day 
was one hundred and fifty-seven killed, wounded, and missing, the 
greater part of which loss was the " missing." ' 

*' Having kindly given me in person this interesting informa- 
tion. Gen. Grover referred me to his assistant adjutant-general 
Capt. Hibbert for further details of the affair. I forthwith 
called upon the assistant adjutant-general, used the general's 
name, made known my business, and from him received sub- 
stantially the above statement, derived from official reports then 
in his possession." 



ig2 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

From a lecture upon the Army Chaplain : — 

The last and hardest chapter in our experience was the siege of 
Port Hudson. Lucky for us, it was the last; for not many of our 
number could have survived another like it. It was the hardest 
service the regiment saw. We were close up under the rebel 
works, and remained there day and night, sheltered only by some 
rude earth-works we had thrown up for our protection. The dis- 
comforts of our position were not due to any one condition. It 
was not that the days were intensely hot and the nights uncom- 
fortably cold, and there was no escape from the one or the other ; 
it was not that water was scarce, and the little we could obtain was 
so filthy as to provoke disgust, the rations poor and insufficient, 
the meat fat bacon, and the hard-tack wormy ; it was not that the 
men were ragged and dirty, and had to live in the dirt, which, 
after a shower became tenacious mud; it was not that they had 
to occupy lowly and constrained positions (an upright posture was 
sure to be a fatal one) ; it was not that a perfect storm of cannon- 
ading and musketry was going on around and over them by day 
and night ; it was not that they believed that their term of service 
had expired, and that they were unjustly retained and the task be- 
fore them seemed hopeless, — it was not one of these conditions, 
but all combined, that made the month of June as full of hardship 
and discomfort as possible. A great deal of sickness prevailed. 
Just out of range of rebel muskets the sick men were stretched 
upon the ground, lying upon their blankets, exposed to the hot 
sun by day and the cold air by night, with such care as the assist- 
ant surgeon and the chaplain could render. Three hundred 
muskets were all our regiment could show ; and yet there was no 
insubordination. Our men went steadily, if not cheerfully, to their 
work, determined to see the end. All the harder this, and all the 
more honorable, that in several of the nine months' regiments there 
was open revolt. 



XX. 

COL. GREENLEAF'S ACCOUNT OF A FORAGING EXPEDI- 
TION TO JACKSON CROSS-ROADS. 

But to break the monotony of the siege for the 52d Regiment, 
an order comes to me from Col. Kimball, late in the evening of 
the 19th of June, to report with my command for duty at Gen. 
Banks's headquarters, three or four miles to the rear, at sunrise 
in the morning. 

We were no little puzzled to receive such an order, at such a 
time, under such circumstances, but had no alternatii^e but to obey. 
It required most of the remainder of the night to get the men out 
of the trenches in front to the reserve camps in the rear; but they 
were all fairly out by daylight, and ready to march as directed. We 
then mustered about five hundred guns altogether. We could 
muster no more, for the reason that many men had been made 
sick from hard marching and exposure, and many others had been 
put upon detached service. Arriving at the general's camp a little 
after sunrise, we there met for the first time Gen. Charles P. Stone, 
then (or soon to become) Banks's accomplished chief of stafif. 
He had been released from what many believed to have been un- 
just, arbitrary military arrest in Washington, a few weeks previ- 
ously, and ordered to report for duty to Gen. Banks in the Depart- 
ment of the Gulf. He had been under arrest about a year, yet up 
to this time did not even know the cause of the arrest, although he 
had repeatedly asked the proper authorities for specific charges. 
Rather a sad commentary on what Shakespeare denominates 
"even-handed justice" in Washington at that time. Gen. Stone 
has been commander-in-chief of the Egyptian armies for several 
years past. But I digress. We now receive the orders for which 
we came. We are to escort a forage train, consisting of one hun- 
dred and fifty-four mule covered wagons, to Jackson Cross-roads 
eighteen miles to the rear and return, and are to have added to 
our command for this service one hundred of the 2d Rhode Isl- 
and Cavalry, Lieut. Col. Corliss commanding, and one section of 



194 HISTORY OF THE 5 2D REGIMENT 

Closson's field battery. This train is to be in charge of Banks's 
quartermaster and wagon-master, and goes out to confiscate forage 
required for the army. It is known, however, at these headquar- 
ters that we are liable to encounter the same Confederate force 
(estimated at twenty-five hundred men), under Gen. Mouton, that 
Gen. Paine and his command sought to "gobble " at .Clinton, two 
weeks before ; but we receive our orders, the infantry mount the 
wagons as a guard, and we push ahead. A few miles out, where 
two converging roads meet and join, we found Lieut. Col. Loomis 
and Major Starr, of Grierson's famous command, who, with about 
fifty w-agons and two hundred of their fine cavalry, are also on a 
foraging expedition ; and it is soon agreed that we join our forces, 
and push on to Jackson together. This gives me a command con- 
sisting of five hundred infantry, three hundred cavalry, and one 
section of an excellent field battery, which, together with the two 
hundred wagons, make a train over two miles long. 

The country proves to be quite an interesting one. The high 
way is bounded by thick evergreen hedges in many places and 
skirted by wood in others, — a splendid country for bush-whack- 
ing, and correspondingly bad for a long forage train, where a 
superior force of the enemy is on the lookout for it ! Some eight 
or nine miles out we come to a deep gulch, or ravine, from one 
hundred and fifty to two hundred yards wide, which we cross. We 
are anxious and uncomfortable as we cross this ugly ravine : we 
imagine an itinerating battalion of Mouton's force confronting us 
on the opposite (western) bank as we return, and we are not 
happy. But on we go until about one o'clock p.m., when we reach 
Jackson Cross-roads. Here two roads cross each other nearly at 
right angles, running nearly north and south, the other east and 
west. A mile or two on the road to the north is the village of 
Jackson, from which the crossing takes its name. 

It is a fine, open, rolling country this. The ground is somewhat 
higher at the crossing than for some distance to the south and 
east, and we here command a view of quite an extended land- 
scape. Beyond the open fields to the south-east, seven or eight 
hundred yards away, is a dense wood. About half a mile to 
the south, a short distance from the highway, are several plan- 
tation out-houses, in which the wagon-master says forage is stored ; 
and on the road running east (about north-east from the cross- 
ing), about the same distance away, are still other buildings, in 
which there is also said to be grain. But, as we have no time 



A FORAGING EXPEDITION 



195 



to spare, we should load our wagons with all possible despatch, 
and begin our return march in season to recross that dangerous 
ravine before nightfall. 

The colonel comprehended the situation at once, and promptly 
gave what he deemed the requisite orders for securing the coveted 
forage. One hundred wagons would proceed to the plantation on 
the right and load up, preceded by Lieut. Col. Loomis with one 
hundred cavalry, who would take position on the road beyond to 
guard against attack ; while the other one hundred wagons would 
make their way to the other plantation on the left, and load up, 
with Major Starr and the remaining one hundred of Grierson's 
cavalry posted on the road beyond. 

A squad of the 2d Rhode Island Cavalry would be posted as a 
picket guard on the Port Hudson road in our rear, another on the 
Jackson road, and the remainder of that command, under Lieut. 
Col. Corliss, would constitute a guard well to the front. 

Our modest little battery was planted on elevated ground in the 
south-east angle of the crossing, where it would have a fine wide 
range, and the regiment (the guard having previously alighted from 
the wagons) formed in line a few yards to the rear to support it. 
The regiment stacked arms as soon as the line had been formed, 
and the members thereof immediately set about making coffee and 
overhauling haversacks for bread and meat for their lunch. These 
several movements were made simultaneously : they were likewise 
made quickly. We are now in the best position possible, under 
the circumstances. But, just as the cooks had fairly got their fires 
going, a cavalryman dashed up to me with a written message from 
Lieut. Col. Corliss, in which he said he had that moment learned 
from negroes and others on the plantation to the right that Gens. 
Mouton and Hughes had camped on the premises with their com- 
mand of twenty-five hundred men (many of them mounted) the 
night previous ; that they had been notified of our coming, and 
were now on the lookout for us ; that they were then in the wood 
or concealed in the fields near by, and that I might expect to be 
attacked by them in a few minutes. 

As I finished reading this interesting despatch, another cavalry- 
man rode up with a prisoner from the opposite direction, and I 
proceeded at once to interrogate them. The prisoner appeared to 
be honest and intelligent, freely answered my questions, and fully 
confirmed what Lieut. Col. Corliss had despatched to me with re- 
gard to the enemy and his whereabouts a few moments before. 



196 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

The cavalryman brought much the same story from the left. I 
inquired of the prisoner about the roads, — whether there was 
any road within a few miles of us north, connecting with the 
one running east from Port Hudson, which led to and crossed 
the ravine previously described. He answered that the road 
running through Jackson Village did this ; and I forthwith 
turned him over to the tender mercies of the cavalry picket- 
guard in the rear. 

I saw nothing to change in the dispositions at first resolved 
upon and already made, from the fact that we were really in immi- 
nent danger: we would await the threatened attack from whichever 
direction and in whatever manner it might be made. Nor were we 
long in suspense. Within five or ten minutes after Col. Corliss's 
message had been received, just as our communicative prisoner 
was marching to the rear, and before our coffee had been drunk or 
any bread tasted, "the hathin butternuts" open the military ball 
in good earnest. Crack ! crack ! crack ! crack ! go the rifles near 
the edge of the wood : then comes the rattle of volley after volley 
of musketry in rapid succession from the plantation on the right. 
"Battalion!" The 52d boys are in line of battle in a moment, 
and the artillery men are at their guns. We look. Behold ! the 
Southern hosts are filing out of the woods and fields, and massing 
within range of our battery. Our teamsters are evidently panic- 
stricken ; the mules are frightened, and running at the top of their 
speed, with their white-topped wagons, in every direction ; and the 
2d Rhode Island Cavalry are falling back. Two companies of the 
regiment deploy in skirmish line, and push to the front. Col. Cor- 
liss dashes up, and himself confirms previous reports as to whose 
commands and what numbers we have to encounter. Our two brass 
guns command the field. Among the many covered wagons in the 
train, and men and horses about our rendezvous, the Confederate 
generals had failed to notice the battery. We have only to swing 
around the muzzles of the guns to get the range, and open fire 
with shot and shell ; and this is done promptly, skilfully, and most 
effectively. The artillerymen do their whole duty, just in the nick 
of time. Mouton and Hughes evidently were taken wholly by 
surprise. We could see that their troops were about as badly de- 
moralized from the effect of our fire as our teamsters and mules 
had been from their attack. The artillery was in play but a few 
moments; and the enemy was soon out of sight in the woods, just 
in his rear. The fear then was that, as soon as he had sufficiently 



A FORAGING EXPEDITION 



197 



recovered from the surprise and punishment inflicted, he would 
re-form in the wood, which extended some distance to the north, 
swoop down on our left, half a mile away, gobble up the one hun- 
dred wagons and Major Starr's cavalry force there, and then return 
to attack our right from a more favorable direction. We feared 
he might first "gobble " our left, and then, by way of the Jackson 
road, put his greatly superior force in our rear on the further bank 
of the ravine heretofore described. At any rate, we were in no 
position or condition to cope with a much superior force, while 
thus spread out ; and, as it was clearly our first duty to save, if 
possible, our train, we despatched orders right and left to abandon 
further attempts at foraging, and for the teams to come in at once. 
We would concentrate our small force, and then, if again attacked, 
park our wagons, and fight it out to the bitter end ; or, if not 
attacked, seek to make the further banks of the ravine in advance 
of the Confederates. 

Simultaneously with the orders despatched right and left was 
still another order to the cavalry guard in the rear, as well as to 
the wagon-master, to halt the first teams that should come in at 
the post on the Port Hudson road, and hold them there until the 
train could be closed up, and the further order given to move. 
Soon the teams began to come in, — hurrah, boys ! pell-mell, helter- 
skelter, — some without drivers, some with two mules, others with 
three, now and then a mule with harness off or parts of it drag- 
ging on the ground, with a wrecked wagon behind, drivers and 
mules all under the greatest excitement. We expected every 
moment to see the enemy's horse dash at the flank of our left line 
and cut it in two as it came straggling in ; but we were happily 
spared the pain of such a sight. We knew it was the best strat- 
egy for him to strike our left while thus exposed, and were amazed 
that he did not do it. 

It was about one half-hour after the orders to concentrate had 
been given before the last wagon came in. Just at this moment 
a report came back that the cavalry squad posted to the rear had 
disobeyed orders, and failed to halt and hold the teams as they 
came up ; that, in fact, both cavalry and teams had been on a 
grand "skedaddle" from the time the first of the demoralized 
train came in. This report was indeed interesting. How was a 
forage train to be guarded that should become so frightened as to 
disobey orders, and run away from its escort ! As the enemy had 
failed to strike our left, he had probably passed around it, struck 



igS HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

the Jackson road, and pushed for the west bank of the ravine, in 
which case he would be almost certain to capture all teams so 
foolish as to run away from their escort. 

Lieut. Buddington, acting adjutant, — a brave, efificient soldier, 
and well mounted, — was thereupon ordered to ride with all haste 
to the said ravine, eight or nine miles distant, and to halt the last 
teams he should overtake by fast riding to that point, and the en- 
tire military command to close up at once on the rear of the train 
and take up the return march, in the hope that we might succeed in 
recrossing the ravine in safety before nightfall. As we closed up 
on the train, the infantry again " mounted guards," and a company 
of cavalry was sent to the front. Finally, as the rear of the train 
was no longer threatened, I rode to the front with the battery, to- 
gether with all but a squad of the remaining cavalry, reaching the 
head of the train, and overtaking Adjt. Buddington at the ravine, 
just as the long line had fully closed up. The adjutant reported 
that about fifty wagons had crossed the gulch before he could 
reach it, and that they had already been captured by the enemy's 
advance. At this moment a courier, coming across the country 
from the Union lines, rides up to me with a despatch from Gen. 
Stone, stating that, since the train started in the morning, infor- 
mation had reached him to the effect that a considerable force 
of the enemy would probably be encountered on the expedition, 
urging the utmost caution to prevent surprise, and suggesting that 
we make the best defence possible and send for re-enforcements 
in case of attack. But even this kind and considerate order ne- 
cessitated no change in our proposed movements. No sooner 
was it read than the order was given, " Forward ! march ! " The 
head of the column moved at once, and a few minutes later had 
reached the plateau on the opposite bank of the yet passable 
"gulf;" but the minute the advance had gained this high ground 
the Confederate advance opened fire on us from the right with his 
twelve-gun battery and smaller arms. 

Our glorious little battery promptly wheeled out of column to 
the right, and took position in front ; and a line of battle, embrac- 
ing all the infantry and cavalry at the moment available, was as 
promptly formed to support the battery. Our movement from 
Jackson had been too quick for the enemy : we had gained this 
strong position in advance of him, and we were happy. Lieut. 
Col. Loomis, who at first favored fighting the battle out at the 



A FORAGING EXPEDITION 1 99 

Cross-roads, now conceded that our orders for the return march 
had been " all right." 

Capt. M. H. Spaulding, Co. C, reports that, from information 
received from Major Graham of the ist or 2d Artillery, there 
were on the ground a Confederate force of three regiments of 
infantry, three of cavalry, and Adams's battery of six pieces of 
twelve-pounders. 

Mouton and Hughes fear our well-served brass field-pieces, and 
fall back before them and the determined battle front that we 
present. The wagon train passes along the road in rear of our line 
of battle, the gallant command closes on the last wagon as it 
moves past, and thus we return to Banks's headquarters without 
further incident, and there make our report of the expedition to 
the general in person. Gen. Banks regrets the loss of our fifty 
wagons and two hundred mules, — also, that we failed to secure 
more forage ; but he is satisfied from reports that had reached 
him during the day, as well as from our own report, that we " did 
well to get back with so little loss." 

The regiment marches back to camp in a somewhat jaded con- 
dition, hoping for a good night's rest and sleep in the woods. But 
late in the evening, after an enjoyable supper, and after some 
pretty racy stories of the day's exploits had been related, we were 
informed by Col. Kimball, in person, that a great mistake had been 
made by somebody in taking us out of the trenches and sending 
us off on such an expedition ; that the fact that we held so impor- 
tant a position in front was overlooked at Gen. Grover's head- 
quarters at the time the order was sent him, and that the error had 
not been discovered until too late to correct it; that, in conse- 
quence of this blunder, our hard-earned position in front had been 
unoccupied since we vacated it at midnight, and that therefore we 
must reoccupy it as soon as possible. And the half-compliment- 
ary, half-cruel order was obeyed, although it required most of the 
night to carry it into effect. Thus ended our perilous expedition 
to Jackson Cross-roads. 

The following day an adequate force, under Gen. Weitzel, was 
sent out to Jackson to chastise the predatory Confederates who 
had given me so much trouble ; but, as did Gen, Paine at Clinton 
two weeks previous, Gen. Weitzel, on arrival at Jackson, found 
that Gens. Mouton and Hughes had considerately left for parts 
unknown. It was ascertained, however, at the crossings that, in 
the engagement with our gallant little command the day previous, 



f 



200 HISTORY OF THK 52D REGIMENT 

the enemy suffered a loss of between thirty and forty killed and 
wounded ; while our loss, besides the sixty teams, was but seven 
or eight killed, wounded, and prisoners. Two members of the 
52d Regiment were captured with the runaway train ; and Lieut. 
Col. Corliss reported a loss of five or six of his Rhode Island Cav- 
alry. 



XXI. 

WITHIN PORT HUDSON AND THE JOURNEY HOME. 

[July 23 to Aug. 4, 1863.] 

July 12, 1863. 

My dear Wife, — Here we are in Port Hudson at last. I wrote 
you a few words announcing the surrender. We have had a very 
exciting weel<;. Last Sunday we were full of anxiety. A fierce 
battle seemed to be close at hand. Our preparations for another 
assault were nearly completed, and the result could not but be 
bloody and terrible ; and yet we were confident<hat we could win 
possession of the place. On Monday, July 6, Cyrus Stowell was 
killed. Have I told you about him ? He was a very pleasant fel- 
low, — a cheerful, hopeful, happy boy, the son of Deacon Stowell, 
of South Deerfield. A bullet pierced his head, and killed him 
instantly. We had had no burial services since the siege began ; 
but he was a very popular fellow, and the boys made a great effort 
to get possession of his body. The funeral was very impressive. 
It was about nine o'clock at night. He was wrapped in his 
blanket. We had two candles. The clouds hung around the hori- 
zon, and the thunder and lightning were abundant. Overhead was 
a patch of starlight. To the south, a little way off, the booming 
of cannon and the rattle of musketry told us that the bombard- 
ment was going vigorously on. As we stood around, while some 
of the men were digging a shallow grave, I told the boys it was 
the most impressive scene I had witnessed. When the grave was 
dug, the body of our comrade was laid in it, and a religious ser- 
vice held. In the midst of a prayer a bullet from a rebel rifle, 
whose range was a little longer than most, whizzed through our 
circle as we stood around the grave. I heard some one say, " Put 
out the candle ! " which a boy had been holding for me by which 
to read a passage from the Bible. 

The next day, July 7, came the news of the surrender of Vicks- 
burg. It was official, and gave great joy. The big guns fired 
their salutes, the bands played the most exultant strains, the men 
shouted for joy. The next morning, Thursday, it was found that 



2 02 HISTORY OF THE 5 2D REGIMENT 

Gen. Gardner had sent to Gen. Banks to propose terms of surren- 
der. At nine o'clock there was a meeting of officers of both 
armies to arrange the terms. At two o'clock it was announced 
that the terms had been agreed upon. I suppose you at home will 
infer that, as this followed so hard upon the surrender of Vicks- 
burg, it was dependent upon that ; but it is not so. The surrender 
would have taken place soon if Vicksburg had not surrendered. 
The rebels were fairly starved to it. There had been terrible suf- 
fering within the fort for some time, and all prospects of relief 
were lost : they must give up, or die. That afternoon we sent in 
beef and hard-tack for their use. I spent the afternoon in examin- 
ing our siege works, — the saps and mines our men had prepared, 
and which were nearly completed. The next morning, July 9, we 
had orders to be in line at eight o'clock, and soon after marched 
to Gen. Augur's headquarters, where we waited till ten to get our 
whole army into line ; and then, with flags flying and bands plaj'^- 
ing, we marched into this stronghold of rebeldom. There was no 
formal surrender of arms, such as we see in the pictures of Corn- 
wallis giving up his sword. If there were any such, we had not 
seen it. We were halted near the river. I found a tree that had 
been cut through by a shell and laid upon the ground. The 
leaves were still green. I crawled into the branches, and laid 
there till nearly night, with a solitary hard-tack for dinner on which 
to celebrate our victory. Ball got up a shelter tent at night, and 
we slept our first sleep in Port Hudson. The regiment, after loung- 
ing most of the day in the hot sun, were sent to guard the rebel 
prisoners, and are at the same business still. The next days, Fri- 
day and Saturday, I spent in examining the rebel works and talk- 
ing with the prisoners. This has kept me busy for a while in the 
morning, the only part of the day that I can do anything. The 
rest of the day I lounge in my tent, and do nothing, except I have 
found Bulwer's novel of "Pelham," which I have enjoyed reading- 
It is the only book I have, excepting the Bible. 

I wish you could be here for an hour and see this place. The 
fortifications are on the highest bluffs I have yet seen on the Mis- 
sissippi. The bluffs are about forty feet high, and as jagged on the 
water's edge as it is possible to conceive. The water, every time 
it rains, washes away some portion of the bluffs more than others. 
On the very edge of one of these projecting bluffs I am seated, 
writing this. The scene is a remarkable one. If I should take 
four steps in advance, I should plunge over a precipice forty feet 



WITHIN PORT HUDSON — THE JOURNEY HOME 203 

high. The water in the river comes up nearly to the foot of the 
precipice, and is rising rapidly. On the edge of the water are 
crowds of men in all kinds of dirty, ragged dress, both rebs and 
Feds, a good many in no dress at all ; for it is for bathing purposes 
that this crowd has collected. I look down upon hundreds of 
heads of swimmers bobbing up and down in the water. The river 
makes here an angle of ninety degrees. It comes sweeping 
towards me from the west, then makes a graceful bend to the 
south. The stream is broad and grand. I do not weary of sitting 
or lying here and watching it. To the right of me a little distance 
there is a dense forest, with the deepest green foliage. Near at 
hand the first thing that attracts attention is the broad folds of the 
United States flag floating victoriously to the breeze from a flag- 
staff raised upon the edge of the bluff. At its foot and all along 
the bluff, right and left, are the carefully prepared embrasures for 
heavy siege guns, several of which remain, though some have been 
dismounted by our shells. Within an arm's length of my right 
hand is one of the magazines for powder, nearly empty now. The 
little plot on which we are living has had all the turf removed to 
build into the embrasures. It is a dirty spot enough to live in. 
Some of the boys help me confiscate the door of the railroad sta- 
tion near by ; and we drag it to this little dirty spot, and it serves 
me for house and tent. Looking now at the south, there is the 
same broad expanse of river ; and three or four miles down the 
stream lie the gunboats, silent now, and, rising majestically among 
them, the tall masts of the " Hartford," Commodore Farragut's 
flagship. Much nearer, almost at my feet, lie six steainers which 
came up last night with stores, and, we suppose, are to take the 
rebel prisoners away. The edges of the bluff are lined with idlers. 
Feds and Confeds talking leisurely, and for the most part good- 
naturedly, together. I have said that the 9th was a happy day for 
us, and so it was. No words can express our joy that the siege was 
ended, and so satisfactorily. But so tired and exhausted were the 
men that we could not manifest much enthusiasm. We plodded 
on more like a funeral procession than like the triumphant march 
of a victorious army. We were seeing on every side the effects of 
the siege. The trunks of trees a foot or more in diaineter had 
been torn asunder by the heavy shot which had been poured in. 
Holes in the hard earth six or eight feet deep showed where shells 
had struck and been buried. The small arms of seven thousand 
rebel soldiers were piled together on the ground. We had a 



204 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

chance to see the huge siege guns that had been so effective, and 
now were silenced. 

Though we are within Port Hudson, it is not a paradise that 
we have found. About the time we entered here the rebels got 
in our rear below Donaldsonville with a powerful battery, and 
stopped all communications with New Orleans. This cut off our 
rations, not overabundant before, all at once. We had more than 
six thousand rebel prisoners to feed ; and they must have full ra- 
tions, whether we had anything or not. Our men have had the 
poorest food for a week past they have ever had. It has been so 
with the chaplain. The commissary has given out. So long as 
we could buy some bread and very poor butter at fifty cents per 
pound, we could have a butter toast ; but, when both bread and 
butter failed and we came down to hard-tack and pork fat, it was 
a good deal of a falling off. Since Ball substituted pork fat for 
butter and wormy hard-tack for bread, I have lost my taste for 
butter toast, and almost everything else, in fact. I told Ball that, 
when hard-tack became wormy and buggy, I wished he would rap 
it upon a log and toast it. I have had some tea, one part of 
which is sage and the rest a concoction of brass kettles and ink. 
We buy it for black tea. Of all the detestable living I have had 
has been of late ; and yet I find the fellows every day whom 1 
invite to dine or sup with me go into ecstasies over the splendid 
meal they have had, the best they have eaten for weeks, as I have 
no doubt it is. And then the smells ! Whew ! The rebels left us 
an inheritance of bad odors which would put Cologne to shame. 
If you were here, you would have a chance to hear the tallest 
scolding, fretting, and swearing there is to be had. 

Why don't we start for home ? is the inquiry many times every 
hour of the day. For these reasons : There is a great deal yet to 
be done. We can wait. The real reason is it takes time to secure 
transportation. And it is hot. That don't express it. I cannot 
express it. The men are still on duty, some on picket and some 
doing provost duty, — Co. A, for instance. Capt. Long proposes 
to stay here, and be colonel of the loth Regiment of the native 
guards, — a first-rate man for the place, a first-rate place for the 
man. He changed his plans, and will go with us. The "Feds "and 
"Confeds" meet here on a good degree of equality. Our army are 
guarding six thousand rebel prisoners. I move about among them 
very freely, and am much interested in them. The officers are 
cultivated and refined gentlemen. I cannot say as much of the 



WITHIN PORT HUDSON THE JOURNEY HOME 205 

rank and file. We have heated discussions about the causes of 
the war. Tlie officers talk intelligently, and are eloquent on the 
matter of State rights. The others, as far as I can discover, know 
little of the causes for which they have been fighting, telling us 
that the " Yankees came down there to steal their niggers. " All 
these seven thousand are to be sent home, giving their parole not 
to enter again the service of the Confederacy, and to appear 
when called for by the Federal government. As though their pa- 
role would be worth anything ! Capt. Long superintends the parole, 
and tells me that in some regiments nine-tenths of the men make 
their mark, as they cannot sign their names. What a contrast ! 
There are five or six men of foreign birth in our regiment who can- 
not sign their names, no more. I have had to write a good many 
letters for our men in hospital, but never for a man who was not 
able to write his own. The regiment is getting very sickly : ty- 
phoid and intermittent fevers abound. The three weeks in the 
trenches are beginning to tell upon the men. Our staying here 
two or three weeks or going home in two or three days will make 
a difference of twenty or thirty men more or less. But dinner is 
ready : I must attend to it ; but it is soon despatched. We are 
reduced to hard tack, and it is wormy and buggy. I will make 
up if ever I sit down to one of Bridget's dinners. How it makes 
my mouth water to think of it! What do you suppose I want 
most ? Some good mealy potatoes, some peas, some beans and 
onions. No vegetables do we get, no fruit of any kind. 

We have got together at last all who are able to go by boat up 
the river. Others go by water, and will probably get home before 
we do. If they are kept here for a month, it is doubtful if ihey 
ever see home, Christopher Newton is in the hospital, and prob- 
ably will not live the day out. Arthur Browning's bones are walk- 
ing about here. If he can get to Rowe, he can perhaps get some 
flesh on. His cousin from Colraine is here, more shaky than he. 
Our hospital here is the old depot building, in which sugar and mo- 
lasses are stored and meal scattered. But its dirt is not its worst 
feature. It is a sad place to go. even for a short visit, every day. 
I have seen more homesick men here than in any other spot. It is 
a sad place in which to have the fever. The Lord deliver me from 
such a fate ! I was not very well last week, and Ball thought I 
was homesick. I had no appetite, and he tried to pamper me with 
some salt junk and pickles. I feel quite well now. To-day I have 
distributed a couple of thousand books, tracts, and newspapers 



2o6 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

which have just arrived from the Christian Commission. I have 
gathered all my duds here, and am ready to start on an hour's no- 
tice. I cannot but think we shall get started this week. But 
expect me home when you see me. Keep up good cheer. I mean 
to. Have the boiler full of hot water when I arrive, ready to put 
me into, and some clean clothes for me to put on. 

July 23, 1863. 

My dear Wife, — I came pretty near beginning this with a fear- 
ful howl because we do not get away, but at last the order has come 
to go on board the "Chouteau " at 4 i\m., to start for Cairo. So 
there is some chance we may see the outside of Port Hudson. We 
are as anxious to see the outside as we were a few weeks ago to 
see the inside. It is very hot and sickly. Browning, of Colraine, 
died this morning. Spencer Phelps, one of the best of our men, 
also died this morning. I saw him yesterday, and saw that he was 
very sick. But he told me hopefully that he thought he could 
stand it one day more. But one of the last duties I am to perform 
here is to attend his funeral. I am well, but lean and hungry. 

From Church's journal : — 

"Mav II. — Some of us were sent to New Orleans as guard 
over a large number of prisoners. We went in the evening of the 
13th, and the next morning were on our way back to Barre's Land- 
ing. The trip was not a very hard one, but it used me up. Not 
much seemed to ail me, — only dumb ague, malarial fever, chronic 
diarrhoea; and, besides, I did not feel very well, so took steam for 
Brashear City. At this time I weighed one hundred fifty-six pounds, 
a few weeks later ninety-seven pounds. There I remain in ward fif- 
teen in the barracks hospital, and saw no more of the regiment till I 
joined them at Port Hudson. Right here I wish to say a word for 
the Sisters of Charity during my hospital life. I know them to 
have been untiring in their efforts to relieve the sick and the suf- 
fering. No matter what the creed, none applied to them in vain. 
They are a noble band of self-denying workers. Too much cannot 
be said in praise of their efforts. 

" I reported for duty July 15. Those who were called well were 
guarding the works. I was one of those called well. There were 
no well men. All were used up, and were a sad-looking set. We 
were informed that, on account of our good record in the depart- 
ment, we should be the first regiment sent North ; and July 23 we 



WITHIN PORT HUDSON — THE JOURNEY HOME 207 

marched to the river and aboard the steamer ' Harry Chouteau.' 
We were going home. Do you know what that means to us ? " 

Col. Greenleaf's address at South Deerfield, 1892 : — 

" Comrades of the t^zd Regiment Massachusetts Volunteers, Ladies, 
and Gentlemen, — Two years ago, upon the occasion of the twenty- 
fifth annual reunion of the 52d Regiment in Bernardston, I had 
the honor of reading to those present the second chapter, together 
with a portion of the third, of my imperfectly written reminiscences 
of our army experiences on water and land. This brought us 
down to the surrender of Port Hudson, — the grand result of mili- 
tary service of the 19th Army Corps in the Department of the 
Gulf. 

" But little now remains for me to say. Having already de- 
scribed in a very indifferent manner the more important events in 
which we took conspicuous part, — commencing with our embarka- 
tion on the old ocean steamer ' Illinois,' in New York Harbor, 
and ending, as I said, with the capture of Port Hudson, — it now 
only remains for me to describe, in the same imperfect manner, our 
weary yet gladsome journey home. Therefore, a few parting 
words, and we will proceed homeward. 

" While our army had been laying siege to Port Hudson on the 
west bank of the river. Gen. Taylor, whom we persuaded to vacate 
Fort Bisland and then to retire up the Teche to Opelousas, thence 
to Alexandria, as previously described, had been making things 
somewhat lively for Banks's remaining force west of the Mis- 
sissippi at Brashear City and at Donaldsonville and vicinity. 

"About the 20th of June Taylor, having returned with his re- 
constructed command down the Teche, surprised and captured the 
Federal garrison at Brashear City, numbering, all told (including 
convalescents), about fifteen hundred men, together with a large 
amount of army supplies : thence, moving through La Fourche 
country, he struck the Mississippi near Donaldsonville, and from 
that point interrupted our communications with New Orleans. 
Whereupon, as soon as Port Hudson fell. Gen. Banks again paid 
his compliments to Gen. Taylor. An expedition requiring all the 
available river transportation was immediately fitted out, and sent 
down the river to dislodge Taylor at Donaldsonville, redeem La 
Fourche country, and recaptur£ Brashear City. 

"In the mean time our convalescents from New Orleans and 
Baton Rouge were brought up by Surgeon Richardson, members of 
the regiment on detached service called in, and other necessary 



2o8 HISTORY OF THE 5 2D REGIMENT 

preparations made to embark on the first transport that could be 
spared us. 

"As will be remembered, our term of service expired during the 
siege operations ; but, to the honor and glory of all, the regiment 
remained in the trenches and on other active duty to the end. 

"We were to be the first regiment to ascend the Mississippi 
River after it had been opened to navigation, but must delay our 
departure a week or two from want of the necessary transportation. 
And just here I think it proper to introduce a copy of a letter writ- 
ten at this time and place by a distinguished l^nion officer, then 
personally known to many of us, whose name, when I shall speak 
it, will be recognized by all as that of a most gallant soldier of 
Western Massachusetts. This letter will serve to explain, in a 
measure, why it was that the 5 2d was to be the first regiment to 
return home via the Mississippi, — a circumstance which caused 
some comment at the time, inasmuch as the term of service of sev- 
eral other regiments had jireviously expired. The letter reads as 
follows : — 

" IIkadquarters Dept. of the Gulk, 19TH Army Corps, 
PuKT Hudson, July 20, 1863. 

"MajorGen. N. p. Banks, commanding Dept. of the Gulf, New 
Orleans : 

" General, — I inspected the camps, hospitals, kitchens, etc., of 
Ullman's brigade this morning. They are getting into a pretty 
good state of police generally. Large mortality from dysentery 
and measles. 

"There is very considerable disaffection in some of the nine 
months' regiments. Most of them think of nothing but getting 
home, without any regard to want of transportation. To-day one 
company of the 50th Massachusetts mutinied, and refused to do 
duty. The mutineers were promptly put under guard ; and I have 
directed Brig.-Gen. Andrews to send them under guard to-day 
to New Orleans, to be sent to Ship Island for hard labor during 
the war, subject to your approval. At the same time I have 
elected the 52d Massachusetts Regiment, in which there has been 
no instance of refusal to do duty or of insubordination, for im- 
mediate shipment North, and, without any publication of the fact, 
have allowed it to be understood that the regiments are to be 
shipped in such order as to leave those who behave badly to go 
last. Most of Ullman's brigade are unarmed. Shall the arms 
and accoutrements of the nine months' men be taken from them? 
"Very respectfully your obedient servant, 

" Chari-es p. Stone, 

Brigadier- General. 

[Taken from official Records of the Union and Confederate Annies, Series i, 
vol. xxvi., Part I., p. 648.] 



WITHIN PORT HUDSON THE JOURNEY HOME 209 

"Possibly, in this connection, the following letter written by me 
to the editor of the Greenfield Gazette and Courier, with respect to 
this good ' friend at court,' a few months later, may be of some in- 
terest to his friends who may survive, as well as to the surviving 
members of the regiment and their friends, many of whom, I know, 
were the personal friends of Gen. Stone. This letter, although 
intended for publication, never was published, to my knowledge. 
Perhaps it was not deemed worthy a place in the columns of the 
Gazette and Courier during the perilous times in which it was 
written; but of this you maybe able to judge better than I. It 
reads thus : — 

" [Copy.] 

" New Orleans, June 10, 1S64. 

" S. S. Eastman, Esq., Editor " Gazette and Courier, Greenfield, 
Mass.: 

'''■Dear Sir, — I notice, with much pleasure, in the Gazette and 
Courier of the 23d of May, duly received, an article headed ' Gen, 
Charles P. Stone,' exonerating him from all responsibility for the 
disaster which befell our late expedition up Red River. 

" I am pleased, sir, with this article for two reasons : first, be- 
cause I think it states but the simple truth with regard to Gen. 
Stone, than whom, I believe, there are but few better soldiers 
anywhere, and none who came nearer my idea of a gentleman ; and, 
secondly, because of the ' irrepressible ' interest I feel in the 
records of all good soldiers from my adopted State, and especially 
in the records of those from Western Massachusetts. 

" Of Gen. Banks's responsibility in the matter I do not presume 
to speak. Undoubtedly, it will yet appear that he, too, has been 
unjustly censured ; but, whoever may have been at fault for the 
results of that campaign, of one fact you may rest assured, — that 
person was not Gen. Charles P. Stone. 

" We have unquestionably many excellent officers yet remaining 
in the Department of the Gulf, — ofBcers well tried and true, and 
who command the respect and esteem of all who know them ; but 
I think I speak but the common sentiment of officers and men in 
this department, when I say that no one of the many is more uni- 
versally respected and esteemed than Gen. Stone, or more de- 
servedly so. 

" And I intrude this line upon you at this time, sir, simply as 
a tribute of justice to one of whom Massachusetts may well be 
proud, and whom, I believe, history will show to have been greatly 
wronged. 

" Truly yours, 

" H. S. Greenleaf, 



2IO HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

" But 1 digress. The necessary preliminary arrangements having 
been made, late in the afternoon or evening of the 23d of July, 
1863, the regiment took passage on the old river steamer ' Henry 
Chouteau' for Cairo, 111., whence we were to proceed home by 
rail. A large portion of the steamer — indeed, the most comfort- 
able portion — was converted into a hospital, and filled with the 
sick, many of whom were destined never again to cross the 
threshold of the old homestead, or again to behold the faces of 
loved ones who were eagerly awaiting their return. 

"Spencer Phelps, of the Northampton company, breathed his 
last in his tent on this day, while busy preparations were being 
made to permanently 'break camp.' I saw him in company with 
Capt. Spaulding, and was recognized by him, as he lay stretched 
on his rubber blanket, on the ground, a few hours only before we 
enbarked on the steamer ' Chouteau.' He died in his uniform, a 
manly man and brave soldier, one of many victims to congestive 
fever, while others of his comrades were rejoicing in the hope 
that, having made their last march and fought their last battle in 
Louisiana, they would soon be welcomed back to family and 
friends among their native New England hills, in the blessed hope 
that, having faithfully performed the military duties which had 
been given them to do, their lives would still be spared to stand 
erelong once more upon their native heath, beneath our dear New 
England skies. 

" Our first night on the river was made memorable by the loss of 
one of the many royal members of the regiment, — Joshua G. Hawks, 
of the Deerfield company. He was, indeed, a splendid specimen of 
the Massachusetts volunteer soldier. That other equally splendid 
specimen of the volunteer soldier. Prof. James K. Hosmer, who 
served as a corporal of the same company, and who, as we all 
can testify, stood bravely, manfully, by the colors to the end, thus 
speaks of his comrade Hawks in his 'Corporal's Notes of Military 
Service,' entitled * The Color Guard ' (pages 230, 231) : ' Grosvenor 
Hawks, indeed, my good friend, a high-minded patriot, whose great 
spirit had carried his feeble body through all our exposures, though 
pale and haggard, went from man to man, shaking hands. He lay 
down at night, spreading out his blankets with his old comrades. 
In the morning his couch lay as he had spread it ; but he was 
gone, and the eyes of no man have rested upon him since. His 
was a brave and knightly soul. No doubt he rose in the night, 
too exultant, perhaps, over the brighter prospects of our great 



WITHIN PORT HUDSON THE JOURNEY HOME 211 

cause, and over the thought that hardship honorably borne was 
soon to be over, to sleep. The moon, about full, floated gloriously 
before him in the heavens among the summer clouds, as the 
" Sangreal, with its veils of white samite," floated before Arthur's 
pure-souled knights. A misstep with his weak limbs, and he fell 
overboard into the flood. So our good friend must have perished.' 

"On the 27th of July, while yet on our passage to Cairo, three 
other ' weary and heavy-laden ' soldiers crossed the dark river on 
board the ' Henry Chouteau,' — namely, Sylvester Howes, of Co. 
E, Warren A. Graves, of Co. H, and Henry M. Albee, of Co. 
B, — making four of our number who died on board the steamer 
between Port Hudson and Cairo. 

"Natchez, Vicksburg, Memphis, and Island No. Ten were 
passed in slow succession, with little time for any one on board to 
go ashore for any purpose. A few of the more able-bodied and 
enterprising improved their opportunity to visit a portion of the 
city and fortifications of Vicksburg, but their numbers were indeed 
few. So worn and weary and sick were most of us that great 
effort was required to get up much interest on our part, even in so 
famous a city as this, made more famous by its stubborn and long- 
continued resistance to Grant, and whose final and unconditional 
surrender preceded but a few days the surrender of Port Hudson, 
to which the 52d Regiment had contributed its full share. 

" Is it strange that, under the circumstances, the wonderful, 
battle-scarred city and fortifications of Vicksburg should have had 
no attractions for us ? 

" So of Memphis, so of Island No. Ten. We cared little for 
either as we steamed past : our objective point was Massachusetts ; 
and nothing could divert our minds from thoughts of home by day, 
nor our gaze from the north star by night. 

"On the 30th of July — seven days from Port Hudson — we 
landed at Cairo. And, that my respected hearers not connected 
with the regiment may have some idea of the slow speed of the 
' Chouteau,' I will say that in 1867, four years later, I made the 
entire distance from New Orleans to Cairo, — one hundred and six- 
teen miles farther than from Port Hudson, — on the steamer 
' Ruth,' in four days and a few hours. 

" We found Gen. Buford, of the Union army, in command of 
the post at Cairo, and were very kindly received by him and mem- 
bers of his staff. To him we at once applied for railroad transpor- 
tation, via the Illinois Central, to Massachusetts; and so promptly 



2 12 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

was it furnished that we were able to proceed on our journey the 
same day, July 30. We were, however, compelled to leave some 
eighteen of our sick (who were unable to travel by rail at the time) 
in hospital at Mound City, 111., near Cairo. Fortunately, I am able 
to give their names. They are as follows : Charles E. Spear, 
of Shutesbury; J. H. Osmond, of Orange; Amasa A. White, Co. 
B ; Lorreston Pierce, of Shutesbury ; George F. Bardwell, of Deer- 
field ; A. B. Goodnough and Charles C. Crittenden, of Conway ; 
Watson W. Cowles, of Amherst; J. W. P. Wheelock, of Amherst; 
George M. Smith, of Hadley ; Henry A. Oakley, Hiram M. Bolton, 
of Winchester, N.H. ; Benjamin Lombard, of Hadley ; Nathan 
Perkins, Henry G. Claghorn, of Williamsburg ; Edward F. Hale, 
of Ashfield ; Truman Bowman, of Co. F; and John Bascom, of 
Montague. George Wait, of Montague, — a noble, big-hearted 
comrade, who no doubt was as anxious to return to family and 
friends as others, but able-bodied himself, — magnanimously vol- 
unteered to remain behind, to care for these more unfortunate 
comrades. Truman Bowman also volunteered to remain behind 
to care for the sick. 

" We left these poor fellows in hospital at Mound City, as pre- 
viously stated, on the 3olh of July, and, with hearts sad on their 
account, proceeded on our journey home. Our route took us to 
Mattoon, 111., thence to Indianapolis, Ind., thence to Marion, 
Ohio, thence to Cleveland, thence to Buffalo, Rochester, Syracuse, 
Utica, and Albany, N.Y., thence to Massachusetts. 

" At the beautiful little town of Marion, Ohio, we were met by 
her citizens with open arms. We were here received with the 
most generous hospitality, and for the first time since we sailed 
from New York, Dec. 2, 1862, were most royally entertained, 
and in a way never to be forgotten. Nothing in the way of whole- 
some food or drink was too good for the tired and dusty soldier. 
It was an oasis in the desert ; and to this day I never recall to 
mind that occasion without a feeling of gratitude for those good 
people of Marion, not only on my own account, but also in behalf 
of the regiment." 

From Church's journal : — 

"The deck of the steamer had been occupied by horses, and 
was not so clean as a decent man would keep his stable with us. 
At Cairo we were put aboard a train of cars, and were slowly 
whirled towards home. As we stopped at the stations on the way, 
the people of the villages crowded about us, and loaded us with 



WITHIN PORT HUDSON — THE JOURNEY HOME 213 

provisions in abundance. We began to think we had reached 
God's country once more/' 

We reached Westfield, N.Y., before sunrise Sunday morning. 
There our engine broke down. We knew not how long it would 
take to repair it ; but, without leave of the officers (we were enter- 
ing the land of freedom), many of us rushed to the houses of the 
village, and clamored for food. The inhabitants were still in bed ; 
but, sticking their heads out of the windows, they saw their village 
invaded by as dirty and as ragged a set of tramps as their eyes 
ever rested upon. We made known our wants, and they were 
hastily supplied, mainly with bread and milk ; for we could not 
wait for anything else, and hurried back, so as not to lose our 
train. 

At Albany the chaplain was so fortunate as to get several 
pails of coffee for the one hundred and fifty sick men aboard. 
Time was limited ; and he forgot to secure any for himself, and so 
fasted till the afternoon, when the train stopped for a moment at 
Pittsfield, where he expended his last five-cent piece in two dough- 
nuts with which to break a twenty-four hours' fast. 

From Col. Greenleaf : — 

" Soon Cleveland was reached without notable incident, and 
then in due time — although it seemed to us the slowest on rec- 
ord — Buffalo. Here, too, as at Marion, we were received by the 
people with the utmost cordiality, — especially by the whole-souled 
members of the Rev. Dr. Hosmer's church, — and were gloriously 
welcomed by them. It was Sunday; and the good Dr. Hosmer, 
having been notified by his gallant soldier-son — the 'Corporal of 
the Color Guard ' — of the probable hour of our arrival, the Uni- 
tarian friends especially flocked from their church to greet us 
about the hour of one o'clock p.m. The New York Central Railroad 
Depot had been extemporized, practically, into a mammoth ban- 
queting hall for our use ; and all the luxuries to be found in that 
fine market, calculated to tempt the appetite of a half-starved sol- 
dier, apparently had been supplied in unlimited quantities. No 
one who never has had army experience similar to ours ever can 
know how enjoyable was that reception by the kind people of Buf- 
falo, or how blissful we were made by the banquet in the depot 
on that second day of August, 1863 ; and God grant that no other 
body of men, either in blue or gray, shall ever receive, as did the 
52d Regiment, the preliminary education requisite to the full en- 
joyment of a reception and banquet like that !" 



214 HISTORY OF THE 5 2D REGIMENT 

We reached Buffalo, N.Y., about noon on Sunday, August 2. 
News of our coming had been telegraphed by Corp. Hosmer 
to his father, Dr. Hosmer, pastor of the Unitarian church in 
that city. The minister read the despatch, which was handed 
to him as he stood in the pulpit, to his audience. Further ser- 
vices were given up, and the congregation met us at the depot 
with large supplies of provisions. The people were very much 
surprised at our haggard appearance. With tears in their eyes, 
they filled our haversacks, and wished us a fervent Godspeed 
to our homes. The night of Aug. 3, 1863, we were home again, — 
a weary, tired, worn, lean, and sick company of men turned 
old before their time. 

One of the most striking features of our stop at Buffalo was 
the contrast which the men of the regiment presented to the men 
who were assembled to greet us. Our men were walking skeletons, 
— ragged, unkempt beyond words to express. Our appearance 
would have been ludicrous in the extreme if it had not presented 
so sad a picture of suffering and privation. The one distinguish- 
ing feature in our appearance was the great staring eyes of half- 
starved men. Our hosts were clean, well-fed, well-dressed men. 
But they treated us with a cordial and abundant hospitality. 

" Bidding the kind friends in Buffalo adieu, we slowly took our 
way to Rochester, where, for some reason not now remembered, 
we were detained until some time into the night, during which 
time, the train being at a standstill and the thermometer in the 
nineties, we suffered greatly from the excessive heat. Strange to 
say, it seemed to me that we really suffered quite as much from 
this cause during our brief stay in Rochester as we ever had done 
from the same cause in the far distant South. 

" One after the other, Syracuse, Utica, and Albany were reached ; 
but, as might have been expected, the nearer we got to New Eng- 
land, the more our train seemed to ' slow up.' No other train in 
all the world was ever so slow ! Finally, we reach and cross the 
old Bay State line, and soon after the picturesque town of Hins- 
dale, the home of some of the 'boys 'of Co. I; and here they 
leave us, to meet again in Greenfield on the 14th of the month. 
Springfield comes next. Here we take by the hand a few old 
friends who have come down the river to meet us, and here tele- 
grams from still other friends begin to come in. At Greenfield 
another reception and banquet is to be tendered the Franklin 
County 'bovs ' who may reach this last station of our long, tedious 
route. 



k 



WITHIN PORT HUDSON THE JOURNEY HOME 215 

" Co. C, Co. G, Co. H, Co. K, and Co. I leave the train at North- 
ampton. Comrade Gere, then the late polite and efficient post- 
postmaster of Baton Rouge, now the accomplished veteran sec- 
retary and treasurer of the regiment, had anticipated somewhat 
our arrival. His tall, familiar, commanding figure was the first to 
greet our longing eyes as we pulled up to the Northampton station. 
He served his country well ; has served the regiment exceeding 
well since; is a good citizen; 'and may his shadow never be 
less ! ' But again I digress. 

" Co. D takes leave of the remaining companies at Deerfield, so 
that only Co. E, Co. F, Co. B, and Co. A are left to be enter- 
tained by the dear friends of Greenfield. 

" Thus what remained of this gallant, war-worn, ' schoolmaster ' 
regiment returned to the place from which, on Nov. 20, 1862, 
it started for the front, nine hundred and thirty-nine strong, — 
to the pleasant village in which it was organized; to the lonely 
camp in which, on the ist of October, 1862, it pitched its first 
tents, — returned on the third day of August, 1863. 

"The Greenfield Gazette and Courier^ issued a few days later, 
made mention of the return of this remnant of the regiment in 
these words : ' The train was met at the depot, at the south of 
Cheapside bridge, by a large concourse of our citizens, with the 
band and No. 2 Engine Company bearing torches. As the train 
came to a stop, the returned volunteers were greeted with loud 
cheers, and the band struck up "Sweet Home." ' 

" Carriages were on hand to convey the sick to Franklin Hall, 
which had been converted into a hospital, beds having been placed 
there and every convenience for sick men, with a plenty of at- 
tendants, both male and female. The sick were soon conveyed to 
the hall, where twenty-two of them remained through the night, 
several being very sick. 

"Those who were able to ride were taken home by their friends. 
Those of the regiment who were well were escorted to Washington 
Hall, where our citizens had set tables loaded with refreshments 
of all kinds, which were partaken of with the relish of hungry men. 
The hall was filled to its utmost capacity with the friends of the 
soldiers from this and the neighboring towns, and their greeting 
was a hearty one. 

"There were some sad hearts present, however, A father, a 
wife, and brothers first heard on the arrival of the regiment, or 
by telegraph while waiting its arrival, of the death of a son, 



2l6 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

husband, or brother whom they had come into the village to wel- 
come home." 

From Col. Greenleaf : — 

" We numbered on our return seven hundred and ninety-four, all 
told, eighty-five of our number having died of disease, and eleven 
having been killed in battle, or died from wounds received in 
battle. 

"Monday evening, August 3, the regiment, what was left of it, 
was met at the south end of Cheapside bridge (the bridge had 
been burned a few days before) by a large concourse of our 
citizens with a band ; and, when the train came to a stop, the return 
volunteers were greeted with loud cheers as the band struck up 
' Sweet Home.' Those of the regiment who were able were es- 
corted to Washington Hall, where the citizens had set tables 
loaded with refreshments of all kinds, to be partaken of with the 
relish of hungry men. Among the multitude present there were 
some sad hearts, a father, a wife, and sisters, first hearing, on 
the arrival of the regiment, or by telegraph while waiting its 
arrival, of the death of a son, husband, or brother whom they had 
come into the village to welcome home. One father exclaimed 
with choked utterance, ' I came here expecting to welcome my 
son alive and well, but he is dead.' Another was informed that 
his only son had been left behind in a low condition. 

" But few changes had been made in the field, staff, or line, from 
the time of our organization in October, 1862, as a regiment, to 
the expiration of our term of service in 1863 ; and, as our term of 
service had long since expired, it now only remained for us to be 
formally ' mustered out,' and this was done in due form on the 
fourteenth day of August, each discharged soldier receiving a cer- 
tificate of honorable discharge. 

"Thus ends my somewhat disconnected reminiscences of the 
52d Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers, — as fine a regiment, 
I believe, as ever was mustered into the service of the United 
States. I would that these reminiscences were more worthy of 
your consideration ; but, such as they are, you now have them with 
my earnest blessing. 

" You, my old comrades, like myself, entered the service of our 
country from patriotic motives, with little knowledge of the art of 
war. You left that service with honor to yourselves, a chivalrous 
body of men, accomplished soldiers, well versed in that art. From 
that memorable day you have properly taken rank with the ' Veter- 
ans of the Union Army.' 



WITHIN PORT HUDSON THE JOURNEY HOME 217 

" Claiming nothing for myself, but speaking rather in your be- 
half in what I now have to say, what patriotic heart, let me ask, 
would not be stirred as are uttered these most eloquent words, 
' Veterans of the Union Army ' ? We are thrilled again with high 
resolves, we hear again the bugle-call, we view again the mar- 
shalled hosts. Do people realize what these silent words, ' Veter- 
ans of the Union Army,' imply ? Do they realize that these five 
words stand for whole volumes of the most thrilling American 
history, both written and unwritten ? That better and more truly 
than any others can these words express love of country, loyalty to 
the old flag 1 They tell the story of desolate hearthstones and 
sundered family ties ; of bereaved parents, weeping children, dis- 
consolate maidens ; of physical daring and courage unsurpassed in 
the history of the world ; of mental and physical suffering greater 
than men could bear. 

" They speak of the sentry's midnight watch ; of the attack, the 
repulse, the retreat ; of the clash of arms, the ' hum ' and ' ziz ' 
of musket-shot, the roar of cannon, the shriek of murderous 
shell, the dying and the dead. They recall Sherman's grand 
march to the sea. They remind us of the unmerciful forced march 
beneath a broiling Southern summer's sun ; of the far-off, tented 
field ; of the ever-present ambulance ; of the military hospital ; of 
the Confederate prison \ of ignominious defeat ; of glorious victory ! 
They tell the story of Fair Oaks and Malvern Hill ; of Manassas 
and Antietam; of Shiloh and Gettysburg; of Chattanooga and 
Cold Harbor ; of Vicksburg, and Port Hudson and Red River ; 
of New Orleans and Mobile ; of Savannah and Charleston and 
Richmond. 

" Except for the ' Veterans of the Union Army, ' what, think 
you, would long since have become of our boasted republican 
form of government, of our beloved Union under the Constitution, 
of the great United States of America ? This magnificent country 
of ours, greater and grander far than any other on the face of 
the globe, whether ruled by queen or king or president,— now in 
fact, as heretofore in 7iame, ' the land of the free and home of the 
brave,' — in my humble judgment, owes more of its genuine prosper- 
ity, more of its true glory, to the patriotic service of the ' Veterans 
of the Union Army ' in ' the days that tried men's souls ' than ever 
can be paid. 

" Still claiming nothing for myself, let me say that, do what we 
may and can for those who survive, they and their children and 
their children's children will be their country's creditors still. 



2l8 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

" And that all the blessings of liberty and union secured to us 
by the valor of our Union soldiers, during the late war, may be 
vouchsafed to each succeeding generation in all the years to come, 
will never cease to be the hope of every true patriot in the land, — 
yea, of every genuine lover of mankind in other lands ! 

"To this end, let all who crave these inestimable blessings, now 
and forever, stand firmly by the principles of the Declaration of 
Independence and the Constitution and laws of the United 
States. 

" Unselfishly, we rendered military service : unselfishly, let us 
now render r/W/ service." 



One of the pleasant duties of the chaplain was to serve as post- 
master to the regiment. Preaching sermons was a subordinate 
duty : very few sermons were preached. While the regiment was 
in camp at Baton Rouge, we sent away about 300 letters a day. 
We received as many as we sent. The mails of course were very 
irregular, and no conjecture could be formed when one would arrive. 
Ours were usually brought by the steamer " Iberville " ; and, when 
her deep puffs were heard at a distance down the river, they never 
failed to make a commotion in camp. " A mail ! a mail ! " was 
heard from all quarters ; and, whether by day or by night, there was 
no peace till the mail was secured. The chaplain on his black 
horse — on the whole, an honored member of the regiment, in spile 
of her occasional pranks — hurried to the landing two miles away, 
and sometimes returned as empty as he went, and at other times 
leading his horse, while two men walked by her side to hold the 
plethoric mail-bags from falling to the ground. The arrival in 
camp under these conditions was a grand triumphal march, in 
which the cheers of the men were liberally bestowed on the chap- 
lain, his horse, and the load. One must have been a stranger in 
a strange land to appreciate the welcome given to a mail from 
home. The arrival of the mail was the happiest event in our 
army life. 

After the mail was disposed of, the chaplain must make the 
rounds of the various hospitals, of which there were several in 
Baton Rouge, and always crowded with patients. Here he must 
find and look to the wants of all members of the 5 2d Regiment 
who were so unfortunate as to be consigned to the hospital. The 
regimental hospital was an empty saloon called the " Rainbow," 



WITHIN PORT HUDSON — THE JOURNEY HOME 219 

in which we had twenty or thirty, sometimes fifty, sick men lying 
upon the floor, with their blankets for their beds and their knap- 
sacks for their pillows. In various other places, especially the 
general hospital, in which several hundred sick men were congre- 
gated, the boys of the 5 2d Regiment were to be found. All these 
the chaplain must visit as often as he could. Sometimes he had 
only a word to speak, a question to ask ; at other times to deliver 
or receive messages, read or write letters ; sometimes a prayer to 
offer or advice to give ; sometimes a word of cheer and hope of a 
speedy recovery to whisper into the ear, but whispered so silently 
that the next comrade could not hear it, for to him no word of 
hope of recovery could be spoken. It was not much the chaplain 
could do, but I am sure the word of sympathy was not spoken in 
vain. These visits to the hospital were sad occasions. The loneli- 
ness of the men, their homesickness, the absence of home comforts, 
made their cases in times of sickness very trying. After these 
visits were over for the day there followed an experience even 
more depressing. Death overtook many of our men as the result 
of the great change of climate and the exposures of camp life. 
For two months of our stay in winter quarters in Baton Rouge a 
funeral was almost a daily occurrence. Nothing could be more sad 
and solemn than these military funerals. A procession of soldiers 
with arms reversed, muffled drums and fifes playing a funeral 
march, a baggage wagon drawn by two mules, containing the body 
of our dead comrade, laid in a rude pine box, a few intimate friends 
of his company, and lastly the chaplain on horseback, — such a 
procession made its way almost daily, sadly and slowly, to the lit- 
tle cemetery just outside the city, which had once been neatly kept, 
but now the fences had been torn down, the paths neglected, and 
everywhere were signs of the desolation war leaves in its path. A 
brief service was held at the grave, a volley fired over it, and in a 
few days a pine board rudely lettered would mark the spot. After 
we had entered into more active service and had become more in- 
ured to scenes of death, the funerals were far less formal, and at 
last well-nigh ceased altogether. 

I cannot bring these reminiscences, both sad and pleasant, to 
an end without testifying to the almost universal cheerfulness of 
the men in the most trying circumstances. The grumbling was 
mostly when the men were well-fed and idle in camp. The sickness 
and hardship were courageously borne. Men under these condi- 
tions seldom regretted that they had enlisted, even when death 



220 HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

was Staring them in the face. To my oft-repeated question to sick 
men, lying upon the ground with no bed but their blankets and no 
pillow but their knapsack, if I could do anything for them, the 
usual answer was, " No, nothing : I have all I need." They 
seemed to appreciate the fact that there was little we could do. 
I should like to speak of individual instances of patience and hero- 
ism, but must forbear. And I close by bearing testimony to the 
kind treatment and courtesy which all the members of the regi- 
ment manifested toward the chaplain. They were ready to help 
me in every way they could. They were all to me as personal 
friends, and I shall remember to the end of life the thousand 
acts of kindness and good will I received alike from ofticers and 
soldiers of the 52d Regiment. 



ROSTER 



OF THE 



^2d REGIMENT 
MASSACHUSETTS VOLUNTEERS 



























_ 








M 




















ON 








ON 




















" 








*" 





















CO 








fO 




_r^ 
















'"' 








M 




















rj 








>^ 




HH 
















(S 




(Ti 
























•— > 








^ 




















2 




< 




^ 




»— , 
















"oB 




S 




^ 




^ 
















<s 




<A 





<l> 




s 

-6 
















00 

c 
.S 






> 




















6 






bi 

o 
z 

f4 


^ 








n 







s 




u5 






c 



a 


1) 


1 




1 


S 




2 




2 


■^ 


sf 


1 


£ 




u 
O 




c 


tn 








:2i 




VC 

-a 







c 
1; 

OJ 

6 




2 

'^- 
0) 

x: 

OJ 








1-1 










C 









M-^ 










6 










to 

















2 


,<< 










3 








CIh 








O 


fe 










c« 








=y 










■a 






1 


1 


oa 






c 


C 




1 


>> 




c 






1 


1 


c 


c 


c 


rt 


nj 




1 


ct! 


O 




V. 


)m 






.2 


.5 


2 


£ 


£ 






4J 


u 


lU 


D 






'G 


!5 


!§ 


>> 


>-. 


(U 




XI 



O 




>> 


>> 
^ 






'tn 


'55 


'35 
>> 


M 
^ 


£? 

D 








rt 


rt 






^ 


X 


J3 


r^ 


rt 




a. 




h-1 


h-1 






Ph 


PL, 


CL, 





U 


P; 




< 


% 




c' 


^ 


V 


<L) 


d 



3 


3 


c 

'rt 




bb 
u 
4) 




2 


2 

< 







Oh 




3 


< 


in 

< 
< 


as 

u 


to 

S 


£ 

u 


d, 

X 


^* 


cs 


N 


M 


M 


N 


M 


CI 


fo 


N 


M 


ri 


M 


N 


fc 2 


vO 


\o 


vo 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


O H 






































VO 


Cf\ 


























C) 
















Cv 




3 
< 


M 
< 


< 


a, 


fcb 

3 

<5 


> 




1) 






bb 
3 
< 


< 


bJo 

3 
< 


a, 

U-2 




m 




jn 
























^ 








c 










c 


C 


c 



c 


fc 2 
O U 
M S 


&H 




fe 









2 















lU 


4J 




2 


a, 


2 






2 


£ 


£ 


^ 


£ 


u H 


>-4 


}_ 


_l-i 


<^ 


OS 


y5 


OJ 


c 


'^ 


rt 


rt 


'■£ 


PS 


1 2 


lb 


<u 


|b 


c 


X 


c 


4-1 





c 


-C 


X 


X 


,r' J 




.c 




0) 




<u 


tA 




0) 






V-. 




(^ 2 


"w 


< 


"ij 


1) 


}-i 


(U 


(D 


tn 


(U 


>-i 


i>4 





h 


M 


j3 

















pq 











^ 







r^ 


r^ 


00 


^ 


t~^ 


CI 


00 


„ 


OS 


fO 


ro 


CO 


r-^ 


b 


M 


ro 


ro 




H 


ro 


M 


fO 




^ 


•^ 


ro 


ro 


O H." 




























X 




N 




VO 


ro 


Tt- 


rn 


VO 





VO 







M 


W H 


M 


(S 






M 














ro 


N 


^« 


a, 


> 








tJ 




c3 




d 


C 




> 




-0 




< 


^ 




S 





<5 


s 


m 


Q 


1—, 




!2; 


P^ 








> 


oj 


c 




> 






C 


C 


c 


c 


« 


-4-J 






S 







K 















b 


> 
•a 


C 



a! 


a, 

£ 


(73 










a, 

£ 


£ 



bb 

.£ 


a, 
£ 


O 

H 
U 
< 


'3 




.12 

'0 


IS 


u 

(A 




12; 


3. 





c 












!S 








(4-1 













c 








>> 








H) 






9-1 




OJ 




t/3 











T) 




bi 

< 
% 
.J 

(I. 




12 


<—\ 

3 

s 


M 
C 

c 

c 
X 



(U 

Q 

'i 

-a 


>-• 

si 
u 

cJ 

d 
'i 

W 


■XI 

< 


4> 

•a 


TJ 

If 
CS 

u 

s 

C 


►— > 


C/3 

c 


Ui 




C 



1— ) 


c 
IS 

>> 

c 

X 


IS 

CS 


£ 
.5 


U 

Q 

tu 
bJO 
»-■ 







E -Z 



E ^ « 



2 « 'iS 

:? a o 

« O N 

=« ^; .-= 



H 'g 



z.Z~° 



u o e 



"O I 



O '^ 

^ T3 



^ ^ 

<« .- 



o 5! "o 
■5 SI ^ 
a. o. c 

p. <U (^ 

<; OS £<; 



(iii) 



< 

o 
o 















vo 






























^ 




•■ 










•■ ^ 






























00 




% 










fn 




















VO 




00 






■<? 




^ 










]^ 
























*■ 






N 




u 






























00 
N 

O 




6 






bb 

3 

< 


< 


G 










bO 




















V 




<L) 






s 

H 












3 
O 
















CI 

00 




Q 









G 


■d 

c 


« 


>-• 

o 










c 
















<■? 












>> 

3 




(U 










o 
PQ 




















"o 
U 




rt 




O 

2 

PQ 






TJ 










"O 
















-d 




"d 




-d 




•d 


"d 


• 

u 
u 






u 

Q 












•d 




J 


> 


>^ 




















C 


c 


_; 










1^ 




. 




*u 


















z 


1 


o 
en 


o 

c 


"". 


2 


1 


2 


2 


-:^" 


c 


G 

o 

*-* 






1 


2 


1 


G 


I 


C 


1 


1 






T3 


d" 


"oJ 




i> 


13 


o 


p: 


bJO 




o 




<u 




^ 




^ 






u 




^ 


bO 


IC 




ic 


"4= 


O^ 


o 


_C 


> 


>' 
S 




y: 




O 




O 






Pi 




c 


1 

rt 


(J 


4> 




§ 


c 

0) 


13 
> 


c 


c 


O 




c 




c 




c 










0) 


^ 


^ 


u 




1^ 


I. 


ctf 


c 


3 


OJ 


<o 




ii 




c 




c 










PQ 


U 


o 




O 


o 


K 


D 


K 


PQ 


;2^ 




o 




t3 




:= 
















ex 








































.:^ 


■*-* 


o 




4j 












































C 












!8 


















z 

o 






"u 


o 


i 
o 
















■•n 


















h 




^ 


c 


1) 


J= 




i> 












^ 
















< 

a. 


4J 
>> 


3 
O 

3 


1) 

E 

c 
u 

> 
o 

o 


E 

0) 
JO 

E 

3 


in 

c 

rtf 
E 
<u 

o 


1 


E 

"e 

3 


E 


m 

'g 
o 


B 

o 

c 

Id 


1— , 


u 

o 

o 


E 

3 


E 

O 


0) 

E 


1 


O 

c 
c 


1 


c 
o 

c 


0) 
C 

■(3 

Pu 


1 






^ 


^ 


j^ 




















_ 


















.s 


3 


3 


bO 




















2 
















^ 


V 


4) 




a> 


















o 


u 














•< 


&, 


J 


■^J 


O) 




3 


:: 


5 


: 


5 


3 


i 


3 






3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


Pi 




<n 


73 


<n 




















o 
U 
















h 


N 


N 


N 


N 


N 


N 


N 


M 


M 


M 


N 


M 


N 


N 


M 


N 


N 


C4 


N 


N 


N 




vp 


vp 


vp 


vo 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


rP 


«- 


<5v 


'^ 


(5> 


00 


« 


vo" 




(5 


C^ 




(5 


6\ 


ro 


d; 


o; 




i5 


<5 


d\ 




^ 


^j 




4-^ 


^^ 






ti) 

3 


^ 


^ 




^ 


^ 


^ 


^ 


|J 


^ 


^ 


^ 


^ 


*-» 


cx 


a. 


&0 


a, 


a. 


w 


t 


a, 


a 


bO 


a. 


a, 


a 


Cl< 


a 


D. 


a 


a 


O. 


o 


u 


v 


3 


(U 


0) 


u 


V 


u 


3 


u 


u 


«> 


u 


u 


D 


V 


(U 


<u 


u 


o 


w 


C/3 


<: 


Cfl 


W 


o 


< 


< 


W 


W 


< 


c« 


W 


(73 


c« 


Cfi 


Crt 


C/) 


OJ 


C/3 


H 




c 








































O M 


-a 


o 


"O 






























13 










</) 








































U S 


1) 


TD 


u 






























V 








u H 


« 


^ 


M3 






























VC 








< i2 


c 


a 


c 


^ 


^ 


^ 


^ 


„ 


^ 


^ 


* 


^ 


„ 


^ 


^ 


^ 




c 


>, 


^ 


w 


-"" J 


lU 


G 


<u 


■* 


* 


" 


" 


■" 


- 


" 


"• 


" 


■" 


" 


" 


" 




OJ 


" 


* 


• 


(^ z 


0) 




OJ 






























0) 








H 




0) 


^ 






























)-■ 








o 


M 


O 




























b 


o 










"1 


o 


r^ 


"t 


M 


ro 


00 


OS 


t^ 


o 


^ 


a\ 


ro 


ro 


-^ 


ON 


Tj- 


M 


„ 


r^ 


VO 


tb 


ro 


N 


/o 


^"d- 


_;«»• 


_;^ 


JN 


/o 


/O 


_5-i 


;^ 


/o 


_7l- 


^Ti- 


_•* 


_rO 


^TT 


JO 


^■f 


•-• 


_rO 


X 








':: 


T? 


'f 


m' 




m' 




C> 


00 


rC 

M 


vo" 


6 


00* 




rC 






fO 


^« 




^ 
S 


O 




1 — . 


C 
rS 
►— > 




1) 

c 

3 

1—1 


< 


o 

c 

3 
•— > 




ra 


< 


SJ3 


c 

ni 
>— > 


c5 
IS 


1 — . 




1) 






















bb 










> 
















c 




n 

h 
O 


2 


c 

o 


3 
13 

U3 


2 
I) 


C 

o 

M 

-a 


2 

13 


2 


> 

x" 


2 


1) 

3 


E 

0! 


c 


bb 

c 


c 




13 


G 


2 
13 


c 

c4 


2 
13 


O 

i 


2 

13 


n 


c 


c 


c 




rt 


c 


rS 




cd 


12 


'i 


0) 


OJ 


T3 


"H 


y= 




a 


j2 


c 


u 


(U 




<u 


s 


c 


u 






c 


1^ 


■o 


& 


G 


u 


in 


r^ 


V 




1) 


< 


<u 




CJ 


<u 


kl 


0) 


o 




^ 


o 






>^ 


ii 






CJ 


<u 


3 


0) 


ft. 


o 


3 

pq 


6 


o 






^ 


< 


0) 

Pu, 


■^ 


1> 

h4 


o 


^ 


"o 


s 


3 
pq 




O 
CO 


O 






















c 


























^ 










_c 


3 

_o 

M 

tn 




"e 

a 

"g 

tu 

pa 

D 
i« 

3 
O 




'a> 










en 




c 




>\ 


H 

s 
< 

a 

[I. 


o 

h-1 

pq 

c 
o 

CO 

G 
a! 


3 

w 

c 


c 

rt 

> 

U 

c 


o 
u 


_5 

< 

en 


u 


3 
< 

£ 

o 


u 
P5 

>-. 

u 

G 


0) 

o 


If) 

5 

3 
in 

3 
bO 


c 
o 

PQ 

_C3 


bC 

.s 

o 

u 




13 
PQ 

en 

O 

S 


.9 

in 

(1) 


o 

u 

pq 

c 

O 
in 


o 
o 

c 


G 

"a. 
a 

U 

>^ 

C 


in 

O 
ii 

u 

13 

S 




^ 


^ 


J3 


O 




x: 


a> 


3 


u 


3 


*" 


^ 


rt 


JS 


13 


(L) 


OJ 


rt 




< 


W 


£ 


U 


2 


E 


U 


E 


O 


o 


< 


w 


< 


IS 


< 


U 


12; 


X 


E 


Q 



Z 5 



n § 5 



tcT. 
a . 
o <u 

Q 



o 


00 




ffi 








U 


r 


T3 




O 



u -^ 



^ I t-l 



W u 



o o 



^ s c 

O O CJ ^ 



-211 



^ O 



u 



o o 



1> •- T, 






;iH Q U S fe S 






rs o ■•:; 

fjH o fin 



E? .> 



o t; ti 



vp 


vp 


o 


VO 


ip 


VO 


O 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


VO 


vp 


vp 


vp vp 


'P 


VO 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


« 


ro 


(5v 


d^ 


cK 


cf\ 


d^ 


(5 


ro 


•-0 


(5 


dv 


Cv 


d\ 


6\ 


Ch 


(5 


r? 


ON 


C^ 


a\ 


<5 


a, 




a, 

C/2 




(L> 


C/2 








a. 


a, 


a 


a 


a 
<u 
C/3 


a 

(U 


a. 


a 


o 


a, 

C/5 


a. 


a. 

(72 


a 



c 












c 


c 
































o 




TD 


T3 




•a 


o 


o 




T3 








T3 


































































-a 




<L> 








T3 


•o 




1) 








<J3 




















r 




5 


5 






oJ 


rt 




c 

ID 


;: 


3 




<u 


:: 


- 


s 


- 


- 


- 


- 


= 


^ 


u 


' J 


1) 


1) 


r~i 


■u 


^ 


^ 


— { 


0) 






^ 




































































W 


o 


o 


O 


o 


O 


m 


pq 


O 


o 






o 


o 


















o 


rh 


n 


M 


^ 


Ov 


o 


r^ 


r^ 


vn 


VO 


r^ 


ro 


Cv 


00 


o 


^ 


o 


■=^ 


„ 


»H 


t-^ 


o 


N 


--i- 


'^ 


Tj- 


m 


'i- 


'^ 


M 


w 


Tt- 


M 


^ 


ro 


CO 


fl 


•^ 


Tf 


Tt- 


Tf 




ro 


■^ 


-* 


CO 


rC 






6 


6 


00 






-- 


VO 


-' 


CO 


crv 

C4 


^ 






« 


VO 


ro 


O 


^ 


-" 


^ 






> 

o 




O 


6 


XJ 






1-^ 

a 






o 


c? 




> 
O 


a 


6 


CJ 


a 


1) 


a 


S 


S 




"^ 


o 


o 


Q 


^ 


o 


S 


< 


§ 


<5 


Q 


s 




^ 


< 


o 


m 


Q 


< 








s 

ID 


d 








c 






























2 




x) 


o 




tn 


> 


'f> 








^ 




> 


2 

4=1 
C 
u 










2 

m 

C 
u 

0) 










lU 
<L) 




-a 

C 








Xl 


-a 

c 






o 

>- 


3 


j-T 

0) 


n 


- 


. 




= 


' 






<U 
















O 


o 


^ 


J3 




















'^ 


o 


« 


^ 


M 


< 


M 


CM 


pq 


1— I 


U 


U 


O! 


(-1 


o 








o 


o 














c 
















c 
















(U 






OJ 

u 


P 
< 


c 

Q 




s 
d 


XI 

>-. 

o 

P 


2 
o 
O 

>-• 


3 
O 

O 

M 
-d 


PQ 
<u 

o 

o 


b 

x) 


en 

C 


>> 

% 

"o 


o 

■»-» 

"^ 
o 

c 


c 
o 
A 

m 

03 


"in 

B 


Si 

a 


>-> 

"bb 

c 


.2 

s 

h-I 

< 


C 

o 
pi 


en 

c 
o 

Ph* 

"u 
in 


XI 

.s 

IS 

Q 


en 

a; 


"a 
o 
o 

c 
o 


c 

u 

o 




a, 

IS 


.2 

'o 


o 

S 


.5 
1 


1 


C 
O 
<u 


u 






S 


pi 


c 

< 


2 
P^ 


c 


O 

o 


s 

1— . 


>-> 

2 

Ph 


Ml 
u 
O 
o 

o 


U 



(V) 



c 



O 

















d 


00 




^3 

nj 1) 






































_>^ 


r^ 




-o £ 






• 




00 




























"3 
1 — . 


3 




(0 S 






< 


















< 
S 










NO 







< 

5 


2 


2 £ 






- 





% 




























3 


en 


"U 


13 3 










tn 
























M 

si) 

3 
< 




P rrxD 

Pnvppa 


C 

ID 
<U 










3 

>-. 

pqvp 


nl 

3 

(U 

PQ 
























-6 




•6 


-d 


-a 


13 






•6 




-d 






















c 


























3 























































U 








o 


























U 










u 

III 

Q 

H 

1^ 


c 
-a 


1 


2 

c 


U 

u 

O 

12 


' 





1 


1 


1 


1 


5 

tn 

3 


> 



3 


1 


3 

tn 
u 


1 


3 



3 



bii 

c 
•5 


2 
13 

(3 
3 


2 

13 

t3 
3 
D 


"3) 


2 
13 

<3 

3 




;« 




lU 




.— 










nJ 


^ 




C 




tn 


3 


0) 


<0 


■"H 


1) 




rt 




L. 


1-) 




3 










> 


<i) 




D 










1h 


u 




IH 




o 




o 


m 




(y 










w 


> 




M 




03 


w 








W 





2 

O 












3 
1 


1 


1 


1 


























cu 




1 




^j 


^ 


c 


1 


1 


1 




u 




















•^ 


§ 

o 






c 
o 

CO 

nl 


.i2 

'5 
IS 

o 


1 


£ 








0) 

£ 


1) 

3 
tu 

C 


£ 


1) 

3 


OJ 

£ 


III 
£ 






'3 




£ 




£ 


tn 
(J 




IM 




o 


D. 










^ 




u 


nl 


^ 


u 




x* 


m 




.t^ 




o 


ri 








rt 


rt 


rt 


'C 


rt 





nl 


nl 


3 


nl 




tlH 




J 


Oh 








fe 





fe 


Ph 


b 


H 


hJ 


fa 


u 


fa 


s 










4> 












^ 




, 










_^_, 










Z 




5 


- 


£ 
£ 

3 


rt 


C 




- 


- 


3 
nl 

E? 






a 




:: 


=: 


= 


3 
ni 
(U 


13 


^ 


S 


- 




*u 








*u 


CJ 


'u 






(U 


*)h 





'u 








OJ 


*ui 










(1< 






Q 


Oh 


c« 


0- 






OT 


CLi 


U 


Oh 








CA) 


PLI 








H 


N 


M 


N 


N 


N 


N 


N 


N 


p) 


N 


PI 


N 




M 


N 


N 


P) 


PI 


r^ 


N 


N 


u. a 


iP 


VO 


<o 


VO 


VO 


VO 


vp 


vp 


vp 


VO 


VO 


vp 




VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


vp 


Vp 


o u 


* 


" 


** 


" 


" 


*■ 








•■ 


• 






" 


•^ 


"* 


" 


* 


*■ 


*^ 


" 




i5 




a> 


(5 


O 






Cfv 


^ 


dv 


p)" 


i-T 


1 


d 


6^ 


ds 


d 




d^ 


d 


d 










rj 














M 


1 


















< » 














bJo 






















bJO 

3 








Q^ 


a, 




c 


c 


4J 


a, 


a 


D. 


c 


a. 


4J 




Oi 


&, 


D- 


c 


D< 


D, 


Cl< 


V 




<u 


lU 





0) 


3 


V 


V 


4) 


0) 







4) 


tu 


<u 


1) 


OJ 


OJ 


« 


u 


C/2 




W 


w 





C/3 


< 


Crt 


tn 


Cfi 


CA) 







(73 


Cfi 


tfi 


Cfi 


•< 


Ol 


c« 


CAl 


-^ 
















c 












3 


















•a 










5 


2 


c 


2 













-o 




























tn 












(/3 
















u H 


0) 










-a 


13 


"H 


13 

(3 










-d 


<L) 
^3 














1^ z 


c 
<u 


3 


s 


s 


- 




s 

4> 


nl 

C 


3 


5 


: 


;: 


= 


3 


3 
ID 


~ 


:: 


S 


- 


s 


- 


U 


9 










i-« 


(U 


IH 


<u 










IH 


0) 














»-i 













1h 


u 


u 










4> 


b 
















O 










pq 





03 













03 



















o 


00 


ro 


•<t 


Tl- 


r-- 





fo 


►H 


10 


-* 


lO 


ON 


r^ 


N 


►H 


PI 


r^ 


Tf 


ro 


PO 


b 


_Tj- 


__-^ 


/^ 


^Tf 


^'^ 


JT' 


^■^ 


^Tf 


__•* 


_rO 


_PO 


TT 


_PO 


^ro 


_fO 


_Th 


_fO 


_P1 


^■"^ 


;* 


•H 


Ox 






'f 






d 

M 


ro 


10 


oo" 


N 


pT 




pT 


pp 


►f 


d 


ro 


p? 


« 




■<f 


a« 




C 
rt 

S 


1— > 


J3 








1-^ 


3 
3 
1— . 


< 


<u 

p 









1 — 1 


ti 

3 
< 




OJ 

3 
S 
1 — . 


> 




3 
nl 
1— , 


a, 

< 


a 
























nj 




















H 
























PL, 


3 








tn 










ffl 


TJ 




T3 






1 


2 




2 


-a 




^ 




a, 


3 



5 




tn 
nJ 


2 


T3 




■V 


u. 








"O 


-d 


C/) 












3 


£ 

ni 


tn 


tn 




a> 






3 




u 




T3 


145 


"o 


"5 






13 


3 


V3 


(3 


_3 


J3 


T3 

^ 


TJ 
^ 


nl 


c" 


_3 


4J 

t3 




5 


X 


C 


c 


ic 


IC 


rt 




OJ 


3 


3 


• H 


X. 


ra 


ni 


> 





3 




< 




_rt 


4) 


!-• 


u 




s 


-0 


1) 


D 






3 


3 


r* 




d) 




c 






OJ 


<1^ 


<D 


n 


0) 


>> 


(U 


lU 


'> 


r3 





^ 


i-i 


3 


^ 


*c 


V 







&I 


o 


D 


;~< 


0) 


<U 


dj 


;-■ 


a> 


l< 




^ 


(U 


V 








n. 






'& 




o 


a 


Q 


m 





hJ 








u 


K 


;^ 


03 


PQ 


u 


PQ 


c« 





b 


S 














^ 
































S 
J 

D 


ID 
O 
O 


O 


£ 
.5 

> 


13 

Id 

£ 


13 


i 

6 


£ 


u 
<u 


c 


% 




3 


& 

Iz; 

u 
-0 


tn 

s 


tn 

£ 


tn 

0) 



tn 


tn 
<u 

ni 

£ 




1J 


PL^ 

X. 


nJ 

PL, 


lU 
nl 

PlH 

3 
"0 

& 



03 


en 

.&• 

2 

Ph 

•A 


tn 

.&■ 

2 

PL, 

c3 

tn 


I- 
tn 

.9" 

X 
PL, 

u 


tn 

2 

PIh 
3 









in 
i> 

6 

•— > 


o 

O 


.5 


1 




2 




3 

s 
w 






a; 



£ 


X. 






4) 



13 
fa 


X 
Ml 

■? 

Q 


2 

n! 
Q 


3! 

ni 

X 


3 
< 


C 
% 


tn 

3 

MH 

3 
Pi 



(vi) 















0) 


co" 

M 












> 
o 




Q 






t5 








c 






o 

j3 


>, 






o 




_: 




u 






1—^ 








01 






>> 


>— > 






nl 


^ 




•"I 








> 








o 






C 
O 


c 
o 

tn 






0) 

td 


c 
■a 


to 

c 


in 

C 

'o 


Yl 








3 








O 






rt 








f^i 


3 

d 




-r. 


-. 


Tj- 




o 








O 






u 










o 


<u 
Q 




r^ 




o 

>-i M 

PQOD 








J 






TJ 


-d 






U 


-■^\ 


'~' 


■a 




t3 






T3 












s 






































c 




























ns 










o 




























li 










r ) 






c 






































c 


T! 














> 






S 










-a 


1 


1 


^ 


O 




1 




1 




1 




1 




2 


_H 


2 


2 


o 


1 


1 


Tf 


-a 


2 


1 








1 


'/i 




1 


1- Id 

OJ C 

> u 

ai 0) 


1) 


> 

-a 
c 


c 

0) 


td 

c 

a) 






O 




<d 
c 
<u 

a) 




















^ 


fQ 


o 


o 


^ 






J 


^ 


o 












3 

m 


o 











































O fe 1-1 



3 e - c ^ 

° ni <u ai a> 

ffi pL^ H-1 CL, H 



o s :3 



tJ ti o -t; 



CJ PM fe U Ph 



U CL, 



vp 


VO 


iP 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp vr 


(5 


o^ 


<5 


c5 


(5 


s 


cf\ 


■<i- 


c5 


cK 


Tj- 


d\ 


(5- 


d^ 


<5v 


" 


dv 



m in m m m 



a. 

W2 



O! C/2 OJ C/5 C/5 C/2 



m O pq O 



M M a\ oo 



Q O 



S Q 



fe t^ Q 



Q fe 



a\ 00 oo 



< Q 



iS c 



60 13 
5 C 



o u S o hi: 



o 



-r> -^ P 



B >>• 



rt (d <d bO <d 3 



5 -c! 



•r- « .i= 



O S-l .■!-> 



pq pq ffi O O U 



O ^ ;^ ffi O 



0^ ^ 






.2 .3 rt 



. fiH C/2 M 

U „ c o 

u rt 2 S 

t; j= .5 M 

■t; ^ -^^ « 



S 3 

. C/3 



— aj ^ 



^ < ^ 



^ ^ 



^ ^ ^ 
(vii) 



« Pi u D- 



o E c 

V^ .- hn 



" c c 



Hi 00 






J S 

So •- 

m -a 



S 11, 
•5 5" 



. ~2 VO 



CuO 



•S'S „^ 
° s « "S 

V S £ U 



" rt 

ss 



3 -= 



C "O 



'— « 00 



a .2 




II 




S w 

O 3 

•S < 


a 


s 


"2 "u 


a 
p 


•s s 




X v, 


•a 


7, 














■ — .2 


rt 


• 2 >, 






01 


yj 










£'f. 






S-, Si 




ii JS 


— 


C 


c 






























PS Pi 


S 


Pi Ol 




< A 


Pi 


Pi 






G 
ctt 

O, 

B 
o 
O 

















i-O 


















V.O 




































m 


















bO 


















3 




'^ 














< 




< 






00 








2' 


T3 


Oi, 














143 

c 

(U 



13 


4> 

43 
U 
tn 

Q 


a 




































2 








Xi 










H 
Q 

H 


O 


2 


1 




2 

a 


o 

c 

c 


1 


c 



c 

c 




■ ffi 


O 




o 


X^ 




D 










in 


















M 


















k^ 


















O 


















> 










Z. 


















o 








HJ 










h 


















< 








rt 








1 


a. 




u 




:s 


o 


c 






o 


c 

D. 

U 


c 

U 

IS 


u 

£ 

>- 

(I4 


T3 

u 
CL, 


c 

ri 

o 
<u 


o 

c 

c 


Is 






















!^ 






f3 


rt 










u 


u 
































< 
(Hi 


> 




a 

u 
O 


O 


PS 

> 

■n 


"* 


" 


^ 




PL, 


CL, 


U 


U 


CU 








si 


N 


M 


M 


M 


M 


N 


M 




<o 


VO 


\o 


v,0 


VO 


VO 


\o 


VO 


^ ^ 


" 


















^ 


ON 


^ 


ON 


ON 






•< 2 


> 
o 


to 

s 

< 


C/3 


bO 

3 

< 




(U 


bo 

3 
< 


a. 
<u 


si 


T3 
















51 




















c 


















0) 

o 


















N 


r^ 


CO 


O 


VO 


m 


fO 


■* 


b. 


■* 


^ 


ro 


■* 


i-o 


fo 


ro 


r^ 


Ob 


« 


VO 




r^ 






VO 




n" 


bX) 


(J 


iZ, 


>- 






u 




s 


OJ 


a 














< 


Q 


< 


^ 






IS 




x 


















n 


c 
o 












K 
^ 




b. 

O 

u 


c 

0) 


2 


c 




2 

y2 


> 


i-T 




<: 


c 


0) 




H 


<u 


'^ 


c 


IS 


Ph 


^ 


Q 




rt 


Q 


pq 


K 






^ 














c 


< 


1 


tfl 


en 








bn 


3 

.Q 

4= 
tn 
oi 

•< 



N 


.J 

a 






13 


en 

C 
rt 


Jtn 






<u 


fT' 


rt 


c 




c 




rt 




'^ 


o 


E 


u 







^ 


^ 


o 
in 


:r 


hJ 


>> 


< 



m 

2 

< 

% 

o 
o 



^ 




























4 














S 














cd 






^ 








ot: 






C 
3 
•— > 

•d 








u 














u 














Id 




„ 


, 




^_, 






C 


1 




c 


1 




















e 


S 




c 


£ 

0) 






(« 

b 






k^ 


rd 









-C 







4= 






u 


U 




u 


u 




z 











































H 














< 






1 






1 


a. 














» 














B 


t^ 


u 




u 


u 







a; 


4) 







OJ 




s 


e 




£ 








u 














,«1 


rt 




rt 


n! 






liH 


k< 




(X, 


t^ 












,, 






u 


c 


3 


3 


to 


a> 


u 
















•< 


a. 


h4 




en 


> 


> 


^% 


M 


M 


N 


M 


M 


« 


VO 


VO 


VO 


\o 


VO 


VO 


n 


^ 


" 


*■ 


*■ 


" » 








00 


ro 


" 


- 


ON 


< 2 

Q -J 


bO 

9 
















0- 
0) 






< 


C/J 


Crt 


yj 


yj 


Cfl 


H 




























M 




c 








c 


U H 


















£ 
— 


5 
-a 


.S 


"(5 


£ 
(5 


u 





J3 


(1) 








-C 




U 


u 


U 


u 


U 


U 




ON 


ON 


00 


„ 


„ 


Ov 


h 




N 


f^ 


Tf 


fO 




Id H 


d; 


?; 


rC 


oi 






n« 


rt 


(< 


u 





C 


cx 




S 


§ 


Q 


Q 


1—. 


< 


X 














h 














« 




























CO 




c 








c 


h. 



















B 


£ 




c 




£ 


5i 




rt 


0) 

•a 






(5 


a, 





j3 


u 







J3 


u 


U 


hJ 


u 


W 


u 








c 





































td 




-ri 


bO 


M 


£ 

< 

0) 


-*■ 


g 


c 


<U 


c 


•~ 


Q^ 


< 

:z; 







T3 

-a 
3 
M 


£ 


< 


a 
b 


eu 


13 


f5 


< 


S 




j3 






3 


b/) 






rt 




c 


J2 




^ 




















O) 



1— > 


u 


<u 






< 


J 


< 





E 



(viii) 













_d 






vp 










>^hn 






















3 


C 






VO 










3 0) 


£ 










C 










< 

> 

4) 


a> 
















. >< 























73 VO 
























in 

■a 

3 














^ 




D 










*j VO 






















•0 
■5 




V 




3 











nj 




















0. 


■o 


& 




















































0-, ro 


£ 










jy 3 










•a 


t^ 






■V 










TJ 












w 
















c 








































c 




























c 

> 

6 

WD 


jn 

H 

hi 

V 

c 

3 


c" 

c 


1 


' 


> 
-a 

s- 

an 



U 

c 
> 


I 



u 



1) 





"o 




3 
< 


1 


C 
tn 


u 

"o 


"c3 

u 

"o 


3 



2 
13 

0) 
0) 

Q 

3 




1 










1 


1 






1 










1 










<u 


1 




c 


o 












1 






CJ 




1 


u 








nj 


1 


v 












a; 


S 




^ 
aj 


1) 


oi 




rt 


1) 






-a 








J3 
o 








£ 




-0 

nl 






£ 

ni 







u 




- 


- 


u 
3 





u. 


72 


u 






Ph 


J 




;i. 


(I. 


U 




^ 


fe 






i^ 






0) 






































o 

a. 






































> 


" 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 




> 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


= 


' 


- 


o 


k< 






































U 


Oi 


















X) 


Pu, 




















N 


M 


^^ 




N 


N 


M 


N 


ri 


N 


N 


N 


N 


N 












\n 


VO 


O 


^n 


VO 


\n 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


\o 


vn 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


vO 


VO 


VO 






















































































ro 


^ 


C3N 


r^ 


Tl- 


ro 


Cv 

M 




ro 


Ov 




- 


r^ 

N 


N 




rn 


- 


ro 



M be tiX) 






bO bO bX) 
3 3 3 
< < < 



£ £ 



■z £ 



T- -r <u 



§ 


U 


u 


< 





u 


OJ 


CJ 


u 


e^ 


Pi 


u 














(J 


a 


/o 


•^ 

;rf 






_Tj- 


/o 












10 

_fO 


.^ 


N 




10 


00 




M 


^ 
^-^ 



^ r^ *:• 



I-^ 1-H l-i 



Q t>H 



^00 



& 

< 



s < 



^' Sh C 



Q S 



bO ^ 



•- C ~ -^ 



T ?J -r -r 



•5 i2 •£ 



& 13 



K/ ■*-; ^ 



o •;3 ^ 



O U 






ffi ►-) K 



in < 



n 





u 




M 


W 


£ 


^ 


c 


(T) 


c 











::3 


^ 


is 


^ 


-a 


a; 



™ .5 ii rt 



< < W J 



m 


_ 








rr! 


Ch 


u 


X) 






w 



=r u 



^ 


rt 


C) 








u 


u 


w 


J 


^ 


0) 

bX) 



O i; 



O O 



(ix) 



S 4J •- 

^ o S 



» s 


a 


< « 


i". 


. CO 


*r'. 


r"i ,„ 


If) 






"n f„ 


U 


>. zs 








13 




nl S 


IS 


f= rt 




e ■?. 








-o 





< = 



= (^ 



\o --^ 2 00 

00 V <^ II 

" W & . 

I«|l i 

"S 'So T ?, 
T3 J « be 



^ " »< 



o -g '-S ■£ 



a o 



s i ■? 

t3 .^ rt 



g " a -f 



S "g -5 
-3 "o 



>— , — o — 



^^a^x^ 







vp 


u 












"rt 


Sv 


1 — 1 






i-C 




















Sm 


rt 
S 










oi 


(J 


0) 




vp 


d 
rS 

•— > 
















OS 

< 
S 

a 




■a 
a 


O 










u 

<L) 

otVO 
ni- 


-a 

.2 


o 

a 


>-, o 

"C o 


5 


bp 
O 
















f^ 




a, 

S 
n 
U 


Jv? 

M O 








6 
01 


_4J 


53 c 


s 


5 


















"6 


•6 










TJ 


^ 


'6 


H 




-d 


TJ 






































> 












































^;^ 
















ffi 






u 






















uT 
















^ 




^ 


u 






















bO 






















z 












^ 










C 






















bl 






1 






H 




1 




1 






1 


1 










2 




3 


Q 




' 


1 






^ 




1 




1 


in 


2 


1 


1 
















a 


C 

'2 








C 
01 

■a 


c 
o 

U3 


'5 




'S 




c 
o 


vc: 
bO 

c 






S 




'S 


c 

'(5 
i_ 


in 


c 

<L> 


.£ 












>> 


-O 












'V> 






o 






CJ 


>< 


IS 




"o 






"o 


5? 


o 




"o 




^ 


Cu 






OJ 


o 


o 


"o 


X 


OJ 


^ 




U 






O 


J 


O 


U 




U 




U 


m 






hJ 


oi 


CJ 


CJ 


U 


hJ 
































1-1 












































J2 






o 








2 

O 
P 
























u 
1) 






'S 






u5 










1 


1 










1 




1 


^ 


^ 


1 


1 


T3 






C 












1 


1 










1 


t_ 


1 


cS 


U) 


1 


1 


O 






*^ 




CJ 




3 


















1) 




f-< 


'S 






O 






u 








U 


u> 








U. 


, 


t_ 




3 




c 


Um 






> 


k^ 


u 


<1) 


i_ 


3 


u 


u 
O 


(LI 






^ 


s 




0) 




.2 




^ 








■6 




(U 

£ 




£ 


Pi 
J3 


aj 

£ 




l-l 








Ui 


c 


)-■ 




c 




iJ 


rt 






(5 


u 


!-• 


QJ 


ll 




i~ 




rt 






■— i 


rt 


«« 


Pi 




^tu 






Ui 






rt 


Clj 


> 


(t! 


n 




fi^ 






u 


fe 


pq 


b 








u 


PQ 






ffi 


t>H 


fe 


o 


fe 


h 










i^ 
































l-< 




li 


<D 






£ 


"s 


D 


15 




<l> 






1m 


4} 








c5 

<u 


t) 


0) 


3 


o 


z 

< 

Pi 


15 


" 


^ 


B 

3 


o 
a. 

u 
O 




o 
a, 

o 


O 

a, 

o 


? 


' 


' 


O 
u 

o 


rt 


- 


- 


- 


(5 

*1m 


15 


£ 

3 


15 




Oi 






Q 


U 


CL, 


U 


U 


£ 






U 


£ 








CO 


Ol, 


CL, 


Q 


Ou, 


S. 2 


M 


N 


N 


N 


M 


M 




M 


N 


N 


N 


N 


N 


N 


N 


N 


N 


CI 


N 


M 


N 


vp 


vp 


Vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 




vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


VO 


vp 


vp 


o w 




ro 


'-" 


ro 


CO 




1 


rC 

N 


ri 




rf 


" 






hH 


-* 


ro 




*dv 


" 


» 


ti) 

3 


1> 


a, 

0) 


<u 


ST 








bJO 

3 


bb 

3 


0) 




bb 

3 


fcJO 

3 




bi) 

3 




tj 


bb 

3 


lU 


0) 


W 


<J 


W 


Crt 


C« 


CA! 


Crt 




U2 


< 


< 


in 


C/3 


< 


< 


O) 


< 


m 


O 


< 


C/2 


C« 


o a 
m S 

u (- 
< 2 














































c 

o 
















c 
o 












O 




2 






3 
O 




e 

c3 


iM 


^ 


J 


- 


^ 


. 


. 


s 

n 




C 

2 


o 

c 
o 


15 


1) 


£ 

(U 


'c5 


OJ 

33 


3 

1m 


33 

T3 


£ 

(V 


H 


"o 


J5 


"o 














Xi 


o 


"o 


<u 


o 


-c 


ll 


"o 


(D 


iSZ 




o 


u 


U 














U 


etS 


CJ 


;g 


ffi 


Pi 


CJ 


U 


O 


U 


h-1 


u 




m 


M- 


VO 


ro 


VD 


ro 


o 


Ov 


M 


r-. 


^, 


o 


o 


u^ 


rn 


ro 


N 


n 


„ 


ro 


ro 


U< 


jt 


;^ 


J^ 


_-^ 


jrn 


^■^ 


_Tf 


/^ 


_^ 


_ro 


^Tf 


;* 


;* 


;* 


^ 


_;<*• 


_;* 


_,■* 


^ 


;<^ 


_Th 


H h 
H OS 


d 








Ml 




r^ 


^r 


o 




-" 


n 






cR 


- 




N 




UO 


<5> 


«« 


a, 








C 
3 
•— > 




3 
1 — . 


Q 


< 


< 


a 

72 


bii 

3 








(J 
(U 

Q 




< 




OJ 

Q 


tb 

3 
< 


a 






ffi 






> 
































H 

O 




a 

U4 


o 


C 












o 
B 


3 




o 




c 
o 


c 
o 
S 


-a 


s 
"o 


K 
^ 




3 
O 

£ 


u 

I! 


■(5 


"a! 


£ 
-a 
u 


33 
>-, 

(U 


IS 


v2 




J3 


tn 

3 

43 


bfl 

C 


o 

u 

o 


15 


_aj 


1) 

J3 


3 

u 

3 


5 

in 


33 

X) 
0) 


42 


P^ 


U 


c^ 


(5 


O 


J 


K 


U 


U 


U 


Cfl 


W 


s 


ffi 


o 


U 


03 


CJ 


§ 


hJ 


u 
































>, 




























^ 
















(Tt 














a 
s 

< 


o 

S 
o 

1m 


53 

c 

u 


.2 
u 

3 

u 


■B 

3 


bo 

1 

Q 


'> 

G 


c 
o 

'S 

o 

Q 


o 
c 
> 


c 

3 

Q 


2 


J3 
.2 

Q 

3 


CO 
(A 


13 
O 

it! 


c 
o 

D 

O 


15 


to 

c 

Q 


O 


(5 
o 


'75 

1) 

1 — . 

J?' 

o 


1) 


0) 




B 


< 


c 

O 
•— > 


6' 
.2 


(L) 


en 




CTi 

c 


13 


c 




0! 




< 

3 


3 


3 

o 


in 




s 


o 


■>9 


1— > 


JS 


■Xi 


-c 


O 


rS 


-Q 


■« 


JS 


•a 


0) 


t> 


OJ 


Xi 




K 


O! 


^ 


U 


W 


N 


w 


(^ 


S 


W 


w 


u 


H 


E 


K 


O 


c« 


U 



(x) 






-- Q 



■^ -n c '■'> 



U W 



m2^ 






J3 JJ 



^ < 



U ;2; Cm 






6 ^ ^ 



.S? -2 



§ u 



I c 



'S t-" "S 



:j S ^ § 



taO Ph 



— .- nf 



S - 



U H tti CJ D 



S fe 



.Z. .i. rt .S 



bZ) ■;:; fcjO 



- li/ 'J-' »4-' -^^ VL/ ■ . '. M-* ■ . vw . --^ VL* qj qj 






^ o3 ^ 






^ Iz; ^ 



M 


fO 




M 


l-l 


^O 


a, 

0) 


3 
<1 





2 =^ 



S f=k 



-^ ^ 



^ < 



B S 



> > 






D -J— 






— fS ^ 



J3 J3 O ^ 2 O 

u u ci; cj c« u 



.5 c 



rt 2 



K ffi 



s J 



u 



fe: S i § 



«•;=_- 



fe 


i: 




V 


a; 








Z 


^ 




-H 




S 


o 


^ 

:« 


£? 


(U 


in 


_o 



o 



o 
U 


o 
U 


Ph 








ID 












O 




P^ 


^ 


£ 










vp 


vp 


vp 


N 

vp 


M 

vp 


vp 


M 

vp 


PI 

vp 


N 

vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


M 

vp 


vp 


vp 


VO 


vp 



ro r-0 ro m M ro _, 



O .S .S .13 

>- oi rt 1> rt 



ffi 


u 






o 


U 


u 














U 


u 


S 


U 


u 


P^ 


U 




00 




■* 
^•^ 


VO 
















O 


00 




o 




o 


M 


VO 



ooocot»0"5::: 
QPuWPi^U<S 



UW>H,<K[n&Hfe 






(xi) 



U 



> c 
II 

■2-2 

• - i« 



■?. o c 



■-3 




5 i2 
So X> 












(4 3 


s 




^■y 








hr 


^ 










rt 


"^ 


\c> 2 


^ 


w 


00 ^ 






- c 


>^ 


"3 


:r E 


W 


1— > 


>- ?f 




•T3 


= Pi 



c<) « -^ 



P -3 



^ -5 

S U 



E c 
S a 



^(2 



S I £ -S t« a 

m .2 o -" 



■3 § .s 



5=0 



S .'2 t-' 

£ a J! 

£ ►J .5 
2 o 

■s = 



o rt 






tlj i- IP m "u 

:= " j: -^ j: 



Pi % 

p^ CO 



Q fii Q Q 












VO 



c^ 



3 
< 






OS OJ 

SO 



<^ 



W o 



" O 



3 t3 <U 



H x) 



crt 






u > 



•2 fc 



u 



2 S ti "« c 
U c^ K S O 



E <5 






o 






H Q 






o 'C 

U PL, 



M 



N 



N 



N 



N 



M 



M 



N 



N 



N 



N 



N 



N 



N 



M 



M 



N 



M 



N 



PI 



PI 



VO vO vb VO \0 VO VO 
ro ro « " pf i-T " {J' CO 1^ n ►-'■ !^ Co" ro fO 00 M~ "pi ►-' 



u S 
u H 

■J 3 

Ph z 



J2 J3 rt ^ 






uOcjuWcjoEu 



u«o oaj 5^o qo; 



W) bC M 



< < < S g 12; 



_Tt- ^ f 



PI M W 






;zi ;z; < fiK 



" « " 



< O I/) 



^ > 



-C c o 



3 -3-_SClTlSl>< 

w u rt -5 J" •£ vi5 rt K -S "^ 

> q o a; oj^t^ '='iJ o ^ >^ 6^ ? iJ'-C^ 5 oj^^^ 



o — 



en 


(i:; 


x^ 




Oh 


Di 


Q 


'B 






oj rt O •- (U 2 
O ^ ffi ^ ffi ►^ 



5 u (U ■*-' 





K 


C/2 


ffi 


Fi 


tn 


S 




oj 




rt 


(Tl 


""1 


^ 


^ 










< 


^ 


XI 


^ 



(xii) 



2 rt T3 



(2 ^ s J5 



t; '-' ii H 



3 < 



< c« hJ W W 



s 


ffi 






H 


F. 


U) 


ti 






£ 


■^ 



o 



u 



"o h!i •- 
U K 1-! 



<u 








D 




01 




CI] 


H 


, 


„ 




F 




f. 






















rt 








c< 




ai 






P^ 








i^ 




liH 




u 


















_ 


















m 


(D 
















>-> 




















rt 


^ 


^ 


^ 


^ 


^ 


^ 


J 


Cl, 


> 


































o 


pL, 
















U 




M 


N 


M 


N 


N 


N 


M 


w 


\o 


VO 


VO 


-o 


ip 


vp 


\o 


vp 


iP 


d" 


C\ 






00 


M 


^ 


(~o 


00 


bO 


to 


bo 


Ml 




hO 


^ 


D- 


a 














u 






< 


< 


< 


< 


C« 


< 


O 


C/2 


O) 




























T3 








c 
o 


7i 


s 


- 


O 
>-< 

c 
o 


<U 


'(5 


= 


s 


0) 


O 






^ 


O 


U 






U 


vn 


ON 


m 


Tl- 


00 


n 


i-< 


M 


o 


ro 


ro 


^ 


•* 


Cl 


Tf 










On 
M 








N 




d\ 


•J^ 


1X1 








< 


>> 

'a 

1—1 


4) 

(72 






















>^ 










tn 








^ 










U3 


'►>- 
^ 






i-T 

3 



rt .q .S 



u E ffi u u O 



c «J 



o -c 



i£ " !> = 



fe >- 



K > H W ^ 



^ 5 



O 
>^ 

Z 

< 

O 

o 






U 



;?; E H 



I I 



u u 



s J 



O " 



3 


60 


lU 


C/J 


^ 






■o 


T3 





P4 PLh 



VO \0 vo VO VO O 



bO bO M bO "S CL, 

3 3 3 3 OJ aj 



O W 


a. 




S 






■J J 


^ 


(^z 




H 


o 







o 


00 


•* 


H 


00 






ro 


ro 


ro 


^ 


ro 


° X 


1 


cT 


f? 




^ 


cf 


a™ 




> 

o 


> 
O 




c 

1 — . 


C 
3 


S 




















a 


C 




C 








o 


o 




o 


n 






D, 


CU 




Q, 




1 




S 


B 




S 






c 


frt 


r! 




c« 


< 






,;C 


,£ 


1-, 


J 




o 


o 


O 




O 






U 


z 


:5 


Ph 


'^ 












0) 






bo 








o 


D 




a 










^ 


H 








hn 




rt 


s 


13 




^ 


c 


d) 


n 


<: 


3 


c 
n 

S 

c 

o 
1— » 




rn 


J3 

< 


X 






.a 

3 


>> 

c 


H-1 

>-• 


X 




s 


J 


K 


w 


< 



c Oi 



»< 



< g 



1) ,_] 



(xiii) 









s^ 








pj 










c 
ex 






£ 
O 














< 

u 
Pi 


3 

>-• 
O 

c 


c 
o 

a, 
S 
2 

o 


s 
*— . 

S 

tn 
O 
PP 


c 
o 

a 

S 

O 






P^ 
o 

3 


fO 
>> 

3 






5 

-a 

3 
3 

o 
4; 


J3 
_tn 






cx 
£ 

o 
"o 


1-^ 

OJ 






3 
O 

£ 

o 


13 

1 






3 

o 


.2 










in 

3 
3 
CO 


■6 






in 

3 


4~t 

£ 

C/2 






o 


o 






in 




































15 

u 














hH 






















>, 




















w 
u 


pi 










trj 




3 


3 






O 




X 


3 


o" 

u 


3 


c 






3 


z 




1 


1 


1 






1 


O 


O 




1 




i^ 


O 


in 


O 


5 






O 


bl 


QJ 


1 


1 


1 






1 








1 




















Q 


<J 








^ 


3 
O 




a 


n. 


^- 




^ 


^ 


a 


'u 


a, 


a 


1 


1 


H. 


« 


c 

<u 

IS 
o 








i 




£ 


£ 


u 




o 


^ 


TD 


£ 


3 


E 


£ 






£ 


;4 








o 

c 


.£ 












O 

3 



u 


rt 
^ 
^ 


£ 
73 




0! 






rt 
A 
Ki 










c 


a 




O 


o 


rt 




(U 


3 


o 


o 


O 


O 






o 




p^ 








p 


m 




12; 


^ 


^ 




12; 


^ 


U 


^ 


"^ 


;2i 






;z; 


i 

< 




1 


1 


1 




o 
o 

3 

3 
O 

U 

o 

'rt 

Pi 


1 


k. 
v 






1 
















1 


1 




0. 


en 

s 

u 

IS 








c 
o 

3 
£ 
1^ 




2 
'3 

crt 


c 
a 

U 


3 

."2 

p; 


1 


4J 

p:) 


C 

o 

3 
£ 
t3 


o 
& 

13 
O 

o 


£ 
(J 


£ 
£ 


E 

3 
O 


E 


1 


1 


.£ 
p. 














































z 

< 
oi 


> 


= 


= 


= 


= 


2 
o 

a. 

i-> 
o 


Ph 


- 


' 


3 


- 


3 


3 


- 


3 

£? 


"(3 

o 

a, 

o 
U 


3 
rt 
OJ 
60 
)-• 
U 
(/I 


P-, 


3 


3 


3 




ri 


M 


N 


N 


M 


y 


M 


N 


M 


N 


N 


N 


r) 


N 


N 


N 


M 


N 


M 


M 


M 


VO 


VO 


VO 


\o 


\o 


VO 


\o 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


iP 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


o w 












































si 


Tl- 




cR 


d\ 






pr 


rC 


tT 




pp 


VO 




Cs 








Cv 


ON 


vn 


n 


3 


fcb 

3 




4) 


a. 


3 




u 


a, 

0) 


^ 


u 


>-> 

3 


si 

3 




3 


3 


60 

3 


4> 


60 

3 


60 

3 


60 

3 


H 


< 


< 


C/2 


C/2 


c« 


< 


CD 


o 


C/3 


< 


o 


< 


Cfi 


< 


< 


<5 


Crt 


< 


<: 


< 


O w 


C 

o 
a. 










































SP 


S 


2 


; 


- 


3 


1 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


< !2 


rt 










































■J J 


^ 










































fez 


u 










































M 


O 












































r^ 


O 


M 


ON 


Tt 


M 


ro 


m 


VO 


00 


„ 


n- 


00 


■^ 




ro 




Ov 


•^ 


H, 


VO 


tx< 


J^ 


>^' 


•^ 


rP 


_p 


^ro 


;^ 


_y 


/o 


M 


^•«1- 


^•^ 


/O 


_rO 




/O 




JM 


J^ 


j-o 


M 




■^ 










LO 


CO 


d 


ro 


VO 

M 


pT 


VO 




lO 


1 




1 








d 

ro 


0^ 






>> 






> 

o 


V 

3 
3 
•— > 


> 

o 


"3 

1— . 




•— > 






d 

Q 








CJ 






a, 

< 


si 


M 












































C 






c 
o 






3 
O 


M 


3 
O 


c 
o 


3 

3 




3 
O 




c 

O 










60 


60 


n 
















3 






O 


















3 


3 




aT 






a, 






& 


^ 


a 


&, 


U 




K, 




&, 










-o 


XI 


o 




cS 


P^ 




-a 


2 

1j 


£ 


tr. 

£ 


£ 


£ 


in 


£ 

rt 


13 


E 


J 


J 


~ 


J 


in 

£ 


in 

E 


u 


in 


"U 


_aj 


J3 


3 


y= 


j= 


fS 


J= 


J3 


bO 


OJ 


X 


vB 


X 










c« 


rt 


u 


^ 


03 


"5 




rt 


^ 










3 


j3 




3 
















< 


»-. 


c. 


^ 




0) 


^ 








Hi 

1-1 

o 


£ 

< 






M 














Pi 


O 


U 




o 


'33 


Q 


O 


^ 


O 


O 


O 




O 










■^ 


■^ 


u 


>, 


"O 


5 

2 


0) 


.y 


in 

3 




a 


a. 
ex 

U 
^' 

o 
a> 

o 




^ 


s 

O 

"o 

u 

u 

u 

OJ 






o 
o 




.2 

"> 




^ 


J5 
u 




< 


P5 

c 

ja 

3 
O 


(5 

(U 

P5 

(A 

'5 
o 

H-1 


in 

U 


pq 
H 

S 

.2 

1 


-a 
o 

pa 

s 

1— i 


IS 
u 

3 
O 

<u 

£ 


U 




& 
U 

u 

3 
rt 
u 


U 

u 

3 
<u 
D, 


U 

3 

s 

o 


— 

"o 
CJ 

^* 

a 
<u 
in 
O 


o 
o 
U 

o 


U 

W 

3 

3 
41 

pq 


3 
U 

3 

'i 

13 

W 


Q 

p; 

-a 

>^ 

o 

5 


S 

in 
<o 
in 

O 


O 

!-• 

Q 
pq 

3 

o 

»— . 


4) 

d 

a 

in 

O 


1) 
u 
41 

o 

3 
4> 

X 



(xiv) 



< X 



r, 


a> 








^ 


u 


rt 














i^ 




> 


U 


o 





>* 


fu, 


^ 


O 










n 


<J 






!r 


rn.B 




^T! 


m 


aj 








^.•^ 


•73 


^ 



^ ;^^ 



<« 


ro 


tjjOVO 












ro 




>i 




S 


rt 


•~> 




be 

c 


t3 


TD 


C 


C 


3 


nS 


O 


h-1 



E 12; O 



I ° 
I a 



S s 
•B c 
o c 



s - 



t: t: ^ t; -i<! s 

o o c o c 'r 

^ ^ p ;z; p M 



Cu, ^ 



o -3 B 



c2 ;zi ^ ^ 



m c^ fc< S 



i: i= 



u P 



-^ £ 



^ p^ p Ph D fe 






.--, ." lU 



Ph (J e^H 



U Ph 



^ .^ .i~ 



Crt PL, PL, U P^ 



Q S £ 



vO^O^OMDvOVOvpvpvO^OvO^ 



"OvOOVO^vOvO^OvOvO 



< U^ < < ■^: < < 



to to bO bt) 
P 3 
< < 



S^ a a, ™ 



c/D<<lcA3-<<!<c« 



< O < 



ro n ro 



t, ;z; 



f»H !z; 



Q ^ < 



> > 



S S 



-c -G -c a '' -S = 
>- V ^ J- f:3 ^ ^^ 



H ffi K 12; ;z; ;z; O 



■5 & 



-^ .£ •£ 



;z^^:^u^^<piSffi 



o o 






•5 < 



^ ^ ^ 



w ;2; 



.-^ o 



^ .y t« 



> s 



!i| J E O u ^ 



S K 






° J 



hJ H-l E- 
(XV) 



h4 S 



C 



^ X 



^ -^ •>-- 



12; o u W H-; O f=^ 






c 

CO 

a 

a 

o 
O 

















■>? A 














>~, 








-a 




















iP 






















3 


















































oi 














fi-< " 














>^ 








SvS' 




a 














V 


>> 






















Pk - 






ft 














Ol 
















u 






o 








< 














►J-^ ^ 












Tj- 








_r^ 






















(UTJ4= 
i) f^' <-> 












o 

o 


c5 

"Svp 






1^' 


















PJ 














"6 


■D 






T3 


^ 










C 














S 


























8 


C 

c 
o 


c 
o 

u 




c 


c 






rt 








3 










3 




3 




3 


2 


U 


"U 




o 


o 




O 




3 






O 










O 




O 




O 


a 


o 


1 


&, 


D. 




D. 


^ 


a" 


2 


2 


a. 


0) 
0) 


1 


1 


3 

o 

3 


o. 


1 


o. 


1 


O. 




.1 








E 

43 




E 


O 


3 
3 


bO 


bfl 

.£ 


E 






S 

ri 




E 




E 










o 


O 


•3 


O 


> 
Q 


< 


a 




O 

12; 


o 






4i« 

C 







O 




o 


























c 
S 












































173 




















i. 
























u 














41 






o 

< 

U 

O 








11 






^_ 










3 
3 














E 






o 


c 

o 




o 

•a 
o 
o 


1 


4) 

£ 


<D 

E 

4) 

o. 

c4 


1 


c 

4S 
o 

>-• 


£ 

IS 


c 
(1) 

U 


o 
U 

i-T 
<u 

E 

1 


4) 

3 


c 

c4 

43 
O 


1 


c 

o 

3 

a 


u 
"E 

.3 

u 


k. 

c 

"S 

PL4 


U 
'o 
a 

3 


1 


3 

s 

IK 














"rt 




























c 




« 


0) 










1^ 

o 


OJ 


























ClJ 


V 


^ 


rt 










o 


rt 


























aj 


rt 


•< 


> 




'- 


- 




_> 






' 


' 


- 


' 














bO 

4> 


> 




P^ 










u 


^ 


























C/3 


Oh 


<^i 


N 


N 


N 


N 


N 


N 


N 


M 


N 


N 


N 


N 


M 


N 


^^ 


N 


N 


PJ 


sa 


N 


M 


vp 


iP 


\p 


\p 


vp 


\p 


vp 


vp 


vp 


Vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


o a 




(5 










cfi 




cri 






rf 


Ov 


^^ 




O* 








d 






3 


a, 


3 


3 


3 


0^ 




M 




a; 


bb 

3 


bb 

3 


a, 


bb 

3 


bb 

3 


bb 

3 


bb 

3 


U) 


4) 


bb 

3 


bb 

3 


-< 


Ol 


< 


< 


< 


:/) 


zn 


< 


c« 


O) 


< 


<: 


Cfi 


< 


< 


<: 


< 


< 


CA 


<5 


< 


o n 


c 
o 










































u H 


E 


^ 


^ 


^ 


^ 


, 


^ 


^ 


. 


^ 


^ 


^ 


^ 


^ 


^ 


^ 


_ 


^ 


^ 


_ 


. 


< c/J 


c« 










































-J J 


-c 










































ft,2 












































H 


o 

J5 












































N 


^ 


M 


w-l 


lO 


i^ 


l/^ 


„ 


00 


CO 


•<1- 


00 


^ 


Ov 


Ov 


h^ 


1^ 


ON 


H, 


o 


PI 


b. 


;^ 


__-<^ 


ro 


ro 


ri 


JT' 


^-^ 


/o 


jr> 


_;^ 


;* 


ro 


_-f 


/^ 


_rO 


_;^ 


'*■ 


PI 


^^•^ 


_;^ 


_;^ 




hT 




CO 






- 


oo" 




-T 


t^ 




o' 


CI 




ro 








- 


un 




a« 




3 


rt 








o 




1^ 


> 

O 




a 




erf 


3 

01 

>— 1 




1-^ 


(3 


0) 


4) 






< 


< 


IS 






< 


12; 




< 


Z 




< 


< 


S 




S 


c« 


Cfi 




H 


c 


c 




bO 




c 










c 


>. 


>, 






3 








£? 


3 


» 


o 

a. 


o 
a, 


2 


3 




o 






2 




o 


_in 




5 




O 




• 




3 


O 


lb 

o 

u 
u 


S 


1 


<43 


0} 

s 

.3 




^ 


c 


3 


13 

43 


c 

<D 


E 


K 
^ 


£ 




E 


- 


- 


I 


E 

.2 


E 




O 


o 


0) 


i 


U 


O 


c 
W 


3 




o 


O 


'e 


3 
O 


O 

12; 


C 

o 

U 


u 
O 








? 


O 












































^ 










>~, 




C 

o 






























ii 

o 


td 


to 

C 


ifl 




o 

Li 

D 

E 




05 






en 


13 






^ 


1 

3 

'£ 

0! 


43 




cn 

3 

> 


bO 


3 


SP 


s 

^ 


S 


o 


Q, 


tfl 










'E 


ID 




43 


1 


■^ 




<u 





o 


o 


3 


< 


U3 

c5 




1j 


o 




(5 


>~. 




£ 


43 

a> 


43 


E 






ly: 


75 


un 


c« 


O 




Pk 
« 

^ 


Ph 


J3 
pL, 

0) 

u 


E 

.2 




u 




en 

O 

PS 


in 
2 


43 

en 

en 


'e 

tn 


C/2 

5 

tn 


Q 


>-< 


43 

to 
'G 


< 


bO 


P3 


43 


d 

2 




< 




n 


% 




O 

X 


< 


c 

43 

1 — 1 


P 




5 


1) 

£ 




<L> 

P3 


3 


i 

u 
fc 


•a 


o 




4) 





(xvi) 













vp 






c 
a 

E 


CO 

c 


6 








o 
rt 












■^ 






r73 


3 <D 


a 








pq 












J3 






u 




3 
1 — . 




















fe 






U 


XT' 1-. 


oT 




>> 




vD 












c 


vp 






c3 % 

h 3 


5P 

o 




c3 
















'£ 


6 




cu 






<u 




(U 












3 

cr 


CJO 
3 
< 

-6 




Q 


2ro 

•a 


5 

Wvp 


rt 

-6 




j£ bX) 

-6 




























3 






























2 






























O 




c 


























U 




_c 


c 




c 


c 








S 














'^ 


o 


o 


o 


1 


1 


<i 


o 


1 


1 


1 


1 


G 


1 


l=i 


o. 


H 


H, 


a. 


1 


1 


>-^ 


a, 


1 


1 


1 


1 


^ 


1 


_r 


S 




S 


a 






*J~ 


£ 










cS 




3 


rt 


<-■ 


rt 


rt 






3 


5 










X 




rt 


X 


o 

13 


X, 


-C 






O 














Oh 
























& 








C 


h 


ti 






C 


Vh 














O 


o 


o 


o 






3 


o 










D 




i^ 


^ 


i-l 


^ 


^ 






Q 


^ 










^ 












;- 








^ 






















a; 








OJ 
















1 






2 


1 






'C 


1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


^ 






^ 


3 








d 














rt 






o 
£ 








(J 
1^ 














o 

>- 








o 






£ 


a; 














aj 


















3 


<u 










rt 


^ 


^ 


^ 


^ 


^ 


_, 






<u 


rt 










> 


" 


■* 


" 


■* 


' 


■* 


" 


' 


£f 


_> 


" 


' 


- 


- 


*»-. 


















(L) 


'i~> 










P^ 


















CAl 


pL, 










M 


M 


ri 


n 


M 


M 


M 


M 


ri 


M 


CI 


C) 


Cl 


C) 


n 


vp 


iP 


VO 


iP 


o 


iP 


vp 


vp 


VO 


vp 


VO 


vp 


O 


\p 


vp 


iri 






•-0 




d\ 




<5 


d\ 










ON 




bi) 

s 


U) 


3 


bb 

3 


bJO 

3 




bb 

3 




a. 


tu 


bb 

3 


bb 

3 


bb 

3 




M 


< 


-^ 


< 


< 


< 


CAJ 


< 


in 


c/2 


1X1 


<5 


< 


< 


CAl 


< 


~ 




















^ 










5 




















5 




























































g 










^ 


^ 


^ 


^ 


^ 


^ 


^ 


^ 




^ 


^ 


^ 


^ 


rt 




















rt 










JZ 


















P 


.a 








































^ 


















rt 












o 


















O 










ro 


VO 


^H 


o 




ro 


t^ 


o 


ro 


O 


O 


t^ 


•* 


'i- 


Ov 


_-* 


J^ 


__■* 


bb 

3 


1 


< 


o" 

rt 


CO 

u 

4) 

Q 




a. 


_■* 


tn 


;^ 


C 
rt 
1 — , 


j-o 


C 




c 






' C 


W) 










W) 


c 


C 

o 




o 




o 




5 


o 


1-1 




5 




5 


^ 


o 


























3 








D, 




o^ 




a 


D. 


X2 




D- 


<v 


Cu 


X3 


&, 


£ 




S 


>^ 


S 
rt 


n 


£ 

rt 


£ 

rt 


en 

£ 


2 


£ 

rt 


3 


£ 

rt 


£ 


£ 

rt 




^ 


^ 
^ 


-fi 


^3 
rt 


^ 


^ 


rt 




^ 


rt 


^ 


.- 


.^ 


X 


<u 
c 


}-i 


^ 


3 




^ 








3 








lU 




o 


rt 


o 


rt 


O 


O 


■^ 


rt 


O 


O 


O 


■^ 


O 


'rt 


^ 


K 


^ 


U 


:z; 


^ 


ffi 


^ 


S 


Z 


Z 


^ 


S 






c 






























o 










c 


^ 


^ 


c 


c 




" 










;-! 








o 




^ 


lU 


0) 




x: 












'rt 


'rt 

C 

o 

£ 


tn 




bJD 


v^ 






.£f 


•D 




ID 

a 

H 
c 


o 

W 

c 


bp 

'S 

u 

H 

0) 

c 


•T3 
rt 


c 


£ 
.5 


o 

tn 

C 

o 

J5 




rt 

C 
rt 

42 


rt 

Xi 

a. 


en 
4) 


en 


13 

'> 



rt ^ :3 



t- <u ^ )- rt ta. — 
ffi ^ H (n cfi ^ < 



:? fe: 



(xvii) 



-i! Ml 
O rt 
>* -g 



<5 



z 

< 

o 
o 













■ 


r^ 












r! 






























^\0 




































(-1 


Is 


3 


1) 


3 








1— > 

oT 

3 

P< 




£ 



2' 


2 
13 
it: 

CI 

c 

3 




















CO 


1— ' (U 


'►3 


«5 bO 










s 


13 

13 
ii vo 


10 


ro 












M 


o 

c 


> 


o ■ — 
S 2 


PI 

o 


HI 

o 


3 

o 

:^ 

3 
O 

■A 








3 

s ^ 

rtiP 




1) r^ 

eT 




p 

d\ 














'55 


13 


PL, 


E 
o 


s 

2 








PP 


d 




5U 



C/2 


a, 

CI 

r. 


"3 
1— > 














P^ 


TD 


— v~- 


Ph 


Ph 










"d 




_3_ 




-d 




-a 












u 








> 




































u 
y. 

H 
Q 


o 


1 


2 

.s 

a, 


c 

3 
o 
o 

M 


1 


3 

o 


1 


3 
> 



3 
3 
1^ 


2 

(3 

Q 


1 


Si 
bi) 

3 



1 


E 


1 


13 

13 

>- 
CI 
0) 


1 





CI 


> 

3 

01 

-3 


1 


1 


z 

o 




































u 












































CJ 








< 

0, 


1 


1 


> 




1 




1 


3 



3 




1 




1 




1 




1 


u 


rt 




^ 


1 


p 
u 

o 






(J 

O 






E 




£ 




■LI 

£ 




CI 

3 




01 




CJ 

3 
CI 


E 

E 



u 

s 


01 

3 
01 










O 


o 




»-■ 




u 








k« 




Im 









^ 












^ 






nt 




3 


Cj 




rt 




c« 




e« 




tiS 


M 


rt 


<4 










m 




(^ 




& 


(X, 




U^ 




tk 




fe 




U 


P3 


U^ 


CJ 








jj 


^ 






^ 




































3 


3 






fcO 
















4_l 












3 




li 


_c 


OJ 


<U 


a; 


4J 




1) 














3 


CI 


01 






.2 


«j 


X 


'rt 


■^ 


;4 


rt 


rt 


Ol 


rt 


_ 






^ 


^ 


_ 


(3 



a, 



U 


rt 


^ 


^ 


"0 


rt 


< 


u 


t/j 


M 


PLi 


> 

PL, 


•a 
p) 


Pli 














CO 


PL, 


*k4 

PL, 






3 


> 


U. Z 


N 


Cl 


M 


P) 


PI 


PI 


M 


p) 


p) 


p) 


P) 


PI 


PI 


P) 


PI 


pj 


P) 


PI 


M 


PI 


p) 


iP 


vp 


vp 


vp 


o 


o 





vp 


p 


vp 


p 


p 


p 


p 


p 


p 


p 


p 


p 


p 


p 


o n 

ft 






CO 




•^ 








to 






c<r 


PI 


00" 






00 




CO 


c/o* 


co" 


ai 


o. 


a. 


a, 


3 


!=b 


bb 




S- 





a. 


> 




&, 


*J 


o. 


D. 


a, 


D. 


&, 


a. 


r\ ^ 


s. 


u 


o 


u 


3 


3 




o; 


a> 


11 


u 


c; 


CI 


CI 


CI 


CI 


u 


CI 


11 


W 


Cfl 


Cfi 


c« 


< 


< 


< 




O! 


iz; 


m 


iz; 


c/: 





:/: 


in 


m 


C/2 


'n 


C/2 


Cfi 


C/3 


o S 






"o 




2 


■4! 






2 
















2 


13 






2 


S h 

< i£ 


>> 






>> 


<3 






13 
13 


= 


3 


- 


s 


- 


z 




13 

13 


rt 


>> 

ft 


13 

13 


c 


C 


OJ 


3 


u 


^ 
^ 


3 


3 


u 














3 


V 


r^ 


3 


3 


CI 


M 


o 


o 


0) 


O 


1) 








aj 

















CI 


^ 








41 




O 


U 


Q 


U 


Q 


u 


u 


Q 














u 


G 


u 


u 


G 




00 


o 


^ 


o 


N 


„ 


VO 


ro 


o\ 


•^ 


i^ 








\o 


LT) 


vri 


„ 


Ov 


PI 


CO 


CO 


b 


_p 


_N 


^•^ 


j-o 


_Tf 


/o 


_* 


^'i- 


/o 


^■^ 


_rO 


PI 


_-r 


/o 


j-o 


^Pl 


^•* 


^n 


;* 


PI 


j-o 


HI H 


pp 
N 




.^ 


lO 
M 




-f 


\D 




10 




00" 




vo 


p? 
PI 


pf 




00 


" 


•^ 


CO 

PI 




o'S 


a. 




o 


3 
3 
t— > 




Dh 


3 
3 
1 — . 




> 




fcJO 

3 


CI 




3 


^ 

3 


1^ 

a, 


^ 


bb 

3 


^ 


u 


J2 
CI 






< 




o 




< 




;z; 


< 


fc 




< 


< 


<: 


:§ 





U^ 




x 






2 






































h 


> 




Ij 




























• >> 










n 
fa 

o 

S 

:s 


O 

in 


1 


"43 

)-. 
<u 
v 

G 

3 

o 


o 
U 

>^ 

3 

> 
o 


3 




3 


u 


ni 

3 



13 

V3 
>-< 
u 

u 

Q 


13 
'Si 

(U 

Q 


u 

3 
re 




u 

0) 

13 
3 


13 
-a 




2 

^3 
CJ 

11 
Q 


13 
13 
3 
'S 


3 




13 


3 


CJ 


11 

X 


2 

u 

<3 

01 
CI 

G 










3 
O 


0) 


<L) 


» 














13 




4-1 






•a 


3 


5jO 


< 


o 


o 
o 

u 

2 

o 

K 


r3 

-a 
W 

fin' 

3 
g 
V3 


0) 

U) 

w 

P^ 

<u 
> 


s 

o 

w 


2 

PQ 
oi 

w 


< 
P 

E 

.5 




< 

5 

3 


P3 

^' 

3 

< 


en 

'u 


P3 
tn 
01 

0! 
-3 
U 


-a 

as 

m 

3 




pq 

IS 

'3 


■a 
PP 

u 



H 




U3 
CI 

pq 

< 


pq 

."5 


3 


P5 

>-. 

i-o 
3 
01 


2 
13 
P3 

cJ 

».« 

3 
HJ 

X 




-a 
a 

3 

J3 

1 — > 


£ 

a 

G 

CI 

tc 


01 



SO 

3 
Ph 



(xviii) 



00 


N 
M 




00 




00 
















§S 




99 












vp 


rC 


rt 
S 








rC 














§ 






c5 












W) 




<u 




tn 




<u 
















tn cu 




S 












< 


0) 


3 
O 

5 

pqvp 


c 


















iH ' CJ 




cu" 














3 



p* 

u 


-n 


-d 




■xj 




TJ 














-a 


















-6 


































6 












































<n 












































rt 












































W) 








m 






















3 



















^ 








1 


1 


2 


1 




1 









Q. 




1 


1 






1 


H 


1 


cu 






1 






QJ 




-o 




>-. 


^ 




£ 


0) 












j= 








J/) 








y2 




OJ 







13 


^ 


rt 











>\ 




in 




_b" 


^^ 


"u 








j:^ 




q3 








_o 


^ 


53 







_i 


t— i 




H- 







13 



<U 








tu 

o 




Q 






rt 

1 


•5 

3 

H-1 
















2 

"o 






H 
















































1 


1 


^ 


1 




1 


3 


_4J 




<u 


5 


1 


1 


cu 




1 


1 


1 




cu 
_o 


5 

60 


1 






I/} 




^ 






M 




0) 


CJ 




























1) 




G 


rt 




.i«! 


rt 






3 










•^ 





■^ 








5 






h-1 






c75 








5 






cu 


s 










cu 

3 


U 


s 




D 












<D 










































Q 


































rt 


i 


s 


~ 


- 


Cu 


> 


- 


- 


- 


i 


- 


s 


S 


i 


' 


3 


3 


:: 


3 


- 


i 


'C 













'i-> 
































Oh 










U 


&H 
































PI 


M 


M 


ri 


ri 


M 


M 


M 


CI 


M 


M 


c-i 


PI 


PI 


PI 


p< 


PI 


p< 


p) 


PI 


PI 


PI 


\p 


vp 


vp 


O 


^ 


vp 


iP 


\p 


vp 


vp 


vp 


VO 


VO 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


VO 


vp 


vp 






«r 






M 


CO 


CO 




ro 


ro 


o" 


00 


CO 


CO 


CO 








n 


if 






• 




4J 


4J 


Ml 


4J 


^ 


- 


^ 


jj 


4J 


4J 


^ 


^ 


^ 


4J 


^ 


^ 










3 


■*-» 


a 


a, 


D, 


a, 


Op 


O, 


&, 


a 


a. 


cu 


a 


Q. 


a 


D, 


O- 


M 


-4-i 


M 




o 


OJ 


u 




(U 


0) 




<D 


0) 


0) 


lU 


<u 


cu 


cu 


cu 


<u 


01 











<: 


o 


CAl 


Crt 


-< 


CA! 


CA! 


< 


05 


C« 


c« 


Cfi 


Cfi 


Cfi 


Cfi 


CAI 


C/2 


C/3 


< 





< 


2 

"a! 




















^ 
^ 


2 
13 










13 


2 

13 




3 


s 


13 


13 

U3 


OJ 










j3 










c 


<u 












cu 


3 




cu 


D 


Q 










^ 









U 















1 


1> 

Q 




u 





(U 

Q 


CU 




ON 


N 


VO 


„ 


VO 


„ 


„ 


M 


„ 


M 


10 


Tf 


OV 


ON 


lv^ 


PO 


t^ 


Tf 


PO 


r^ 


LO 


m 


_rn 


^Tf 


_-^ 


_;^ 


t-1 


_rO 


^-^ 


j-o 


__M- 


^■^ 


;^ 


;* 


j-o 


^ro 


_p 


_ro 


/o 


^PO 


^■^ 


_rO 


;* 


/* 


l^ 




„" 


CO 




pr 


cR 


10 


10 








PI 


VO 


10 


tC 


10 




tn 


^ 


pT 










tj 




a, 


tj 


c 

D 
•— > 


Oh 


> 




3 




3 


a. 


> 



d 

cu 


> 






> 




bb 
3 


cu 
3 
3 




S 









rj) 





m 


^ 


< 




< 


< 


;?; 


Q 


12; 




^ 


< 






















3 






















3 























^ 
















1 






"S. 




2 

<43 








2 

C4 


13 








in 

s 

.5 


^ 

^ 


3 


2 
13 






_CtJ 




1 




13 


s 

a! 
-3 


2 

(U 










"5 


J3 








? 











u 


e 



u 


> 









u 







cu 

CU 






















c 
<u 

C 

'n 


w 

in 
1) 

■^ 






















-3 


3 
IS 
u 

o 
5 


& 

U 

Q 
1) 


U 


a 
a 

U 

X 

s 

1 



U 

-a 

CJ 


in 
U 

d 

4= 


in 

a) 


"13 

<u 

3 


u 

0) 

c 
S 


33 

-^ 

5 
U 




a 

-a 

c 


CD 

Q 
< 
13 




in 

Q 
S 

i 


cu 


Q 

X 

5 


lU 
Ml 

'O 


Q 


en 




cu 

S 

tn 
cu 


S 

en 

5b 

>-l 

[Jh 
en 

g 


4= 


13 

c 





CO 
cU 

XI 


2 

"o 






bO 

3 


-a 



M 
cu 


< 


< 


U 


s 


u 


pq 


k; 


c« 





U 


< 


< 


D 


< 


U 


H 


< 


w 


< 



(xix) 



.8 



C 

CO 

a, 



O 







vp 






Dh 




























o 














u 


IT} 






rt 


















>> 

ca 




_r^ 


ro O 
VO ■" 












5 


o 


C/3 




1— > 


















S 




CO 


CO Si 








< 






i 




(U 
























3 




'J. 






•s 


H. 




bp 


















8 




"5 


-i-:y3 




< 




bJC 






£ 


.s 




O 




















1—. 


OS 

13 , 
t3 -^ 








3 
O 
Pi 




o 






OVO 
















m 

3 
O CO 


13 














-d P 




PQ 


o 
















pq N 




43 




•a 

43 






T3 








— v~ 




TJ 


















13 




13 




Id 














ffi 




C 




U 


2 




















u 




1 




1 


1 


1 


;^ 


1 


.Sis' 




u 
.2 












1 




1 






Q 
H 


4= 


1 






1 


1 




1 


"o 

c 

c 




c 


4J 

(U 

Q 

4= 


3 
O 

£ 


2 

c 




ca 


1 


0) 


1 


c 
o 

c« 

c 

3 


p 




O 




C 








C 




c 


c 


c 


3 


11 


43 


C 




£ 
< 








E 




o 








s 




ii 


o 


CD 


O 




O 


^ 


O 






03 
CA) 


o 






























v. 














H 




1 




1 


1 


1 


1 


1 














rt 




1 






1 




< 

D 
u 
u 


o 


1 




1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


.2 


IL> 




4) 

c 


u 


o 


£ 

.£ 


c 


1 




<u 


1 




o 


o 




s 












n! 


£ 


c 


cu 


E 


c 


£ 




D, 


£ 




£ 


















^ 




3 




u 




43 






^H 










^ 




c5 












rt 


(Ti 


rt 


a 


'c5 


OS 


c« 




o3 


ca 




ca 




s 




fe 












■Jq 


fe 


1-1 


U 


fe 


PLI 


u 


fx. 




u 


fe 




Pi. 


■i 


lU 










c^ 


V 


0) 




4J 
























z. 


rt 








^ 


(U 


rt 


13 


O 


rt 






_ 


, 




^ 


^ 










< 


> 


•* 


• 


- 


"• 


to 


> 


> 


_> 


■* 


•* 


■• 


* 


- 


" 


* 


- 


■* 


- 


■* 


0^ 


















O 




























^ 










OJ 


'u 


^ 




























Oh 










■S} 


P, 


Ph 


U 


O. 
























h 
b. z 


c< 


N 


M 


M 


N 


M 


N 


N 


N 


M 


M 


c^ 


N 


r< 


CM 


M 


N 


CV) 


«s 


M 


M 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


o u 






























































TJ- 
























o 


w S 


fO 






00 


HH 








»-« 


H^ 


CO 




CO 


l-« 


00 


t-1 




CO 


00 




M 


i- fe 










M< 












M 






















«e 


a, 


H. 


ti) 


D, 


*: 




D. 


D. 


to 


D. 


U 


bJO 

3 


H. 


a, 


a, 


o. 


a, 


a, 


a, 


G. 


ti) 

3 


(U 


0) 


3 


(U 


u 




(U 


<u 


p 


4) 


O 


i) 


<U 


0) 


1) 


u 


0) 


U 


4J 


w 


O) 


C/3 


< 


CA) 


o 




Ol 


Crt 


< 


C« 


o 


< 


c« 


c« 


c« 


CA) 


CA) 


CA! 


CA! 


CA) 


< 


O M 


















2 


























O h 


2 


>^ 


>% 


^ 


2 


1 


>^ 


>, 


"oj 


>> 


2 






>> 


_>. 


>> 


2 


^ 


_>^ 


>-. 


_>> 


< 2 


rt 


ca 


"a; 


lU 




ci 


OS 


^c 


ni 


(i> 






ca 


"oJ 


OS 


V 


"o! 


"i! 


ca 


13 


J J 


^ 


> 


> 




«3 




^ 




c 


> 


IC 






^ 




^ 


M3 










(^ z 








rt 










4> 




u 








oJ 


h 


rt 


ca 




rt 


(U 


C 


c 


,C 


OJ 




C 


C 


(U 


C 


w 






c 


43 


c 


<U 


43 


43 


3 


43 


Q 


O 


o 
U 


^ 


4» 

o 




O 


O 




O 


0) 

Q 






o 


^ 


o 
U 


OJ 

Q 


^ 


^ 


O 

U 


E? 




o 


ro 


o 


CO 


r^ 


„ 


■^ 


ro 


-f 


Ov 


Tj- 


t~~ 


VO 


■^^ 


t 


hH 


■* 


M 


fO 


Ov 


o 


b 


■^ 


^ 


rf 


N 


M 


JO 


t 


^■^ 


ro 


_fO 


•* 


M 


CO 


<-o 


^ra 


-t- 


ro 


'I- 


■<i- 


CO 


_tS- 


O « 












































X 
W H 


rC 




vo" 


-r 




00 






C?v 


T)- 


r^ 


00 


lO 


vo' 


O 

CO 






CO 


6 






h K 


H 
















Cl 


























^« 


a, 
< 




> 

o 


a. 

0) 
CAl 




ti) 

3 
< 






C 

(T! 

1 — . 


be 
3 

< 


si) 

3 




1 — . 


CA! 


si) 

3 




CA! 


0) 
S3 
3 
1— . 


1 — 1 




a, 

OJ 

c« 


K 




















. 


C 






















H 
« 




















> 


c 
o 










C 










n 




















C 


U 












o 










O 


_>> 


>^ 


t>^ 


_>^ 






>^ 


>i 


2 


o 


"O 


c 


c 
o 


2 


>^ 


>< 


£ 


>> 


>, 




>-> 




"oj 


rt 


C« 


"li 


T3 


rt 


rt 


IC 


C 


o 


Ml 




(D 


ca 


OS 


ca 


OS 


'O 


'v 


rt 


^ 


& 


rt 


03 


& 


& 


.^ 








c/3 


"^ 


& 


43 






c 
ca 


OS 


< 


^ 


c 


C 


Si 




c 


C 


C 


^ 


C 


;-• 




o3 


J3 


c« 


c 


tn 


c 


3 




43 


(i 


^ 


o 
U 


o 
U 


^ 


S 


h-1 


o 
U 


O 

U 


o 


pq 


ca 


o 
O 


^ 


en 


o 
U 


ca 


o 


O 


Ij 

t— 1 


^ 








c 
o 




















TS 










u 








H 


(0 

<u 


T3 




>> 

c 
o 

"a 

;J5 






o 
d 


2 




S 






03 


(0 

.£ 








£ 


CI 

43 


M 




•< 

.J 

a 


o 

< 


6 

c 


-a 


<U 

■a 

W 


d 

o 

1 — . 


O 

X 

3 


s 

o 

tn 
V 
S 
1—. 


o 

o 

X 
< 

JO 

a 
U 


o 
•a 

W 


OS 
3 

< 


£ 


c 
u 
1— > 

c/5 

_tn 

)-. 
O 


s 
o 

4= 

0) 
tn 
O 


pq 

_c 

2 

c 

OS 


c 
ca 

£ 

1-1 

c 

p: 


O 

o 

OS 

>-. 

c 


£ 
o 

CJ 

ca 

OS 

U 


'c 
ca 

CJ 

ca 


.£ 
c 

43 
O 

1 — 1 



(XX) 











<^ 


ro 








k. 


• 




ro 




e-O 






^ 






(U r 


1 










vp 


VO 








OJ 


g ^CO VO 




VO 






53 






Tj vO 






















x: 


o 


.-00 












x) 






ri " . 


1 










1^ 


o" 








o 


u 




d 




M 












bO '^ 1 










'-' 


M 








3 


B 


O lo" 




'-' 






D 






.- n 












J3 


c5 








P5 


3 


5 " 


3 

1-:. 

3" 











S 






m- 






















o 


O 

o 

rt 


■5^ 

rtC 




bfl 















tn . 

rt-C 












3 
O 


3 
O 










q 


3 „ ^ 

2 ^"o 




3 







3 






^ 














5 








o 

0) 


'tn 

(L) 

in 
tn 
< 


•J3 rt 


3 

Ph 




Pi 

pq 






3 

u 
>~. 

'0 






■a iJ 












■6 


-d 








Q 






T3 




-o 






3 






Q 






































C 












































c 

























































































U 










% 


I 


2 

0) 


>~, 


1 


1 


>^ 


1 


2 


1 


1 


1 


1 


d 


1 


1 


? 


"03 

e 


_>, 


1 


1 


2 
13 

(3 


o 




U3 


CT! 






"S 




J3 



















rt 


1) 






bO 


c 






c 






si 












3 






-5 

3 


U 


rt 

J3 






_3 


p 






o 
O 






^ 




< 










M 






i 


^ 






Cl< 




1 






1 


1 










1 


1 


1 




1 










1 






c 
o 


1 


_o 




1 


1 










1 


1 


1 




1 


1- 

<L) 


3 


en 


<u 


1 




rt 












OJ 














^ 




3 

Cu 
rt 
U 





2 


s 




Vh 
0) 


s 


c 
c 




OJ 








s 

[I, 
















rt 




3 
-^ 

3 


2 
a 


a. 






S 

rt 


tn 
tn 
<L> 
1^ 

P. 










c 


































^ 


1) 








.2 


lU 












H 


0) 


D 


"^ 


a> 


(U 


3 
rt 


4; 


D 




rt 
























o 






















> 


' 


- 


> 


3 




^ 


:: 


= 


- 


- 


a, 
o 


rt 

> 


rt 


a, 





rt 


bX) 
(U 


rt 

> 


> 


1 


a, 



Ph 








Ph 












U 


pL, 


Ph 


U 


PL, 


Pn 


C/2 


Ph 


Ph 




U 


f) 




w 


ri 


w 


M 


M 


r) 


N 


w 




M 


M 


M 


N 


N 


N 


n 


ri 


PI 




M 


vp 




vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 




vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 




vp 






CO 








od 




CO 


CO 




ro 


T? 


CO 




CO 






:f 






CO 


a, 




a 


&, 


D. 


O. 


a 


D< 


Q, 


Oh 




Cu 


4J 


a. 


bb 

3 


'a. 


a 


bb 
3 


tj 



a, 




a 


(U 




(U 


a> 


<u 


OJ 


OJ 


<u 


l> 


0) 




<u 





(D 


<u 


0) 


<D 




0) 


c« 




C/3 


C/2 


C« 


C/2 


CA! 


m 


m 


CAl 




(/) 





m 


< 


C/2 


tn 


m 




c« 










































XJ 
























































































(U 




rt 
^ 


2 




rt 
S 


2 




1) 


2 
us 




>> 

rt 


2 

(L) 

'-3 


rt 








rt 








2 
"03 


«J 

Q 


2 

"a! 

t3 

>- 


j2 


0) 


c 


c 


<U 


rr 




<U 


3 


C 


0) 


3 


^ 


J 


^ 


JS 








a> 




<u 


O 

U 


Q 


o 
U 


o 


(U 

Q 


^ 


^ 


Q 


O 


o 


1) 

Q 


O 

U 








^ 








0) 

Q 


6 


Q 


r^ 


«o 


lO 


VO 


'^ 


M 


LO 


Tj- 


„ 


r-~ 


N 


■* 





ri 


^ 


ro 





ro 


CO 


ri 





VO 


_p 


_Tj- 


_rO 


j^O 


_;^ 


^Tf 


_N 


_5- 


_<M 


CI 


_Tf 


^co 


_fO 


__-^ 


ro 


N 


'^ 


fO 


ro 


^ 


ro 


ro 


















































o" 


ro 




<-r 






ri 






n 


vo" 




6 


fp 


d 


10 


d\ 


LH 


10 


^ 






> 

O 

12; 


c 




o 






bJ3 

3 


o 






>> 

2 


3 
3 
>— > 







3 
1— > 


3 
rt 
1 — . 


< 


> 






a. 
< 


3 
rt 
>— 1 








































tn 

"rt 
































"rt 












t^ 


2 






























^ 








"3 




>, 


"S 




O 
(J 


2 




rt 


2 
3 


^ 
^ 


>- 

<u 


■4= 




rt 


' 


?" 


rt 





_o 


rt 


13 

rt 


_3 




-3 

rt 


13 

OJ 

Q 


2 
13 


D 

Oh 




0) 


c 


o 


c 


"C 


0) 


3 


C 




3 


J3 


& 


•3 


JS 


J3 


3 


^ 






<U 






o 


m 


o 


rt 

K 


1) 

Q 


O 

U 


O 




O 


^ 


0) 


3 


^ 


^ 



72 


^ 


d 


6 
7: 


4^ 

P 




















c 
o 




3 




















tn 

3 


o 
o 

O 


C 

o 

o 


5 

tn 

3 
U 


0) 


<u 

'-r< 





o 
o 


■a 
o 


o 

■Si 

c2 


en 
rt 

-a 


tn 
tn 

O 

Pi 

pd 

5 
ao 

3 


O 
1/1 

CD 

rt 
X 

Q 

e 



X 

d 

3 



T3 
CI. 

1) 


tn 

V 

In 



N 

< 


c/5 


1 


bO 




-T3 


tn 


3 

2 
c- 
in 


■-5 




■a 


c 






s 

o 


.2 
1 


0) 

X. 

U 


rt 
o 

en 

o 




in 
rt 


.5 
1 


_tn 
rt 


bC 


OJ 




0) 

i 


2 


< 

rt 
tn 

< 


rt 


rt 


3 
Q 


13 



(xxi) 



c 
a. 

a 

o 
O 





l-O 


<-o 

























vp 


vp 












00 


r^ 










ro 


ro 












■^ 


00 










N 


to 












u 


c?; 








)^ 
















2" 


1— , 






c 



< bO 














<l) 


#. 






H- 


s ^ 















«2 


2 






£ 


a O 


^ 












u 


"« 






rt 


Pi 






PQ 




tn 

<u 








0) 

0) 

Q 
6 
:/} 

•6 


Q 
t5 







13 


a 


























u 


























z 

Id 


1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


1 




rj 


1 


Q 


1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


1 




►~* 


1 




























a 




















c 

U 


u 

C 

< 




i^ 


























o 




















































H 
















, 


, 






1 


< 


























D 


1 


1 


1 


1 


1 






1 


1 







1 


u 












u 


^ 






c 


■^ 




u 

o 














aj 

£ 






ni 
u 


























^ 
















rt 


f5 








IS 


rt 
















(14 


b 






U 






































c 


75 


"rt 






"rt 








^ 


qj 










0) 


<u 




0) 


<u 




z 

•< 








rt 





















> 


5 


s 


0) 




a 




rt 
_> 


a 




rt 
> 


1 


p4 


'fc^ 















*l-l 


*)-i 





'u 


'j-i 






Oh 






Cfi 





U 


(1h 


Ch 


U 


Pl, 


(U 




tt- z 


n 


M 


N 


N 


N 


M 


N 


N 


M 


N 


M 




iP 


vp 


vp 


VO 


)P 


Vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 




O td 











ro 


00 


-" 




-* 


^ 




1 


cE 


C. 


o. 


Cu 


W) 


D. 


c. 


H. 


^ 


4J 


a, 


a 




QJ 


u 


V 




<D 


(U 


lU 


u 


<u 


<u 




u 


O! 


t/5 


Crt 


< 


Cfi 


w 


CO 


< 





m 


CAl 














2 












2 
13 


2. 


a S 


2 




-^ 


2 






2 


2 




ii 


13 ' 

c 

V 


u h 


■43 
ga 




13 




ID 

a 






Ij 


13 


>> 


Q 


V 


C 


1) 


m 




c^ 


C 


<L) 


<u 


^ 




0) 


W 


U 





aj 


<LI 














0) 





6 






Q 


U 


Q 


Q 


OJ 


u 


U 


Q 


Q 


U 


72 

















ro 


I^ 


CV 




30 


"n 


VO 




h 




ro 




/o 


_Tt 


/o 


_ro 




/o 


_ri 


_Tj- 






1 


00 
M 


1 




ro 


0" 


vO 


1 


N 


tC 


CO 


1 


a^^ 




< 






d 

i> 

Q 


c5 










rt 

























































s 










IS 
















OS 















> 








3 
J2 


c 


m 






1 


1 


d 




13 









13 




u 
u 






1 


1 





2 
13 

«3 




-a 



2 
5 


2 
13 


C 

J2 


1 


<: 




c 






(U 


J3 





"Mi 


a> 


"m 


•72 


a. 





U 








en 
< 


^ 




CD 

Q 


c 
W 


^ 


13 














-a 










































CO 

c 










S 


M 






^ 


-t* 


•a 


ti 




1/1 

c 


tn 

c 


i- 


*"*, 




T3 

C 




_tn 


5 

in 

£ 




rt 
TD 


< 

•z 

J 

D 
fa 


c 


c 


4J 

c/3 






1j 

an 

6 




d 

D 




£ 


a! 

i> 


13 












IS 

tn 


s 

1— > 




0) 

£ 


en 

3 


3 
a 

U 


.2 


bO 
u 

<u 









.5 
1 


0) 

•a 

c 
< 



I 



(xxii) 



O U 



0^ 2 



u 


VO 


o 




Ph 


•* 




^ 


c 


aj 


o 


c: 


'S 


3 



u 



u 



u 



= 13 



W 



I I 



c/: (i, fi, lA. 



O C/3 Cfi 



I I 



I I 






H K 



0^ u^ 



ij J 






a, 52 u (1. 



fj^ [I, 



i: i; '^ i: 



fe fe 



(U ^ — 



c/5c/5<c75c5c/2(ziK 



72 m 



< X 



I I 






o 

CO 


- 


- 


" 


" 


" 


- 


HH 


" 


" 


-' 


" 


»-< 


3 


4_; 


^J 


4J 


^ 


.J_l 


■4-* 


4J 


4_j 


jj 




4^ 


4^ 


D, 


O. 


a, 


a. 


a, 


a, 


o- 


& 


a, 


■*-» 


D. 


a, 


<D 


D 


0) 


<u 


(U 


(L) 


D 


0) 


1) 




<u 


4) 


<: 


C/2 


in 


CO 


C/2 


C/J 


c« 


u: 


U3 


C/J 


u 


!/J 


W 



1-1 ►- N 



C u ^ ^ ^ >-■ 

Oi c u o =2 ^ 
< <1 O O S <3 



n "^ o^ 



a, = 



— K* 



O < U 



-^ r^ w .^ 

rt r/) GJ rt 

W <3 W W 



5 S = "2 

3 oj rt C 
5 S 3 -g. 






pq pq W m 111 



'^ rt O 



c 






a; 




In 




E 


a 


ff 


















Oi 


..r: 


0. 






« 


x: 




w 


c 


T3 






n 


x> 


>■ 


nl 


S 


a 


ho 


?! 




TJ 




% 












T3 


K 


(U 


c 



.s e 



<u Oi •=, o 



.= .t x: 
2 O o 



~ » rt 



2 Ui 



E o 
g U 



^ '-' o * 

*-• »c ^^ sn 



vO ^ 



o^ 



5 =2 "c 






eii 



o E '•5 



SI 


X 


^ 


> 
S 





'5 




a 






14-. 


J= 


-0 

0) 




Q 








c 


-! 


S 


E 

u 











rt 















V 


0) 




X 






3 




W) 






X 








.£ 




■*^ 


rn 


B 






_c 


JC 







^, 


-0 


j: 




















3 




•0 


B 




a 




B 


3 



-0 



-a -^ 1^ 



DC — 






s 




c/5 






}m 


< 


W 






5 2 pq ;j <: 



ffi <i ^ 



ffi P3 






u 



.Sou 



bd o*. 



J E 



'*, -^ c ^ 



,J-/ TO ^ ^ li 

13 ■« 23 £ § 



^ ±! -a rt o ►> 
U W W 12; ^ l> 

(xxiii) 



O K 



o o 













ro 










■ 


d 


t-^ 


rn 


m 


























\o 




r*^ 






>^ 


t^ 


V.O 




























-*^ 




tip 

, 






< 




vo" 


d 


r^ 


























c5 




a< 10 






tl! 

s 


M 


rt 
















1 












<u 




V 








^0 
















u 






a 










3 
O 
Pi 

P9 




3 1 — > 

1| 




(L) " 

^2 




tn 

B 
< 


3 


Pi 




Pi 

c 


PQ 








X 
c 


2 
'3 

bO 

X3 
















■^ 




^ 






"d 


H 


TJ 


•6 


TJ 








-d 


w 
























c 
c 




















"o 
U 













































tn 






a 
u 
2 

a 
Q 

a; 


T3 

C 

o 

o 


> 
o 


M 

o 

3 


>> 

o 

> 


1 


3 


c 

<u 

T3 

C 
3 


c 


U 



-a 


1 


c5 


1 


1 


1 




3 

c 




c 

c 


3 


£ 

u 

a 


1 


.£ 
&. 


•a 

"o 


0) 

c 

3 





3 






pi; 


> 


m 


c« 




H 


c/: 


PQ 


in 




W 








^ 


'hJ 


CJ 




U 


CO 


tlH 


2 

O 






































0) 


































, 






rS 


, 






•< 
a. 


1 








1 




u 


_^ 




1 




1 


1 


1 


^ 


c 


£ 


1 


c 








































u 











o 






= 


- 




(5 


C 

a 

>-. 

u 


u 


S 




£ 









c 

c 




c 

c 
t3 


1-1 

U 




c 
CJ 


CJ 


£ 
1) 


'i 


<u 






















C 
1) 


V 


<U 




2 


4) 










2 

< 


> 


s 


: 


3 


; 


3 


5 


: 


; 


s 




a, 


? 


> 


S 

3 





> 


^ 


„ 


^ 


c 



























i-i 


u 


u, 





u 













Ah 




















U 


(X! 


Ph 


Ph 


w 


u 


Pm 








U 










N 


n 


N 


M 






N 


CI 


M 


M 




P) 


N 


n 


M 


M 


N 


n 


It. z 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


\o 


VO 


\o 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


a 


** 


" 


" 


" 


" 


*■ 


* 


*■ 






" 






■^ 


^ 








^ 






Se 


" 


" 


" 


M 


•* 


" 


"" 


" 


- 


'- 


" 


" 


" 




-1- 


^ 


" 


•^ 


- 


^ 


■"* 


a^ 


O. 


Q, 


a, 


3 


D, 


D. 


r^ 


c 


p 


a 


a. 


a, 


o. 


D. 


■1^ 


a 


/-^ 


a. 





a 


c 


<u 


1) 


u 


<u 


<u 


<U 


<u 


1) 


u 


0) 


ID 


lU 


«} 




u 









1) 


H 


Cfl 


Crt 


c« 


< 


CA) 


O) 


Cfi 


Cfi 


in 


C/3 


(/) 


(/J 


C/J 


c/: 


U 


C/J 


Crt 


w 


CO 


C/J 














tf) 


















to 






































































































^^ 




rt 






til 


nt 


















e« 
















Ph 






t. 


fe 


















tx, 














o a 




<u 


T1 




CJ 


<u 


T3 






t: 




•n 




t; 










TS 


T^ 




< 2 


2 


^ 


c 
5 


15 


3 
J3 


u 
^ 


3 






c 




rt 

2 


2 
"43 


rt 


3 






X 

rt 


ir: 

c 

0) 




<l) 

'4= 


^ 




u 


o 


















u 







0) 






<u 






< 


55 


3 


O 


J5 


J3 




ffi 


X 


3 

PQ 


X 


3 

PQ 


tn 


3 

PQ 


55 






ffi 





pa 


t/1 

< 




N 




vO 


VD 


_ 


ro 


VO 


(^ 


00 


CO 


ro 


00 


o\ 





VO 


M 


10 


ON 


:^ 


■* 


r^ 




'tl- 


N 


^ 


ro 


Tj- 


■* 


CO 


■* 


f5 


N 


ro 


f^ 


CO 


Ti- 


Tl- 


-* 




'-' 


•^ 


Tj- 




aj 


CO 


c-r 


rC 


c5 


(-r 


r? 


M 


r^ 


d\ 




vo' 

CI 


ri 


rn 








■^ 




0\ 
(-1 


•^ 


VO 
M 


•<i5 




> 

o 




> 

o 


'3 
•—1 








>> 




12; 




a, 
<u 


> 






D 








3 
< 




a, 
<u 


ci 


^ 
rt 

S 


X 
H 
a: 


m 


X 






























> 






T3 

C 




03 
b 
O 

U 

u 


c 

O 
1— > 




-a 


tn 
g 


■a 


.s 


c 


■a 




2 






2 

J3 


c 

S 
u 





rt 




to 
c 

'g 






3 
tt) 

trj 

c 



C 




h 


y5 




3 


< 


3 



CJ 


3 


K 


X 


tn 


X 


CO 


tn 
< 


3 

P5 


^ 


u 


^ 




u 


1-1 


Id 

s 

<: 

.J 

D 


o 


c 
u 

S 
U 

U 

tn 

0) 


c 
o 

en 

C 
cS 

U 
>-^ 

1 


tn 
tn 

O 

u 

o 

« 


_> 
3 

CJ 

p 

c 

lU 

X 


jn 

'S 

Q 
3 


tn 

s 
p 

< 

c 



c 
t^ 




rt 
P 

1) 

5 

X 


c 

£ 

rS 
C 

<u 



tn 

15 



p 

P 


0) 

c 

P 

tn 

1— . 


0) 

a. 
}- 

Q 


N 



h-1 


0) 

bfl 
2 

w 

tn 

■g 
<u 

H-1 


s 

r3 
3 
}-■ 

(^ 

d 

D 
bO 






c3 

53 


-a 


3 
0) 


tu 
tn 



2 


CO 


c 

3 

P^" 
tn 
_u 
T! 
r! 

CJ 


c5 
.to 

E 
<i 

3 
-3 


1 — 1 


C 

tn 




(xxiv) 



-=■ (v; 






2'- >< 
V- ''' ■— . 
S 3 S 



rt 2 (U u 

^ W C Oh 



^H 



ro 1) 

3 X) 






Q 



U <1> -»-» 

Q 13 



I I I 



U 



E K ^ ^ W 



u 



O M 



pq fo 



I I I 



H o S pq fe 



H < 



U c 



M r; 



Sot. 



C/2 


PL, 






u 


eu 












CJ 


1-1 

Oh 






:§ 


U 


1-1 

Pi 














M 




PI 

VO 


VO 




VO 






PI 
VO 


P) 

VO 


PI 

VO 


PI 

VO 


p) 

VO 


PI 

VO 


VO 


VO 


PI 

VO 


PI 
VO 


PI 

VO 


VO 


- 


" 


" 


" 


1-4 


" 


- 




« 


- 


- 


- 


" 


" 


00 


-T 




" 


■^ 


'J 


" 


" 


a, 






C/2 






<u 


3 
< 




1) 




<u 
(X) 






3 
< 




o 






tj 

O 




a, 



-r <^ -r- -O 



U, [n 



£ 5 td ~ ic! 



fe Ci- 



'v O) ~ 



5 3 



^ <u ss r:; 



K 


< 


K 


55 






< 






X 


pq 


ffi 


Cfi 


!/) 


< 


U 


< 


M 


ffi 


o 




C/3 




O 




o 


PI 
_po 


VO 
^Pi 


/o 








__^ 






u^ 

/O 




po 


,-^ 




00 
_PO 


PI 







>^ ^^ ^ 4-; 4^ 
t^ O fe o o 



;? <^ 



Cfi fe [i< 



O S < 






>-, 


^ 


0) 


(Ti 






Ri 


bX) 


ffi 


w 



O -Ji 



S E ^ 



sT^ ^ -a -^ 



-:•=>-. ^ 



Q U < 



2 3 

O) "* 1) nj 
tr- T3 -r" •-• 



;S & £ 



3 J2 >-• 

PQ K O 



< Di <; pq 



3 ^S 



S > 



CJ Ol 



s 


E 






rt 

'T' 


fe 




T3 






a 


rt 
S 


^ 


T3 


W 


w 



< S i 



ni^ 1^ 



g — -C 



;zi O 00 H 



w u t-i 





D 


^ 








D 


O 


tii 


X 


1—. 








Ui 


( ) 


CTi 


i>. 


£0 


b 
o 


C 




J3 




Cfi 


H 


w 






§ o 



q^ <! H 



S S S 

qi ^' CJ 

jn ^ jz 

D, "So D- 

Oj •S' (U 

tn fe en 

o /S^ o 



(xxv) 





00 
o 






00 

o' 




00 


P5 


"3 
•— > 




c 







!0 

to 
ci 


■ - bx: 


11 




JO 






N 

CO 


00 
cfv 




ro 






1) 




•-, 


^)P 


en 




E 







_C 


^^ 


co.c 




vo" 






ir, 


> 




K 
< 
S 

u 


O 

E 

-^ 

o 






■a 

is 


to 


Ph 
2" 
bO 
a, 


CO 

-6 


1 

3 

3 

C« 


10 

p 

d 



Om 

T3 


vp 

4J 

3 
3 





4) 

rt 
c 

4) 
CO 
4> 

1) 


I" to 

oJ 4) 

bOj= 
^CO 


a. 4; rt 

Ha 

S: M bO 


-0 
c 

-:<! 


3 

pq 






4> 

3 
3 

_4) 
c5 


JO 

CO 




T3 






-6 


■c 


TJ 




•d 






•d 


i:ii 








■u 






13 


•d 






(/) 


















Ul 






















a 






















^ 






















u 




"iS 


















oj 






















i; 




fc 


















tt, 
















JS 


1 


1 


Q 


1 


l> 




1 


1 


1 


1 


1 




1 


4J 


1 






4) 


T^ 


1 


:z: 





1 


1 


M 






■TJ 






















■o 




4) 












bd 




4) 












OJ 




C 




2 


c 


c 


tC 




^ 


^ 






ei 




3 


"43 














3 




<u 


m 


3 


bO 




;~; 


•v 










£ 














1 




£ 




tC 


S 


^ 


_B 




1) 

5t 












"o! 


5j 














"3 




.c 





4) 
















J3 


s; 














.12 
en 




to 

< 


PQ 


CO 


Cu 
CO 






H-1 


S 






z 

o 
p 
< 


1 








1 


1 


1 


1 




1 


_4J 


1 










1 




u 


1 


1 


s 






















ri 






















O 




OJ 


J_, 












»- 




4) 




u 






\^ 




U 


'S 








Urn 


0) 












a> 




-a 




u 






4> 




4) 


OS 








o 


^ 

u 












S 




"rt 




E 


: 


3 


.S 




a 


J3 











(1) 


rt 

s 












(5 









c^i 






're 




.t^ 


4) 










hJ 












Ph 




U 




fe 






Cu, 




fJU 


s 
































"rt 












"rt 






'1. 


O 
























b 


u 












V 


V 


z 

< 














































rt 












^ 


^ 


^ 


^ 


^ 


^ 


D. 


rt 


^ 


^ 


^ 


^ 


D. 


ca 


ri 
> 


0^ 


> 


** 


" 


" 


" 


" 


" 


" 


" 


' 


■* 


" 


^ 



> 

'i-i 


" 


^ 


' 


" 





'n 




eu 
























u 


0- 










u 


Pu 


Pu 


h 
b. 2 


M 


n 


M 


N 


M 


CI 


ri 


W 


N 


N 


N 


M 


N 


M 


M 


M 


f) 


M 


N 


M 


M 


VO 


vo 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


iP 


vp 


vp 


Vp 


\p 


vp 


Vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


Vp 


vp 


vp 


VO 


O U 


*■ 


" 


** 


" 




*" 
























fvT 








^1 


f^ 


^ 


LO 


■"f 


i_r 


^ 


t-T 


t_ 


l_l 


t-i 


^H 


H« 


N« 


■_)' 


■-I 


1-4 


IM 


^ 


M 


^ 


HN 








>-' 




































«E 












































cx 


cx 


C 


'J-' 


a. 


D. 


cu 


a, 


C 


a. 


D, 


P 


C 


^ 


r\ 


c 


C 


a, 


Cu 


a 


a 


V 


V 


v 


u 


0) 


4) 


ID 


0) 


1> 


<D 


OJ 


4> 





4) 


JT 


4) 


4) 


4> 


4) 


4) 


4) 


u 


c« 


w 


m 


o 


Cfi 


w 


c« 


Cfi 


Cfi 


in 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 




(A 














"W 




tn 


to 








(0 








CO 




to" 




























































































(< 














a 




cS 


rt 








rt 








C!i 




CIS 


S^ 


fe 














(IH 




d. 


Pi^ 








fc^ 








PIH 




fe 


o « 


Q^ 














0) 




4) 


4> 








a> 








4J 




4) 


u S 


c 


^ 


^ 


^ 


^ 


^ 


13 


c 




c 


c 


"C 








■^ 


XJ 




3 




3 


u (- 


k- 












C 


^ 


4) 


v-l 


!-• 


c 








c 




L- 




Ul 


< i£ 


3 












_rt 


3 


3 


3 


_rt 






3 




ri 


^ 


3 


(y 


3 


d:^ 


-£ 












S 


^ 


"& 


£ 


£ 


S 


- 


~ 


^ 


2 


rt 




> 


£ 


"oj 












u 


"aj 


"o; 


"c! 









"43 


j= 


u 


"S 


oS 


13 


w 


j= 












3 


j= 




X 


j: 


3 






X. 


to 


3 


4J 


x: 


J3 




Cfi 












PQ 


Ui 


m 


Cfi 


m 






CO 


< 


pq 


CO 


CO 




o 


o\ 


i~^ 


„ 


00 


■* 


ro 


10 


„ 


t^ 


m 








IXI 


CJv 


■* 


Ov 


vo 


fO 


On 


ro 


tl. 


_ro 


J^ 


/o 


;r^ 


_M 


tn 


^•^ 


;>S- 


/o 


JO 


/O 


_^ 


;^ 


/o 


/O 


;* 


/o 


JO 


_ro 


^►-i 


M 


Ox 


lO 


n" 


i^ 




lO 


d 


-* 












rr 


0" 


0" 


in 




vd 


CO 
M 


d 




<:i3 


3 
< 


3 
1— , 


hb 

3 
< 


o 




CO 


1— > 








C 
CIS 

1— . 






tj 

4) 

Q 


< 








oi 


rS 


ji 
^ 














































(S 






> 


■ji 


> 


2 




E 

< 




























o 

H 
U 
< 


C 
0) 

S 


a 

3 


o 

o 

u 

C 


5 

e 

u 


•6 

>-. 
o 
is 


y3 

D 
in 



^ 

5 

5 





0) 

c 

3 

'4> 


4) 
3 
4) 


2 


•a 

3 



c 
'5 


4) 

c 
l-> 
3 

"43 


2 



2 



^ 

rt 


_4; 




T3 

3 

2 
tj 


■J 


o 


C/3 




J5 


'3 
O 


J3 

u 


m 


d 




^ 

w 


CO 


"4! 

1—1 


3 

pq 




j3 
CO 


3 


s 
pq 


4) 




3 
pq 




J__ 












•0 
































4> 












^ 

































f3 


































>^ 










U 
E 

< 

J 
J 


s 

CM 
< 

e 

.2 


C 

o 

Oh 

d 

1/3 

<L> 


bo 

.3 
'tn 

< 


P-i 

m 

bjo 


< 
(I) 


-0 

<L> 




1 


4) 
U 



a 
C/: 
)-■ 


c 

4> 
> 

4) 

4> 


4> 



c 

ni 

4) 

> 

CO 


ni 
<u 

'Si 

Q 


CO 
y 


4) 

CO 

cJ 


2 


— 

4) 

CO 

4) 

bO 


>> 

X. 

H 
CJ 

X) 


4) 

to 

3 



H 
Q 


to 
tfl 

c 




s 

> 

17) 


4) 

.H 

OS 

3 


4) 

Pli 
to 




? 




C 
O 


O 

o 


U3 

u 


'2 




■l 


§ 

rt 

S 




4> 
> 


3 



J2 
(J 


4) 

fa 


rt 








4> 


53 




:-> 
oi 

< 







ri 




(xxvi) 



fO 


•" ro ni rJ 


VO 


^^ 1^ 


c?. 


- ,^S° 


OJ 


^ ^TJ-O 




5i&-S§ 


1 — , 


5c/: s-^ 




1— > - = (U 


o 


charge 
Ashfie 
rch I 
stol in 
mrade 


;s 


s'l-^8 


'^ 




>^ 


tn 


n • »5 tn 




= ^ = =3 



o r- t; 













-S 
J 




^ 
















u 












M 


re 

> 


- 


.. 


. 


- 


- 
















>1) 


i~, 












C« 


P-i 












ri 


M 


N 


M 


N 


M 


M 


vp 


VO 


VO 


MJ 


vp 


vp 


vp 


O. 


■&, 


a. 


a< 


D. 


a, 


& 


<U 


«J 


0) 


<u 


UJ 


<u 


(U 


C/) 


C/J 


c« 


Ul 


w 


C/3 


Cfi 


ifl 




10 






































03 




nl 










(^ 




;x, 


























T7 








XJ 


tJ 




C 




•xi 








2 


rt 






1) 

y:3 


nS 


rt 


^ 


^ 


X5 


^ 


^ 


(L> 


o 


D 


1 ^ 


pd 


o 


o 


<-; 


3 


J3 


to 




3 


3 


C« 


m 


CA) 


< 


< 


P5 


pa 


r^ 


^, 


o\ 


„ 


ro 


■^ 


CT\ 


N 


"* 


ro 


Tt- 




'i- 


n 
















Tj- 


ri 


n 








r^ 
M 


XI 


D. 


,o 


jj 




^ 


u 


v 




OJ 


o 








U. 


Crt 


t^ 


o 




< 


< 














>^ 






s 








^ 


-a 


■C 


o 


Tl 


-a 


c 


a' 


rs 


rt 


1) 


ID 


u 


rt 


J3 


^ 


^ 


;-■ 


un 


yn 


^ 




o 


CJ 


rt 


J3 


,^ 


o 


cS 


2 


3 


^ 


Cfl 


t« 


3 


^ 


w 


m 


U 


< 


< 


M 


u 
















>^ 














OJ 












_^_t 






1 




i 


O 
O 


J2 

1 




a. 




o 


O 
U3 


> 


lU 


<D 






^ 








>— . 


O 

1— 1 


o 


S 


^ 


^ 





< 
Pu 

% 
O 
u 



1 




en 










vp 


tb 

3 








aT 










ro 


< 








60 










r^ 










c 










re 


^ 




^ 
u 




2 

O 




>> 


■a 




bO 


s^ 




< 








L' 


re 




3 














3 


o 

Pi 

o 


bo 
c 
re 


O 
Pi 

c 
o 


2 

3 








c 
o 




C/i 


a, 

3 


O 


re 

pa 


O ro 






H 




-d 


in 


•6 


-6 


TJ 






(i 








































E 


















2 


^ 


















Q 


1) 


1 


2 


1 


(0 


1 


1 


1 


2 


en 


in 








3 








"a! 


Pi 








bO 












0) 




^ 




3 












c 




o 




O 








C/D 




c 


r 


















'in 


O 
















2 




0) s 
















O 








^ 




1 


1 


o 


<: 


bC 


W-s 


^ 


1 




1 


1 


1 


s 


a 




. !_, 


u 




re 








V^ 


u 
u 


.3 
"S 


fi 'It! 


c 




3 








< 


O 


o 




OJ 

1-1 
ci 
CJ 




pa 








c/3 










^^ 
































< 


c 
a 

a! 

u 




3 


bO 
u 

C/) 


c3 
O 

o 


4J 

re 
> 

'Xh 

Ph 


- 


- 


- 


fc z 


M 


N 


N 




M 


f, 


01 


M 


n 


\p 


vp 


^ 




Vp 


vp 


vO 


VO 


VO 




















O M 




















"g 
H H 




^ 


in 


1 


^ 


Tt- 




fi 


" 


"<! ^1 




a 
O 


bb 




^ 


bb 


bb 


bb 


P, 


Q 2 




D 




U 


3 


3 


3 


tu 


W 




Cfi 


<J 




o 


< 


< 


<l1 


V} 


H 




















is z 

O H 


(U 




2 




0) 










U H 


si 




us 


3 
0) 


bi) 
re 








^ 


CLh 2 


C 
O 


5 
^ 


O 


3 


o 












S 


O 


^ 


in 


S 








w 




t» 


VO 


Tf 




ON 


CO 


VO 


M 


o 


Cb 




_fO 


N 




^fO 


^"^t- 


m 


n 


Ti- 






















Ok 


■^ 


(5 




1 


'„- 








ro 


H « 


rl 






1 












Q« 




rt 


>' 

o 




re 












U^ 


§ 


l^ 




S 








< 


X 
h 


















.2 


« 


















J3 


n 








M 










o 


b 
O 


0) 

3 


c 
o 


2 


^' 


3 


3 


0) 

3 


c 


ho 


^ 


J3 


oT 


bO 

re 


f 


>< 


bo 

re 


o 


u 






c 
1) 












«: 


C 


^ 


3 


C 


> 


s 


"-5 


o 


O 


o 


O 


lU 


O 


O 


OJ 


o 


rt 


Ph 


S 


^ 


^ 


^ 


s 


§ 


iz; 


^ 


§ 
















2 
































Cl 








"o 
































tfi 














s 


0) 




c/5 
13 


0) 

2 


S 




< 


g 


C 

S 


-! 
J 


5 

rd 

c 
.2 


< 
o 

«3 

c 
o 


5 
u 

3 


re 

bXJ 


-a 
< 

tn 

aj 


X 

0) 

o 


o 
o 

re 

pa 


0) 

pa 




'o 

3 






s 

73 


O 

o 


s 


u 


o 

1—. 





(xxvii) 







00 


ON 

oo 














vp 
»o 

Cl 




0) ^ 

u 

CO 

vp 

1 — 1 


^ in an ' il'' 

3 tn VO XJ 
S' en 3 -- .23 








3 
O 
tn 

3 


t; dv 

O Cl 


a 

o 


id 

< 
S 




3 


U 














6 








aJ . 
bC o 


O ro 






1^" 


^5 


tn 






5 






o 














0) 
bX) 




4-1 <U 


bOM 












5 


> 

c 
C 




(1) 










o 




13 

(A 


■H 1- 

M 

5 "o 
5JU 


3 CO 
t:; TO 
tn o 


d 0) 

,S 3 








_ ^ 

5S 


O 

CO 

vp 






-d 


•6 




-d 










T3 




5 






Q 










•a 








































































ii 




















bi 














6 










^ 




. 
















u 
z 












.2 


S 










1 
s 

.5 




>< 
















u 

D 

u 


2 

V 
en 


1 


1 


V 
3 

5 


1 


O 


«j 
<« 

o 




t« 
0) 

u 


1 


c 

o 


3 
bo 

tri 


3 
o 
x) 


2 
13 


4) 
m 
O 


CJ 


1 


' 


1 










c 
o 




2 


»— > 


O 


O 




;5 


1 


3 

O 


c5 
U 


O 


13 


> 

1-1 








o 

JO 

< 


o 

H 
< 




1 


1 




1 






1 




1 








S 


1 








1 






B. 

u 
tj 
O 


u 

4J 






S 






^ 




c5 




o 


c 
'5 


0^ 




1 


c3 


1) 


o 






'S 


(4 






S 




1^ 


OJ 




u 




c 
c 


'in 
J2 


E 

<4 


13 




13 


E 
c3 


3 
3 






o 




fe 






(t, 




s 


E- 




s 




& 


PU, 


(3^ 


P^ 




S 


fe 


& 






s 
















"(3 


13 




























ii 


0) 












i< 


U 


<u 


























2 














o 


O 
































^ 


~ 


^ 


* 


^ 


O 

U 


o 
U 


ni 
_> 

'ui 

eu 


" 


■• 


^ 


■• 


' 


* 


" 


" 


■• 


" 


" 


*" 


u. z 


N 


M 


ri 


pj 


PI 


CI 


Cl 


pj 


M 


M 


Cl 


Cl 


Cl 


Cl 


N 


Cl 


N 


Cl 


N 


Cl 


Cl 


vp 


vp 


VO 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


Vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


o u 


fO 






CI 


00 

CI 


CO 






VO 


<5 

Cl 


-' 




CO 
Cl 


z 


» 


« 






lo 

Cl 


d 


M 


W) 


bb 

3 


> 
O 


ei) 

3 


W) 


bb 

3 


3 


bb 

3 


a. 


tb 


t) 




bb 

3 




a, 


a 


M 


bb 

3 


bb 

3 




a. 
■u 


< 


< 


^ 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


Cfl 


-< 


O 




< 


O) 


c« 


Cfi 


< 


< 


< 


m 


Crt 


a 


o 








2 


2 












b 


OJ 


2 
















a g 
< 2 


3 

5 








13 


13 

J3 


1) 
bO 


bo 


2 
13 

VC 


4) 

bO 


bC 


3 
tn 


1 


13 






a> 


bO 


13 


bO 


bO 




c 
o 








o 


O 




'> 






Ui 


3 


c 

O 


1-. 
O 






4) 


3 

>-< 


3 

5J 


3 


c3 




^ 








^ 


/5 


o 


W 


p 


o 


w 


S 


^ 






^ 


o 


?: 


o 


O 




N 


„ 


VO 


O 


ON 


_ 


00 


VO 


CO 


^ 


C\ 


m 


CO 


lO 


o\ 


•<J- 


VD 


00 


-* 


t^ 


M 


u. 


^m 


_rO 


^■^ 


^•<*- 


JO 


_CT 


o 


/o 


;^ 


_-<l- 


/o 


_rO 


;^ 


^■^ 


_CO 


;* 


__T|- 


JO 


;^ 


;* 


jtn 


Ox 


M 




C/S 


ro 




M 


oo" 




CO 








00 


Cl 


vo" 

Cl 


oo" 


■5? 

Cl 


CO 


^ 


CO 


■^ 


o 




< 


>, 

rt 

S 




1—. 


CO 




bb 

3 








3 

>— > 




C 
3 


bb 

3 

< 


3 

n 
1 — . 


o 

p 


tJ 

o 




V 


X 
























4> 




3 
















n 
















£ 








<5 




O 






















(U 


(D 


2 






u 








(U 


Xl 


2 


<u 






4J 






o 

u 

u 
•< 

ft 


Q 


> 

a> 


3 
C 

o 


3 
tut) 

5 


13 
o 


o 

a, 


o 


3 
bO 
n! 

5 


0) 
bO 

c5 

O 


bO 

.5 


O 

a, 

tn 

n 
H 


3 

bo 
O 


3 
0) 

13 

3 


13 

V3 
O 


3 
bO 

ri 




2 
13 

13 


o 


3 
3 

13 

C/2 


bo 

3 

o 


m 

bO 

c5 

O 














c 
'3 




T3 
































"iS 




g 




"C 




3 






(/3 






















Id 


^ 


^ 




J2 


^ 




>-» 


13 






bO 

C 






3 






"O 


Ji 










e 

o 

M 

E 

3 


3 
O 
PQ 

Q 

m 

<u 
•— > 


V 

M 
U 

01 

U 


c 

3 
PP 

M 
tn 

3 

M 


N 

C 
OJ 

Ui 


e 

U 

w 


c 
o 

N 
<U 

5 


> 

u 

en 

1> 


5" 
U 

"o 


o 
U 

w 

o 

3 
H 


e 
s 

3 

u 

13 
o 


13 
O 

u 

tn 
2 


Q 

>> 
>-• 

3 

0) 


O 

13 

6 

0) 
bO 

S-. 

o 

0) 

o 


2 
13 

13 

tn 

c 


13 

l-H 


13 

E 
^" 

<u 
o 
a 

o 


O 

X 

tn 
K 

E 


V 
in 

O 

in 

s 

oi 
►—1 


"en 

3 

3 
<u 

►3 


x) 
•u 

O 
O 

tn 
'S 
3 
m 

P 



(xxviii) 



_J2 ^ tn 



o 






§ ^- ^ 



TJ 'O W 



cy 



V.0 


ro 


VO 


VO 










ro 




<1> 






1) 


3 




1 — . 




T! 




cu 


ffi 


<43 




^ 


P^ 



^ ^ 



I I 



sill 



u 



I i 



o o o 



o 



ffi tj 



o ^ 






h P^ 



I - ^ 



s :^ 



01 ' 



w 



ttH ffi 



fe fe 






to to S 



6jO bO <43 



o) *- c e 



2j w) rt rt ;5 
-t-' C ^ e t^ 



^ !-• i-t 



?; I— > 



bp 



M ^ 



^-T -^ 



."* <i2 



2 2 

Tj ii 13 



5P ^ 



S ^ 






^ ^ ^ z o 






9 ^ 



■^ ^ 



15 — '-^ 



2 K K 



2 4- o 

o § I 

^ ffi a 



^ X! -a 



•=(«::: 



o ;:; 



3 .^ o 



(xxix) 






w S 



JS J5 .S 



Oh 



XJ 



O U W W 



I I 



Ph 










in 


PL, 














CA! 


CL, 




















ri 


ri 




M 


N 


M 


M 


M 


M 


M 


N 


M 


C-) 


M 


N 


CJ 


N 


N 


M 


M 


VO 


VO 


vO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


^ 


VO 


vn 


VO 


VO 


vr> 


M) 


ViJ 


VO 


VO 


VO 




VO 






































































































M 


Ln 


CO 


VO 




fO 


ro 


N 


vt; 






V.3 








CO 












M 


HH 


H- 


M 


M 


►1 


M 


N 


M 


" 


" 


CI 


i-i 


" 




M 


" 








M 


& 


n^ 


M) 


3 


M 


a. 


tp 


bb 

3 


U 


bib 

3 


Ph 




bb 

3 








bO 

3 


0) 


bO 

3 


ba 

3 


< 


< 


CO 


m 


< 


<; 


< 


CO 


< 


<: 


O 


< 


C« 


C/2 


< 


C/2 


CO 


w 


< 


crj 


< 


<; 



o 


h-I 


o 


O 


§ 


^ 


a 


^ 


O 


o 


o 


^ 


W 


h-1 




O 


S 


S 


iz; 






o 




ro 

CO 


CO 


■^ 
^ 


CO 

HH 


CO 
_ro 










JO 


00 


„^ 


_p 


o 


ON 

_rO 


O 




__■* 




M 


VD 
JO 



^ ^ p 



-= 0) O 



~ s 







o 




















bb 

s 














^ 




D 






00 




o\ 




























aj 




E 










00 




o" 












<: 








.s 






OJ 

OJ 


i-T aj 

O aj 


o 

J3 








1^ 




*rt 












* 








"S 






^ 


in ij 












CJ 




u 












1— 1 








^ 






13 


aj 'S 
in — 


3 


< 




3 

5 




Q 

o 
> 




.■t: CO 

UiP 










u 

-a 

gro 

ovo 

1^ ro 






.a 

.£ 2 
■o ° 

aj o 
5U 






o 

'o 

3 
3 


« £ 
< o 

£ o 

II 

a> 
C/5 


aJ 
aj 
o 
aj 

T3 






'd 


-6 


-o 




-a 












"6 








1^ 






O 

U 




-d 






















ffi 
























(J 


















in 


^ 














. 










Z. 

K 



n 


2 

O 

12; 


1 


1 


' 




1 


c 
o 
»> 
o 
PQ 


OJ 
3 
bO 

OS 

c 
o 




ID 
<U 
(J 

c 


2 

o 


1 


1 


0) 

in 
<u 
u 

o 


OJ 

aj 
> 


t 


e" 

1j 

PL, 


c 


d 
bfl 

oi 
u 

IS 

CJ 


1) 
5 


1 


:^ 






































13 






o 






































)H 






P 






































H 






< 




1 


1 


1 




1 












1 




1 




1 






•—1 










1 


' 


1 






^ 




ij 








^ 


1 




1 




.^j 


rt 






;:i 


























l> 










in 








y 


u 








u. 




rt 


u 


'c 




1_ 




C 

0) 

Q. 




j_ 




^ 




o 


1-. 


)-i 


o 


OJ 








0) 




£ 


V 


oi 




(U 






D 




O 




0) 


a; 


a> 










£ 






E 


o 




E 






E 




£ 




£ 


£ 


E 




.rt 








Clj 




"rt 


rt 




rt 




rt 




rt 




c5 


o 


c3 


ca 




flH 








(I< 




Crt 


dn 


u 


(I. 




u 




fe 




(^ 


U 


b 


fe 




"rt 






c 
.2 






"rt 














<— 














"rt 


•i 


)-i 


D 


<U 


aj 


<u 


k^ 


i> 












rt 


1) 














z 

< 


O 












o 


























o 


a. 


13 




3 


> 


c5 


a, 

G 


> 


3 


3 


- 


- 


- 


0) 


13 

> 


^ 


= 


2 


- 


= 


o 




o 


£ 


PLi 


Ph 


Pm 


u 


Ph 












Crt 


Pm 












U 




N 


N 


P< 


N 


M 


N 


ri 


n 


N 


CI 


M 


C) 


M 


N 


fi 


M 


N 


M 


N 


N 


M 


vp 


^ 


MD 


^P 


O 


o 


vp 


\p 


vp 


ip 


vo 


O 


p 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


VO 


vp 


vp 


iP 


o u 
















































r^ 


t^ 


00 






m 


fO 










^ 


CO 




oo 










VO 


II 


'-' 


M 


N 


ri 


'-' 




t-i 


M 


-• 


— 






N 


CI 




o 


" 


i-i 






f) 


0) 


go 


bio 

3 


bb 

3 




a. 


tp 


tb 

3 


0^ 




4J 


bJO 

3 


3 


bb 

3 


bb 

3 


bb 

3 


a> 


O, 


'5 
•— > 


x> 


bb 

3 


W 


CA) 


< 


< 


< 


Cfi 


CA! 


< 


< 


c« 


c« 


CAl 


< 


<3 


< 


< 


< 


c« 


C/5 


o 


< 


H 


TJ 




2 




>-. 




a> 








2 




<u 


aj 












aj 


2 


13 


«J 






3 


bO 


2 






4> 

bO 


13 


3 
<n 


bio 

ri 




3 
aj 


v 

u 


4> 
bO 






3 

to 


13 




o 

;2; 


> 


u 
O 


V 

5 


3 


5 

O 


B 
O 






3 

a 
O 


o 


3 
Ol 


C 
O 


o 


3 


a; 

> 

0) 


C 
ri. 

o 


- 


" 


c 
o 


o 




00 


^ 


o 


lO 


Cs 


"* 


00 


CO 


O 


00 


o 


„ 


o 


■* 


o\ 


,_ 


CO 


O 


CO 


■^ 


VO 


b 


tn 


^ 


_rO 


— 


J^ 


_ro 


S^ 


^■^■ 


_CO 


_CO 


_cO 


_co 


_CO 


_CO 


/o 


__•* 


^■^ 


^■* 


_TJ- 


;^ 


C) 




ro 






■^ 






wn 


r^ 


-T 


CI 


cp 

M 




cT 


o" 

M 


CO 




CI 


'f 


6\ 


rC 


-' 


< 






>1 

c« 

<5 










o 


<u 






"3 

1— . 


1 — . 


bb 

3 

< 




< 




> 

o 


a> 

c 

3 
1—. 
































c 
















n 




Qi 


2 


>» 

^ 


£^ 




q; 


o 




X 


0) 


>. 
h 




o 

1n 


&^ 














b 






a: 

o 


3 


3 




3 


3 




(A 


3 


^_^ 


■a 


3 


1 . 








j_, 


'w 


O 

H 
u 
< 

.J 

PL, 




So 
c 

O 


3 

1X1 


en 
3 

55 


(U 

fcfl 

C 

O 


C 

o 


iS 
c 
o 


c 
o 

o 

P3 


QJ 

C 

<u 

0) 


c 

'£ 
o 


in 

01 


> 


3 


J3 
in 

0) 
3 


aj 
> 


aj 
bO 

o 


- 


- 


a3 

> 


0) 
IJ= 

u 
a) 

Q 



S £ 



Ph Ph 



U ^ 



w K 



o ii 



f-l 


^ 


^ 


Q 


•^ 


_U 


in 
a) 


*K 


c 


ai 




c 

4= 
O 
1— 1 


42 


T3 
O 


cU 

42 


< 


Pi 


u 



Pi p; 



bO ^ .2 



E ^ 



E O CJ 



J ^, O 



ii bb -a « 

^> Vh O 3 

-£ o aj ;: 

D OJ 43 >, 

W O H U 



(xxx) 



VO 


o 


~ 


>, 


r^ 




5^|j^ 


















•^ 


> 




]n 


rC 




^ <U O 




< 


<u 

3 




-3 

O CO 


rt 
1—. 


1) 

C 


son, Ju 
y befor 
d for h 




o 


rt 

rt 

s 


o • 


5 n 


'■a 
53 


1—1 

rt 


rt Hud 

the da 

't starte 


V 


OJ 


< 


73 0) 

2 tin 


O 


o 






'V 


< 


— ^. — 


-a 


■a 


-a 


•n 



s :^ i; 



I I I 



I I 



I I 



Z u 



» w 



2 W) 



<5 hj :^ o 



I I I I 



I I 



I I 



dn h-) 



U fe 



u 



IlH fe 



(U <u c 



u 






Plh 


fit 


ffi 


u 


PL, 












u 


PL, 




















PI 


M 


PI 


N 


PI 


PI 


M 


M 


P) 


M 


P) 


M 


PI 


PI 


M 


PI 


PO 


PI 


N 


PI 










\iJ 


VO 


\o 


VO 


MD 


VO 


VO 


VO 


O 


VO 


^ 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 




















































ro 


I^ 


m 


xO 


ro 


u 






o 


CN 








fO 






ro 






VO 


PO 








ct 


PI 


PI 


PI 


P) 


PI 




^ 


PD 


P) 


P4 






PI 






PI 




" 


P) 


PI 




M 


to 


fcJO 


W) 


bX) 


M 


t* 


Can 


bf> 


o- 


bf) 


W) 


it) 


bo 


a 

CO 


bf) 


bh 


bf) 


bit) 


bin 


a, 


b'fi 


hf) 


bin 




3 


^ 


3 


7 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 




3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


C/3 


< 


< 


< 


<: 


< 


< 


< 


< 


<: 


< 


< 


< 



rt ^ rt 



5P <J=! 'J=! ^C 



U3 to rt 



c^ ^ ill) a d 1^ J-. 

C 3 C ■£ -S C « 



12; 






s 


O 


s 


O 


J3 

CO 


s 


^ 


^ 


O 


O 


o 


S 


hJ 


o 


s 


S 


o 


S 


g 


o 


^ 


po 
_po 


o 


PO 


PI 


lO 

JO 




JO 


^^ 




PO 


^ 


o 

JO 


l-H 


JO 




CO 


lO 

JO 


ji 


o 

JO 


N 


PI 

JO 


N 
J) 


ON 

Jl 


JO 



ro 


H- 




CO 
PI 


»4 


^ 


1) 


•J, 


ti 


o 


2 


a 


< 


o 


H- , 


< 



^ !H 



2 S 



S o 



u ^ 



O (U 

Ph q 



S 5 -fl 



tuo rt rt 



5 bO j= 



fin CO 



° 2 



^q^oos;3o^So;j:so;^ 



-a 5 « (u 

■— ' y Ti flj 



.ti ^ 



3 





c?5 


6 

CAl 


O 




1) 


"3 






OJ 


3 

o 


f- 


^ 


3 


rt 


u, 


rt 


rt 


K 


^ 


C/J 


C« 


i^ 


U 



u 



o •= OJ 

S < w 



" SJ 



^ w ^ 



O i; 'r 



H-1 U W Q < E 
(xxxi) 



— rS rt 1:! 



<;oucoo<;p:;o 






o fa 

a S 
u h 
< !£ 

W 



M ^ 






I I 



I I 



CL, CL, 



S o 



Oh 3 



^ e2 



O 

< 
O 

o 







ro 




. 


C 

CS 
_!) 
;-■ 

O 
Si? 


*-t 




dj 




^• 




rtv 






vp 

OJ 






5 




c 

3 


a 

u 


o 

1-^ 




vp 

PI 
a> 


< 




oT 




o 


1—1 






in 


^ 




3 
I— > 


^ 






TJ 


t'J 




^ 


r 


3 




■a 


S 

H 


o 






bX) 










o 




01 






• S 




j; 


d 




u , 




"O 










o 

Q 


£r3 








c 
o 


3: CO 


3 




"O 


W 




--« 


•^^»^ 


-a 




— . — 


H 


X) 




73 










>> 












































u 

z 

9 

M 


' 


1 


> 

c 

o 


o 


2 

"a; 
bO 


1 


1) 

3 

>=5 


1 


-a 

3 

-n 

3 
U2 


1 


C 




1 












6 


























U 


























X 
















z 










W 










































h 










•6 




> 












•< 

u 
u 
O 


> 

ri 


1 


a 
>^ 

be 

D 

u 


c 
1- 
o 

< 


< 

C 


1 


i-i 

o 


1 


01 

c 
a. 


1 


aj 

a 














^ 


^ 














7. 

< 


C 




3 


3 
1) 


fc/J 
0) 

In 


biU 

0) 

to 


3 


> 

PLh 


0) 
Pk 




> 

PLI 


>• 
PU 


H 










ri 


N 


N 


ri 


M 


N 


M 


PI 


o 


VO 


O 


VO 


O 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


o u 




oo" 


. 


O 








. 


. 


VO 


t^ 


Ov 


"K 




"" 


ro 


M 


M 


n 


*^ 




N 


P» 


PI 




&, 


> 
o 


c 


3 


bfl 

3 


Ml 

3 


3 


Oh 


Q. 


bXl 

3 


bJD 

3 


bC 

3 


CAl 


/5 


Crt 


< 


< 


< 


< 


CO 


Ol 


< 


< 


< 


h 
O Kt 




c 
o 






^3 


T-l 






T) 






-0 




o- 






C 


c 






c 






c 


^J 


E 

O 


.4J 


4j 


rt 


c« 






rt 


4-> 






U H 

a, % 


4= 

s 


S 


u 

a 


-a 

c 

3 


5 


i 

"aj 


a 

"aj 


aj 
-a 

3 
3 


aj 

a 


a 
Pi 

"aj 


•T3 

3 
3 




< 


^ 


< 


< 


CO 


C/3 


Ph 


PL, 


Crt 


«< 


PL, 


C/} 






ON 


\o 


M 


00 


On 


o 


r^ 


ro 





PI 







ro 


ro 


ro 


'^ 


ro 


ro 


ro 


■<S- 


ro 


-^ 


tT 


■* 


Ok 


pr 




co" 




rC 


d 


-" 


o' 


PI 




CO 


00 


fi" 


> 
O 


o 

4) 




> 

O 


c? 


tj 




o 


> 
O 




t3 


3 
1—1 


12; 


Q 


o 


;2; 


;s 


O 


< 


« 


^ 







s 




c 






















n 




o 








-o 














O 


5 


£ 


r/l 


iri 


3 


ri 
1u 


p 


1 


"aj 


S2 


F 


2 
en 


u 

< 


to 


o 


s 


a 




C 




T3 

3 
aj 




a 




Ph 


ffi 


^ 


<; 


< 


« 


Cfi 


&H 


Ph 


<: 


Pk 


< 












tn 


M 






bo 
c 
o 










IH 


en 


O 




15 


o 


a 

o 




4) 


tn 


tn 




O 
tfi 


5 


U 

U! 




> 


a 

o 


<; 




in 

a 
< 


pq 

0) 




pq 


(i< 


"u 




Ph 


< 


1/1 


^ 
rt 


a 


^ 
a 


S 




Pi 




H 


o 




rt 


f 




t/) 


V 


a 


Q 


^ 






o 


3 


< 


ri 


vi 


O 
1— . 


o 


1— > 




>— 1 



(xxxii) 



^ 




f^ 


,. 








<rs 














[^ 




■<*- 


o 


<U 








Pi 




iP 










00 


I^ 












00 






JJN 


c 




ro 




0!i 




LO 


K 








N 


HH 
















;:; 


00 


■"■ 




vp 








"3 


P-, 


VO 






_>> 


c 




^ 








J3 






>' 


22 




CO 






so 


•— > 

c 
o 

tn 

T3 


(V 

c 
5 








1— > 

p 

fcuO 


1— 1 




U 












o 

tn 


o 




ID 

-a 




o 




3 


t( 


S 






CS 


B 












D 




<u 


lU 




ro 


(U 






X 


a! 






o 


O 




5 












6 


s 




O 


C 






§ 


fi^ 




O 
en 






s 


Q 




r^ 








< 




< 


< 


20 


O 




i4 




T) 


Q 








T3 


TD 




'O 








•u 




Td 


■a 


■a 














> 




rt 








































^ 




CL| 


























.2 






1 




1 






O 


.5 
IS 


1 


i 


O 


1 




T3 


C 

o 


1 


c 


1 


1 


1 


a. 
o 












c/J 


o 


"^3 

o 


-a 






O 




J3 
















E 

e< 

J5 






e 




s 


a 


o 


^ 






6 




H 


3 


(U 




3 








J5 


1) 






< 




< 


U 


U 


P-, 






ir. 




< 


CAl 


m 




m 








o 


U^ 














a 




















































































rt 




a. 
































1 




1 




S 

00 


1 


en 

o 

.a 


1 


1 




1 








1 




1 


1 


1 


1-1 














Ph 




c 










S 


o 


(U 












-a 


1- 
















en 

in 






o 

in 




03 


s 






s 
















Ph 




fc, 


< 




< 






S 




Ph 


hLI 


PH 




Uh 








;< 


U* 


t, 








































































rt 


rt 












































^ 


0) 








































o 


o 
















> 


- 


- 


- 


- 


a. 


> 




3 3 


3 


- 


s 


3 




Oh 


> 


3 


s 


i 


s 


^ 


3 












o 
















O 


O 


^^ 














C^ 










U 


Oh 














U 


U 


P. 














<N 










N 


M 


N 


N N M 


M 


N 


M 


M 


M 


M 


N 


M 


M 


ri 


PI 


M 


VO 


\o 


\o 


\o 


\o 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO VO vO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


vp 

















rf> 


_ 


o" 




^ 


c5" 


o" 




00 


o 


n" 


^ 




rC 


rC 


o" 


i-C 


d 


to 


r^ 


- 


t-C 


rC 


M 


^ 


ro 


M 




n 


ro 


M 


N 


ro 


ro 


^ 


M 


ri 


M 


ro 
















bh 




bV) 


tV) 


a, 


tji 


bh 


bfi 


bn 


U) 


bin 


CAJ 


bO 


bO 


to 


b£ 


bo 


bO 


bO 


bC 


f^ 


trj 


b/D 




u 


3 


3 




3 


s 






3 




3 














lU 


^ 




< 


o 


< 


< 


Ol 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


Cfi 


< 


< 
















T) 


Ti 










TI 






t3 












T3 
















C 


c 


<u 














c 












C 




4_, 












rt 


ri 




4_, 






rt 




4-1 




<i-i 








■t-i 




6 


tn 

<u 

s 


5 


S 


- 


s 


= 


i-> 

-a 

c 


3 


c 
o 


•a 

4= 

£ 


^ 


' 


1^ 

-a 
5 


E 


£ 


T3 


1-1 

£ 


z 


- 


£ 

o3 


45 

£ 


11 

c 


PL, 


< 












^2 


c« 


id 


< 






a; 


P- 


< 


(73 


< 






Ph 


< 


in 




VO 


m 




Tf 


o 


o 


r'j 


TJ- 


VO 


ro 


Tl- 


, O 


tT 


O 


-i- 


LT) 


00 


m 


■^ 


fO 


o 


- 




M 


ro 


ro 


■^ 


-*• 


■* 


M 


N 


■^ 


■^ 


■<1- 


'i- 


ri 


ro 


ro 


ro 






■^ 








1 






vO~ 


00 




CO 




-* 








O 

ro 


rC 




VO 


ro 


;:; 


VO 


- 


M 


VO 


ro 








<U 

c 

3 
•— > 


c 

3 
•— > 


ti) 

3 
< 


ci 

1— > 


t^ 


IS 








c 

1— > 


5 

1—1 




> 

o 


bO 

3 
< 


Oh 
HI 


'3 
1 — 1 


42 


> 

o 


t^ 


C/3 












> 


c 










































4«! 


^ 




>. 
















T3 
















^_, 


_^_j 


3 


1-1 
O 
> 




o 


-w 


3 


1 






.4_» 


T3 




4_» 


o3 


.4_, 










,4_, 




in 


in 


43 
in 


'> 


45 

o 


y3 


4-! 
tn 




TJ 


•a 


OJ 




g 


<u 




1-1 






11 


£ 
i4 


(LI 


c 


s 


45 

e 


3 
43 


dl 


>> 


Cl 


3 




"a; 




45 

E 




^ 


4-! 

£ 


C 
3 


43 

£ 


" 


"■ 




45 


> 

(U 


< 


<; 


^ 


^ 


pa 


G 


CA) 








< 


P 


Ph 


< 


in 


< 






— 


Ph 


U 


















fi 














































oi 




















c 


C 








in 

<u 

C 

PQ 

c 
o 

tn 

'C 

3 




^_, 


■£ 




tn 

in 


^ 


S 

oS 


s 




C 
Pi 

45 


S 








"S 


o 


c 
o 


o 

tn 

C 


o 

tn 
C 


42 
in 


tn 


1-1 


o 

3 

M 

(U 

E? 

o 

m 

o 


n 
< 

s 


< 
tn 

■^ 

4) 
h-1 


P3 

lU 

bo 

O 
D 

o 


s 
s 

.2 
1 


o 
1-1 

PP 

pi 

N 

aj 

Ui 

CU 
Ph 


45 
'l-l 

m 

C 
OJ 

1-4 


pp 

£ 
.2 

1 


£ 

3 

m 

45 

o, 
<u 

'Si 

O 

1— > 


U 

45 

£ 

>-< 

1) 


13 
U 
-a 
t« 


o 

tn 

l-i 

d 

45 

u 


tn 

2 
IS 
u 

P3 
l-i 
in 


4^: 

o 
o 
U 

"c 
t^ 


c 
o 

in 


03 

Q 

(U 
tn 
in 
<u 


s 

bO 

1- 

o 

(LI 

O 


4ii 
o 

Q 

43 
.2 

'C 
a 

£ 

< 


4i! 
o 

s 

C 
43 

O 
1 — 1 


w 

T3 

c 
o 
£ 


w 

E 
.2 


o 

3 
11 
TD 

< 



(xxxiii) 



CO rt 
o 

V 




o 



-^ I 



E I 






U 0, 



















U3 

C 

o 










c 


















2 
















"> 










SP 


















O 






i_ 










o 










a 


h 
















< 






u 










u 












<u 
















j_ 


1 


— 


1 




1 


1 


~ 






1 




.5 


3 




1 


1 










D 


11 




'^ 






















O 
















H 


*^ 




rt 




^ 








.^ 


k- 




u 


m 


rt 


^ 






%4 




u 


^ 


u 


u 








V 








V 


O 




(U 


£ 
E 




u 






OJ 


.22 




1) 





O 






c 




£ 








2 


E 




£ 


3 
C 
rt 


£ 






E 


E 


E 




C4 






rt 






V 


'3 


n 




rt 


o 


rt 






n 


n 


rt 




u 




S 




(=^. 






G 


^v^ 


h^ 




(i- 


U 


h^ 






[X, 


E 


\^ 


fc 


























__ 








3 








•i 


1) 


c 

HI 


(U 


u 




<u 






c 
a 


V 


4J 


rt 


<L) 






OJ 


0) 










E 


0! 


"(< 


rt 


j^ 


rt 


^ 




rt 


rt 


o 
a. 


rt 


_ 


^ 


J 


rt 


^ 


, 


^ 


^ 


< 


> 


M 


> 


> 


o 




* 


•• 


£? 


> 


_> 


> 


" 


- 




> 


"• 


" 


" 


■• 


« 


'u 




'b« 


"C 


o 


*u 






4> 


'u 


'C 


o 


"C 






c/l 


'C 












Ph 


CA) 


Oh 


IIh 


U 


CL, 






O) 


IX 


Ph 


CJ 


Oh 








Pk 












M 


M 


ri 


N 


N 


M 


ri 


M 


n 


~~ 


M 


N 


N 


N 


M 


M 


ri 


n 


N 


rq 


M 


vp 


o 


O 


o 


i? 


vp 


VO 


vp 


vo 


O 


iP 


o 


vp 


vp 


^ 


vO 


vp 


vp 


VO 


vp 


vp 


O H 


t^ 


vO 


irS 


LTi 




o" 


"„ 


lO 




o" 


o' 


>-o 


l^ 


o" 


", 


o' 


ro 


LO 


o' 


rT 


ro 


M 


N 


M 






n 


•^ 


ri 




M 


ro 


CI 


ri 


M 


CO 


M 


M 


ro 


ri 


<\ 


M 


6J0 


bb 




^ 


bJo 


CI, 


to 


M 


M 


bi) 


bi) 


bb 


bb 


Q, 


bb 




bb 


bb 


bb 


C- 






3 


3 




3 


<u 


3 




3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


OJ 


3 


w 


3 


3 


1) 


< 


< 


< 


ca; 


< 


< 


io 


< 


< 


< 


<< 


< 


< 


< 


W 


< 


in 


< 


< 


< 


c« 


O u 


•a 


















TS 


















-o 




-n 


c 


















c 












c 






3 




c 


H S 


rt 


^_, 
















_rt 


4^ 










JS 




4-1 


J5 




i3 




c 

3 


(A 

6 


: 


s 


- 


I 


5 


- 


s 


u 
V 
•V 

c 

3 


in 

V 

JS 

B 


- 


- 


i 


E 

rt 


u. 
n 


c 

o 


in 

CJ 

£ 


<u 

•a 

c 

3 


E 
53 


1- 




C/2 


< 
















(r. 


< 








&< 


c« 


U 


< 


c/: 


PL, 


'J: 




(^ 


00 


Cj 


o 


00 


UO 


I^ 


O 


vO 


W1 


00 


VO 


N 


Ov 


Tj- 


r^ 


ro 


C-. 


ro 


N 


XO 


b. 


_p 


!r> 


;^ 


j-o 




_N 


-P 


^Tf 


_p 


M 


/o 


_N 


/o 


j-o 


tn 


_N 


,-* 


^o 


-+ 


ro 


^T 


= 
U H 




M 




-? 


o 




ro 


Cs 


ro 


UO 


rC 


cr 


<5 


00 




"i^ 






00 


t^ 


10 




J3 






> 

o 


ST 

C/2 


"5 


3 

< 


tj 

o 


rt 


X3 
<U 


< 


o 


bb 

3 

< 






bb 

3 
< 




1—. 


a. 




S 








c 












































c 
o 








> 


> 












>< 






i3 


> 






n 








U 








^ 


^ 


c 










^ 






t—> 




c 


b. 
O 
U 


_4J 






C 




c 

0! 


>> 


rt 


rt 




0) 








rt" 

> 


'5 


rt 


c 




u 
^ 


c 


-53 
a; 


< 




> 

h-1 


J5 

s 
< 


o 


s 
< 


C 




C 
a! 

u 


U 


c 


< 








C 


rt 


£ 
O 

u 


c 

rt 


"rt 


C 
3 




































1- 










S 


> 

u 

o 


c 
c 

o 


•a 


C 

X 


in 

to 

c 

to 

OJ 

E 


1) 
■a 


C 


en 

OJ 


tn 


rt 

Q 


rt 

X2 
3 


c 
o 

c 

O 


c 
o 

M 

c 

o 

1 — > 


U3 
bO 

c 
3 


rt 
c 
o 
tu 

H-I 


3 
h-1 


£ 
o 
u 
rt 

< 


c 

"rt 




£ 

£P 

c 
0^ 


3 
bO 
rt 

c 


IS 


b 


1-^ 


rt 

a. 
U 




u 


0^ 


i-ui 


OJ 

E 




4) 

o 




d 

ri 


E 
.5 




M 
O 

E 

< 


C 
rt 


rt 


bjd 

u 



E 


^ 
^ 




(U 


u 


o 


O 


C 
nl 


J3 


O 


rt 
Oh 




'(?: 


1 


PP 






i 




^ 


< 



(xxxiv) 






^ rC iO' 






fe c 



3 C 
»— lO 

<u a 



< oci; 






c/; c/2 



— D 



U U C/3 P- 



i: 


Ti 










c 


<u 






p 


rt 


c^ 


4-1 


4_l 
























OJ 


^ 


(U 


q) 


4-) 


T3 


^ 


-c 


o 


C 




g 


s 


^ 


C/) 


Cfi 


< 


<: 



I I 



" § g £ 
o J3 S rt 

P fe Cfi fe 






Oh pi< :/} •< fe 



-ti O ti 



Clh U PM 



P Ph 



vO 


\o 


o 


« 


vo 


VO 


O 


vo 


VD 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


'f 


o 


00 


c^ 


•* 


r-^ 


- 


lO 


u-i 


r^ 


r/1 


r^ 


ri 


CO 


1-^ 


•* 


00 


ij- 




lO 


O 


m 


C4 


p) 


CI 


Cl 




M 


<■! 


N 


M 


M 


" 


ri 


N 


M 


.- 






" 


a, 


tr 


hr 


tfj 


W) 


b/) 


P. 


SO 


M 


W) 


bf, 


W) 


tCl 


a. 


tfi 


hV) 


bfl 


O, 


W) 


W) 




3 


3 




3 


3 


3 


3 




3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 




c« 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


cn 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


CAl 


< 


< 


< 


m 


< 


< 


(XJ 



_rt oi ^ 



C/i CD Ph CO Ph ■< 



< O < c« < PQ 



> 4-: 
o o 

^ O 



Oh O 
< ^ 



CO i;^ CO CO 



§ o ;? < < 



t-r i-T 2" " t^ 



< S P S < S S 



&^ > 



t: -z: M 



I - - 





'X3 


)S 






<u 


i 


3 


£ 




S 


3 


- 






ID 


o 


to 

rt 






rt 


a 

3 


c 

3 
C« 






fa 

0! 
•— > 


s 
< 






1) 


c 










< 


s 
< 


3 





(L) 
U 


1m 


0) 

P3 


't* 














tn 










c 

o 
















c 
o 


5b 


"oj 


<u 


-a 


O 
C 


en 




1) 


"a. 

Pi 
§ 

en 


13 

tn 






-a 




■B 


^ 

rt 






^ 


_5J 


E 


o 
(J 


3 

c 
o 


o 

O 

6 




o 
.5 


JO 

o 

Pi 

S 


1 

Pi 

1-1 


Pi 

bO 


3 
Pi 

P 


3 
P£5 


Pi 
>< 


OS 

C/3 
< 


1^ 




C/2 

CD 
1m 


cJ5 

P 

3 


r. 


o 




d 


o 

(L) 


<u 


c 




> 


e 


o 


^ 


O 




i£ 


o 


0! 


j= 





0) 


rt 






E 

«— . 


^ 


< 


-J 


P 


< 


^, 


< 


o 


W 


U 


< 


u 


u 


U 


O 


h^ 


> 








(xxxv) 







>> 




ON 






o 


tJ 


VO 






s 










M 


c 








o 

U 

OS 




rT 




""* 


MM 


■^ 


it 

OS 






< 






3 

c" 


.2 


C 
3 
1 — . 


< 




a; 




-a 




_^ 


& 


3^ 


tn 






a, 




c 




TS" 


o 


.J2 




'o 


o 


C 
3 




^2 bJO^ 


-a - 
-an: 


o 






11 




^^ 


. (J 

"a! 








en Pli 

s 


CAJ 




-d 


P3 


^ 


^ 










13 




— .— 


-d 


>— v~ 


"d 






J2 




















en 




















rt 




















^, 
















M 




















U 




c 
















Z 




o 
















s 


2 


_£ 




1 




1 


1 




1 


(0 


ij 


r! 


1} 




«J 






,(_, 




H 


« 


m 


^ 




in 






<n 




P^: 


60 


0) 


• o 




<L> 






s 








IS 


>1 




6 
< 














^ 




















c 




















cS 




















J2 














Z 






(J 














o 






<l> 














H 






S 














•«; 








1 


u 


1 






1 


CL. 






tn 


1 




1 






1 


u 
(J 

O 


o 


1) 

s 


O 
O 




2 




g 


£ 






o 


k« 


>> 




rt 






^ 






l-l 


(« 


u 






rt 


c4 






o 


fc, 


Q 




K 




U* 


(x< 








_ 




















ft 
















^ 


V 


u 


0) 














2 




o 
















< 


> 


a, 
o 
U 




- 


' 


- 


'- 


= 


' 


.^ 


M 


N 


N 


M 


N 


N 


M 


OJ 


N 


iP 


VO 


vp 


\p 


VO 


O 


VO 


VO 


VO 


o £ 




















^1 


CO 


t^ 


r^ 




r^ 




o 


(^ 






M 


N 


■* 


M 


"" 


ro 




•^ 


o 


til 

3 


bi) 

3 


o, 

ID 


si) 

3 


1) 


M 


bJO 

3 


<1> 


12; 


<< 


<! 


in 


<; 


Ui 


< 


< 


W 


^ h 




















§§ 


2 


73 
















< m 




ra 






^j 


^_t 




^_t 


^j 


■^ 






en 


Ifi 




tn 


tn 


-J J 


c 


V 


- 


- 


<u 


<u 


4> 


11 


CLi Z 


<u 


TJ 






J= 


J5 


^ 


jC 


J5 


M 


w 
u 


3 






s 


£ 


'^ 


£ 


£ 




o 


c« 






< 


< 


PLi 


< 


< 




ro 


ro 


ro 


N 


o\ 


\j^ 


m 


00 


ro 


u. 


^■<*- 


_5-i 


^■<i- 


_Tf 


/o 


_M 


_cn 


/^ 


^w 




- 


ro 


O 


CI 




(3 


ri 


d 






u 

1) 

Q 


0) 

c 

3 
«— » 






<U 
C 
3 
1 — . 


bb 

9 
< 


bb 

3 

< 




B 










h-j 






>, 




e> 










^ 






■^ 




K 
















U 




m 

b 
O 

H 


<D 
1^ 


C 
1) 








in 
lU 


C 

d 


o 


C 


u 

< 


> 


C 




C 


3 
P3 


e 




O 
u 














r« 




















u 














<u 






o 
































<u 

c 

pi 
tn 


O 






1> 








< 




2 




tn 


^ 

i 



en 


2 


c 
o 
tn 




c 


0! 

£ 


s 




<u 

s 


J3 


c 


o 




o 


(T( 


•— > 


K 




O 

>— > 


^ 


o 

1 — . 



ffi 



p^ 



u 







T? 












tri 












<l> 












13 




















< 




O 








s 
















0) 

tn 
O 
&, 

CO 








H 
























Z 

u 

Q 






o 








1 


t:; 




13 














s 






b 


s 


X 


(ij 


X 




j= 


o 


j3 




tn 

tn 




o 


c 


3 




M 




!< 


Ui 


:« 


z 












o 
























H 












< 




1 






1 














D 








m 










<u 


C 




O 
















V 


A 






b 




rs 


rt 






fe 




^ 


s 












« 




z 




3 
1) 


3 
4) 


bO 

t) 


O 


< 


(X 


h-l 


h-l 


cn 






in 

1-^ 


13 


tn 


o 

u 


b^ 


M 


M 


N 


PI 


N 


VO 


VO 


vO 


VO 


VO 


O M 
















ro 




fO 




M 


M 




N 




•< - 


SX) 


bO 


a 


3 


bO 

3 


< 


< 


(/3 


< 


< 






>~, 




>i 


>. 


h 




<u 




<u 


H) 


O H 














-m 




-o 


-o 




r3 






tn 


i^S 


>-. 


K 


s>~, 


E 


ffi 


»-■ J 


(U 


j= 




A 


X 






3 
O 


tn 

1-. 


3 
O 


3 
O 




Cfl 


O 


Crt 


Crt 




„ 


ro 


TT 


t^ 


■^ 




M 


ro 


ro 


M 


■^ 




rC 




00 






H K 


•^ 




"^ 






^« 


o 

O 




o 

Q 






SC 


rri 














>, 




>> 


>-, 


(5 


:2; 


V 


c 


(1) 


<u 


.^ 


TJ 


^ 


T3 


-a 


h 


U 
o 


^ 


tr! 




rt 


tn 


tn 

o 


w 

^ 


u 


K 

X 


4:: 




c 


3 


3 


3 




c« 


O 


OJ 


O 







k) 


Crt 


W 


C/2 


m 


H 

s 

< 


tn 

C 


tn 

£ 

.5 


C 
0! 

E 


'£ 

C 

o 


tn 




<u 

On 


o 


2 


tn 

n 


b 


£ 

.2 


N 

5 
< 


£ 

"o 
o 

tn 


tn 
lU 


c 
1> 




ii 


in 


s 


K 


E 



(xxxvi) 



d 
'2 

<L) c 



in ij 



■G2c« .2 iT 
7) CO "O 

r- - .- bb 



>>3 
5 ;^ '^ 



*-> ^ 0) ■ — 

11^ ^' 



D. s^ ^ ±: -^ vo ^ 



U 



T3 c 



5: 



-a s 









^ 




o 




cfl 


>i 




KM 






iJh 






HH 


bJO 






0) 










O 




-a 




OJ 


-O 




■^ 






f^ 


rt 




^ 


c« 




-r; 










>~. 






J3 


C^ 




o 

;2i 






-*-» 


U) 




■J^ 


U 




c 


-a 










O 

X 




■^ 




< 










O 


■^ 




o 


U 




^ 


X 






































1 












































u 




u. 




OJ 


, 


, 


, 


, 


















1 




1 


1 




<u 


1 






^ 




































































■^ 




r. 












d 




g 


















Li 

1) 

s 




£ 






S 






a 


-o 

s 








6 

o 
o 














3 










.n 






n1 


3 




rt 




kl 












H 




^ 


fe 




fc 


§ 




H 






tin 


hJ 




eu 


llH 


w 


































, 


, 


._ 


^ 


, 


^ 


























































































p^ 














































vO 








VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


PI 

VO 


PI 
vp 


vp 


PI 

vp 


PI 
VO 


P) 
vp 


^ 


PJ 

vp 


PI 
VO 


p) 

vp 


PI 

vp 


PI 
vp 








VO 






CO 








00 


PI 




CO 




PI 

PI 


PI 


oo 


PO 


PI 


to 

PI 


PI 


bb 

D 


bb 

3 

< 


bb 

3 

<: 


bb 

3 


bb 

3 

< 


bb 

3 


bb 
3 


bC 

3 


bb 

3 

< 


bb 

3 

<: 


-co 


bO 

3 
< 


bO 
3 


bO 

3 
< 


bo 
3 


-5 


bJO 

3 
< 


bO 
3 
< 


bJO 

3 
< 


bo 

3 
< 


bO 

3 


bO 
3 
< 


1 

"3 
o 


ri 


, 


2 


E 
o 

CO 


>> 

OS 

3 

O 
CO 


X 




6 


a 

X 


<u 

o 


c 

OS 

O 


1> 

3 
O 


^ 


= 




1 

X 


3 

O 


-3 

a 

X 


>> 


2 

vC 

s 

O 


















VO 


oo 


M 


VO 


o 




■* 
^'l- 


0^ 
_PO 

M 




_^ 

d" 
PI 


VO 
_pr> 


VO 




PO 












a, 




o 


bO 


C 








> 




o 


a. 


bfl 

3 




c! 
















C/3 




< 


1— . 






^ 




Q 


< 


< 


Q 


S 


^ 






















ffi 






1-1 








T1 
















>, 

— 

^ 










<u 














rt 
















_o 














bO 










ffi 


nS 


ffi 


>, 


K 




>. 


>^ 


>> 


4> 


c 


K 


-n 


^ 


-a 


"5 


ID 


OS 






rt 


3 




3 




3 




<u 
"1 




§ 




U3 


o 
o 


3 
o 




"o 




3 


- 


= 


C 
nl 



O ™ o i4; 
C/J U CO W 



^ ffi K O ^ < M 



W K ffi 1-1 c/2 E 



u 



w = 



U H-1 



.- .t; --: c 



o tj 



•5 o S rt 



>, 3 3 



w 


pa 


o 


i 


_V 


.B 


fTi 


;? 


r; 


Td 


CJ 


W 



m m o 

:s ^ w 



u u 



u § u 



u 



u g u 



c V, = 



T^ (11 ^ ^ i:^ 1> 



r! 3 —• 



-3 3-3 



(xxxvii) 



< W vi O 



E 






f= 






o 






U 


^ 




§ 




u 


oo 


















^' 
















vO 


Q 








•c 




t 




vO 




< 




> 


o 


3 


& 


Tl 






1— > 




O 

m 


n! 


c 










^ 


>• 


n 


t« 


i; 


w 


T3 


o 






-O 




























::3 








c o « 

= "3 1 

o ^ o 

rt (J 



tja E 











^ 




























3 



tn vp 






< 




c 





:^ 


— O 


3 
















C 


£ 

nl 










si 
U 

OJ 

£ 


•o's 






a 




u 

0^ 




^^ 


^ 








c 


lA 






j: 






E 






.0 m 


E 




^ 






3 


U _ 


£ 

tj 





















c 
ir. 




c 



.. d 

■*-• TO 


d 
rt 








H 






CAl 








m 








TJ 






•d 




T3 




xi 






















i-A 


























u 

2 


^ 














> 


;^ 






bO 




















a 
Q 






1 


1 




1 


2 


c 
o 


2" 






3 


1 






1 


1 


1 


2 


1 




Pi 


SI 


s 










13 
c 

0^ 


C 
> 


13 

£ 



pa 






i 
.2 




2 


■1) 
,^ 













c 





o 


< 






O 






c 




d 


1 




U3 

c 


"o 
























































0) 

> 


i. 






























(U 














o 
















u 














T3 












'^ 


< 

D 
U 
U 

O 


0) 






1 




1 


c 


o 
t3 
1) 

3r 

c 




X 

0) 


£ 


c 
£ 


<L> 

C 

3 

•a 



' 


D 


a) 




1 


1 


1 


.::4 


1 


OJ 

o" 





k^ 








h 




4J 


I- 





b 


Ui 



















4) 




tJ 




rt 








rt 






rt 


k« 


rt 





^ 



















rt 




b 








b 




w 


a 


^ 


fe 


fe 




U 


PQ 








U 




b 


•k 


"i5 


u 
















"c5 


0) 
















c 
.5 


<u 


<u 


2 


o 





































'0 






< 


Q. 


rt 


- 


« 


^ 


<> 


« 


« 


« 


a, 


rt 


^ 


w 


^ 


N- 


u 


- 


^ 




nj 


rt 


»J 


O 


> 



















"C 
















3 


■^ 


"C 




U 


a. 
















'O 


^ 
















P- 


P- 


H 


M 


N 


N 


N 


. N 


N 


PJ 


N 


N 


N 


M 


N 


N 


N 


N 


<s 


N 


P» 


N 


N 


p» 


t Z 


vp 


vo 


\o 


VO 


VO 


VO 


vo 


VO 


iP 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


vo 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


vo 


O H 












































^1 


u^ 


ro 


ro 


r) 


U-) 






o 


ro 


10 




r-^ 


w^ 


u^ 





ro 


ro 




LT) 




PO 


n 




n 


N 


M 




»o 






ri 


" 


ri 


M 


M 


ri 


C) 


D 




PI 




M 


Qi 


bJO 


bb 


bb 


fci) 


M 


tJO 






bJO 


bb 


a, 


bio 


bb 


bb 


to 


ti 


bb 


bb 


bb 


bb 


bb 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


tj 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


w 


<J 


< 


<: 


< 


< 


< 


O 


in 


< 


< 


Cfi 


<: 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


<: 


< 


< 


O bl 
















>y 






>, 








>> 










t». 


>, 














2 


« 






1) 








<o 










m 


<u 


< 2 












































>. 








>> 


>> 


13 
y3 


^>> 


>, 


-a 


>^ 


>^ 


>-. 


1 








>> 


-a 

rt 


^3 
ri 


— 








J3 


_aj 


c 


E 


_U 


■Si 


h-i 


_a> 


(U 


,0 


E 


- 


- 


- 


D 


E 


E 


&. z 


•5 


V 


« 


5 


^ 


4) 
1) 

O 




■a 


•a 




■3 


^ 


(5 












^ 






M 












6 




(4 


d 


E 


E 


d 

172 








rt 

E 


d 


d 

C/2 




u^ 


O 


„ 


N 


"* 


M 


00 


PI 


„ 


r-^ 


„ 


00 


r^ 





^ 


00 


ro 


Tf- 


ro 


■* 


PI 


h 


_rO 


/O 


,^ 


_TJ- 


_TJ- 


^Tl- 


-"^ 


^-^ 


•* 


/o 


Tt- 


_N 


_rO 


_rO 


jt 


JM 


^Tf 


^■rt- 


__-^ 


_T)- 


^Tl- 




o" 


d" 




ro 


« 






L^ 




r^ 


>-o 


■>*• 




■^ 


6 

PI 














^" 




> 

O 




1> 






6 


> 

o 




OJ 




M 




>-, 


,d 
















% 


12; 




CAl 


►^. 




C 


Iz 




fe 


< 


< 




1-^ 


b 














X 














E 


ffi 














bb 




























^^^ 


^_^ 












> 


c 
W 














tS 




























1^ 




>, 














o 
u 
u 
< 


<U 




s 


= 




13 

1— 1 


13 

c 


13 

3 


1 


-a 
t« 


rt 

D 




c 

"sb 

c 


C 
U 


3 
< 




D- 





W3 


E 
d 


- 


S 


E 


rt 
£ 




ri 

E 

(U 








C 

o 


c 
o 





o 




0) 


^ 


























rt 

E 






to 




■r. 





















1) 




d 










1) 


< 


ni 

u 

0) 




CJ 

Q 

CD 


.5 

u 

(5 
w 

tn 

3 


u 

Q 
&^ 

1) 


u 

5 

3 

s 


O 
O 

Q 

(0 

01 

£ 


"5 



Q 
>-^ 

Si 

T3 


"o 

O 

a 

Q 

D 
S 
^3 


Pi 

c 

Q 

« 
c 



1— > 


53 

-a 

c 
W 


3 







3 

3 

ni 

[in 
C 


s 

u 

"G 
c 


C 
.be 





bO 




> 

1-1 

< 


6 
> 


< 

C 
(U 




w 

c 


rt 
£ 

-a 

d 
3 


XI 

c 

3 



0) 

a. 







3 


3 
< 


J3 


(/3 


< 


O 


J3 






1— > 


•— > 




OJ 

p- 







53 

E 


^ 




IS 

Cl, 





(xxxviii) 































^ 




— (U 













po 
































*"* T3 






lA 




.a 


\o 






u 

Q 
















— C 








5 




.^X 

§1 

O oi 






a. 
< 


>-■ 


a! 


3 
1— > 






O ON 

ui 1- 








X 






,■" to 




c 
o 

tn 


■a 
oi 

X 








•Ti 

o 


c 


3 « 
3 . 
O bO 


u 

-d 
c 

3 














rt 






.22 • 






O 

05 


6 
c/2 




3 






0) 


< 


< 

■d 


O 






-d 










-d 






W 






•d 


■d 




,-1 






•d 


■d 


>-v— 


•d 






















o 


Ifl 
























^ 








>- 
^ 












O 


























1) 


>. 


1 




1 


1 


1 






^ 


5^ 




1 


1 




1 


1 




1 


1 


1 


1 


nl 


6 


1 


5 


c 
_>> 

o 
o 


1 


1 


1 


c 

03 


£ 


3 

£ 

_3 

"o 


oi 

d 


tn 

£ 


I 






c 
c 


1 


1 


o 

OJ 


1 




I 




o 


O! 




U 


05 








O 


< 


U 


C/3 


< 






D 






z 


















d 












> 


































in 












u 
3 
in 
































u 


OJ 


. 


. 








a> 








1 






1 


1 


1 


ri 


, 




1 


.^j 




11 


^ 












«3 








1 






1 


1 


1 


^ 


1 


1 


















1-. 

<u 




JS 


a. 








3 

o 


u 
OJ 








0) 

bO 




4) 




_! 


o 


OJ 


IS 








i-i 


s 


o 


£ 


OJ 




i5 


O 








'C 




o 

X3 




-— 


.i-t 


'^ 


rt 








rt 


ni 


3 


rt 


rt 


>-, 




C 


rS 








rt 




OS 




s 


<: 


U 








fc 


t^ 


u 


U 


fe 


Q 




^ 


1-1 








U 




J 


























"^'' 
















r— I 






<u 




OJ 






rt 


s 














0) 










V 


« 




« 


<U 






























1 






o 






<4 


<u 


rt 






<u 


nj 












<u 


c4 








1 


rt 


rt 




rt 


n 


> 


bO 


> 


•* 


•* 


£? 


_> 


z 


^ 


^ 


^ 


^ 


bo 


> 


^ 


* 


^ 




_> 


_> 


> 


> 




^ 








!-• 






























O 








OJ 


'u 






0) 


*»M 












(U 


'C 














^ 


^ 


Oh 


Cfi 


Pu, 






t: 


&- 












CAJ 


Oh 










Ol, 


Oh 


U 


CL, 


Ph 


M 


N 


M 


CI 


ri 


fl 


N 


M 




M 


N 


M 


PI 


N 


N 


N 


N 


PI 


PI 


N 


p) 


P) 


p) 


\o 


^O 


vO 


VO 


\o 


VO 


^ 


\o 




VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


o 


\o 


o 


• \o 


)P 


\o 


o 


\p 


iP 


VO 


















































Tj- 


ro 


lO 


ri 






ro 




w-1 


•^ 


ro 


"^■ 


ON 


ON 


ri 




un 


LO 


PO 


o 


PO 








N 


C) 


C) 






M 


1 


PI 


1— 


M 


PI 






PI 




PI 


PJ 


•■1 


— 


P) 




bO 


bJ: 


to 


bb 


bb 


bb 


fcb 


bb 




M 


1) 


bb 


tb 


tb 


bb 


bb 


^ 


bb 


bb 


bb 




bb 


OJ 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 






3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


4> 


3 


3 


3 


3 


< 


< 


<1 


<! 


< 


< 


< 


< 




< 


Cfi 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


C/3 


< 


< 


< 


7) 


< 


73 


>, 


>-, 




>N 






>, 














>^ 












>> 




>i 




0) 


cu 




4J 






(U 














<U 












1) 




(U 


















































T3 


Xt 




T3 






TJ 














T3 












T3 




•o 




rt 


rt 


>-. 


oj 


>-. 


>> 


Ci 


>> 


>~, 








>, 


rt 






>^ 






ri 


>. 


rt 


>> 


h- 


K 


_aj 


h-i 


_aj 


OJ 


ffi 


<u 


X 








_aj 


K 


- 


- 


D 






K 


u 


ffi 


— 






'O 




'^ 


^ 




T3 


6 


^ 


» 


V. 


-3 








^ 


-^ 


^ 




TJ 




^ 


6 


6 




6 




rt 
E 


6 

1X1 










n 

X 


d 












d 

72 


rt 

K 


d 


(4 


■^ 


00 


ro 


o 


„ 


O 




ro 


LO 


^ 


ro 


Tj- 


LO 






"+ 


O 


LD 


lO 


^ 


l/^ 


o 


un 


_Tl- 


00 

M 

3 






"3 

1—. 


J^ 


1 


jn 


d 


d" 
>> 




^•^ 


P) 

tb 

3 


1 


1 


^■^ 


jtri 


_N 


^PO 


^■* 


_PO 


^■^ 


_PO 




< 


O 


Q 








P 


§ 


S 




< 
















































OJ 


6 


tn 












































ui 


"cS 




































> 






*^ 


". 


fc^ 
















>^ 




















^ 


>, 




o 


o 


>> 








>> 




>~. 




<u 




















aj 




£ 


£ 


(U 








u 




u 
















































5 
2 


^ 


D 


>-, 


>-■ 


-o 


>> 




-c 


M 


^3 
ri 


>. 


£ 


■a 


>, 


>, 


>> 


ri 


>^ 


-a 


tn 


h-i 


-a 








c 






"3 

<J3 


"c 


X 




5 

o 
en 


o 

u 


X 


OJ 
X) 


— 

■3 


XI 
3 


X 


-3 


K 


tu 


6 


OS 

o 




'V 




ri 


Ij 


X 


3 


o 


6 


rt 

X 


O 


O 


6 






^ 


6 

75 


rt 

K 


d 


E 
< 






>-< 


^ 








































o 

e 

ni 
< 

3 


tn 
a! 


S 


53 
c 


a; 
o 

g 


o 

o 

03 


O 

a 


-a 

ri 

3 

oi 


3 

X 


3 

U3 


-a 

3 
3 


2 

3 


bO 

be 

_o 
'v 

"tb 


>> 
5J 

en 


3 
£ 

2 


£ 


-T3 

X! 
E 
O 

'£ 


tn 

£ 

U 

c 
E 


to 

u 
O 

U 


In 
> 

OJ 


3 

ID 

bO 

3 


1) 

05 

O 
< 


■r. 

3 

3 


V 

2 
1 


rt 
1 




1 


.2 

V 


u 

o 


G 




< 


3 

oa 


i 

Q 


£ 

5 


jn 

Q 


3 


tu 

m 


x; 

bC 

Q 


to 
o 

O 


£ 
o 


>-> 

s 


oi 



(xxxix) 



Si 



X 

>» 
c 
a 

a 

o 
O 





c 






''n 




<D 


ro 








u 


TS 








■~ en >" 












•p 


o 


U 


VO 


3 


V 




0) 


3 




o 




-^1 








C 

n 






«j 


rr. 


V 


r^ 


g 


i? 

fi 




rt 


tA 




en 




-<E 






ui 


IS 

< 




o 

■53- 

Q 


c 

3 
>— > 


< 


c 






o 
tn 




S 
O 
O 
en 

j-T (U 

en bfl 

11 

g <-" 

13 


u 




en 
en 

< 




.gT3"0 
3 I- 


■^ 




Oi 

«: 
S 
a 
Pi 


c 

g 

'o 

c 

3 

o 




U 

1« 

u 


-a 

s 


n 

o 
'35 

o 


bO 

3 
O 

CQ 


U 

3 

O 


-5 

c 
o 
o 

tn 




c 

3 lU 
O •- 

S| 
<u 


3 

g 
o 




1) rt o 

3 ^ sf 

oj 1> ■- 


n 

3 

.2 






U 






-d 


c« 


^ 


•6 


H 


-d 






h-1 




CAJ 




oi 






u 


c 














S 






















u 

2 


o 














o 




















c 


U 




1 


1 






1 


U 


1 


1 


1 


1 






1 






o 


Q 

H 
1^ 


-a 
1-1 
o 


o 


1 


1 


J3 


J3 


1 


-J 
o 


1 


1 


1 


1 


J2 


^ 






1) 

a 
o 


i 

j3 




rt 


c 






C 


C 




rt 










G 
ti 

ii 


3 
u 




^ 1 


u 

IS 


t; 

o 




ffi 


p 






o 


o 




E 










o 


o 




O E 


U 


^ 


2 

O 
















ID 

c 

4> 
















>-< 




u 


P 
















"O 
















<u 


0) 


eu 


«; 


^ 


1 


1 


1 






1 




1 


1 


1 


1 






1 


^ 


^ 


^ 


cu 


5 


1 


1 


1 






1 


p3 


1 


1 


1 


1 






1 


^ rt 


rt 


rt 


o 


o 

C 

o 
U 








ID 

a 






ta 

4) 












g 




1 1 


g 

a 

o 


g 










c4 






c3 










ii 


eri 

tlH 




2 


(A 

rt 

pa 




__ 






































13 


"(3 


























n 


"ci 






^ 


u 


i-i 


(U 


0) 


r5 

01 


a; 


















^ 


U. i) 






z 

< 
Oi 


o 
o 


o 

O 


c3 




*i-i 


- 


- 


' 


5 


= 


- 


= 


S 


o 

O 


? 1 

o -C 


5 


= 




O 


U 


CL, 


Oh 


O! 


CL, 


















U 


u a- 






..^ 


ri 


N 


M 


PI 


PI 


M 


M 


PI 


N 


PI 


M 


PI 


pj 


N 


N 


PI PI 


PI 


p) 


VO 


vp 


o 


o 


\o 


\p 


vo 


\o 


VO 


O 


VO 


vo 


vo 


VO 


VO 


vo vo 


VO 


vo 


O H 






































^^ 


00 


•>J~t 


o 


ro 


LT) 






ro 


ro 




n 


PI 


LO 


"1 




ro 


LO 


»o 




n 


ro 


N 


N 


" 


CO 


PI 






N 


PI 


PI 


PI 




— PI 


PI 


p» 


< 12 


bb 


fcJD 


ti) 


bb 


tJO 


cx 


Cl. 
0) 


bJO 


bb 


bb 


W) 


tb 


bb 


bb 


tb 


eU -^ 


bb 


ti) 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


flj 


S 


3 


3 




3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


C/3 


W 


< 


< 


<: 


"< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


W •< 


< 


<: 


o a 


1) 






1) 






>, 
























a S 
u h 














OJ 
























T3 


>> 


>. 


-a 


>, 


>, 


^ 










>> 


>-. 


>-. 




>^ ^ 








6 


c 

o 




6 




c 
O 




6 








■3 


J2 
S 
at 

o 


XI 

3 


6 

CAl 


O E 


= 


- 




ro 


ro 


o\ 


•>*• 


m 


r^ 


O 


00 


00 


N 


m 


^ 


o 


f^ 


ro 


Tf rf 


00 


pn 


t 


_■<*• 


J^ 


jr> 


^ro 


_p) 


_PO 


_P1 


,-<l- 


_p 


^■<J- 


^•^ 


^ 


_p» 


/o 


^•^ 


jr> «■* 


ro 


_■* 




•^ 








vo 


<5 


-^ 


in 

PI 












to 




<^ CC 






h K 










•^ 


^ 


►■ 


















"- M 






^« 


Ml 

< 








13 


J3 




> 

o 






































"~2~ 


.2 


























































I 
















'E 


'C 




















h 




















































en 


in 




















ct: 
















3 


3 




















n 




1 












< 


< 


<U 










> 








O 


T3 


1 




>, 

c 






2 


rt 


rt 


■3 


-3 








^ 










rt 






e 

o 




>~. 


(U 


g 

(U 

o 


■g 
1) 

o 


ni 


(u 


>, 




>-. 




^ ^ 




a 


u 

< 

a, 


6 










cu 

<u 
Q 


6 

C/5 


6 


_4> 

-3 


1) 


5 
O 




O E 


E 


2 

rt 
U 




^ 


























iH 












u 


























_o 






»-• 




< 




C 

o 


O 
O 


bJD 
.3 


en 

< 


c 
o 
o 

a. 


D 

a, 

CA! 

d 


o 


o 

3 
rj 

CAJ 


C 
"3 


"g 


■g 


'g 

CAJ 




eiS 

3 




3 

E 


bO 
3 
3 
O 
>< 


b 


en 


5 

Q 


5^ 
> 


T3 
as 

C 


g 




<u 


a. 




en 

ID 


1) 
O 


13 

3 
g 


o 

en 


;-" en 
g rt 


en 

rt 


-3 

a. 

ei> 








o 
U 


% 


J3 


o 

1—. 


t/1 

o 
I—, 


■5 


5 
Q 






CA! 


0) 

E 






en 



1— > 



(xl) 







N 








1) 

3 








-C 


3 

nS 


-■T3 






J£ 


u 


d 

t3 


3 


^ 






5 


0) 

«3 

3 
O 




II 

2 fe 


in 

O 

U 
■a 




■g 
35 


^vo" 


bi,5 

^ 5 






15 ,_, 


-3 
(73 


2 2i 

^2 


< 

s 

u 




S 

o . 

1^ N 




IS 
<-> 

a; 


> 

3 


c5 
E 

_4; 




3 
-a 


bCd 

13 >> 


O to ^, 

^ ni 2^ 


-gvo 

ni .- 

OJ - 
Nj O 


1^ 

55 o 


y=i 
^co 


d. 

q 

1 

to 
3 
O 

O 


EJ5 

tu to 

E'bb 

p to 
rt to 






TJ 


■d 


< 




1 




13 




c3 


Q 


-d 


-d 




-d 


t3- 


u 

2 

U 

Q 


-5 


1 


1 




2 
"3 


E? 

^ 


3 
O 


2 

13 


B 
O 


3 


c 
o 

CI. 


1 


1 






1 


bo 

3 


3 
ni 




.5 






C 

o 


tn 

in 


in 

6 

.5 


W) 


tn 


3 
1) 

2 


2 


E 

ni 


2 
13 
y3 




53 






to 

E 
.2 


00 










<u 






1) 


1m 


















'n 




^ 








U 


■^ 


3 






■^ 


ni 


ni 






O 






^ 




2 

o 


















u 
o 

O 






















<: 

u 

u 


1- 

c 


1 


1 


0) 


^ 


1) 

T3 

u 


u 




1 


1 


L« 






1 


1 


u 


1 


o 








3 


s 


O 


<u 
CI 


E 


a! 


o 
pj 




0) 


^ 


» 












CTJ 






X 


n 


^ 


ni 


ni 




ni 










(4 






O 






W 


P^ 


fc 


fe 


s 


pq 




tlH 










U 








^ 




^ 
































c 


3 


D 


bO 




"rt 










13 
















ili 


_a) 




S 


u 


(U 








^ 


a> 














2; 


'5 




d) 


<u 




o 










o 


















a, 

ni 

U 




-a 


to 


> 


o 




^ 


- 


" 


a, 

:-* 
O 


13 

Pu, 


- 


- 


- 


- 


s 


- 


H 


PI 


M 


CI 


PI 


M 


N 


PI 


PI 


p) 


p» 


M 


PI PI 


p) 


PI 


PI 


PI 


PI 




b. 2 


vp 


\o 


vp 


vp 


\p 


VO 


VO 


vp 


VO 


vp 


VO 


VO VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


vp 


vp 


vp 


o w 






































^i 


5 


>-o 


"-) 




u-1 


LO 


t^ 


- 


u-l 


to 


i-r\ 


lO 


lO 


lo 


\r\ 


^ 


6 

PO 


- 


^^ 


Oh 


rv 


D, 


a 


a. 


a, 


tb 


"S. 


&, 


Oh 


a< 


&, a 


a. 


D. 


D. 


D. 


bb 


&, 


OJ 


<U 


0) 


1) 


<U 


(U 


< 


m 


<U 


(U 


<a 


0) u 


tU 


QJ 


a> 


<u 




tu 


w 


CA! 


m 


in 


CT) 


c/: 


m 


c/: 


CO 


Cfi 


m 


C/} C/2 


Wi 


C/} 


CO 


CAJ 


< 


Cfi 




3 


3 


o 


3 
O 


2 


£? 

3 


bO 
3 


2 


S 


bO 

3 


3 


3 E? 


bo 

3 


c 
o 


^ 


2 


bJO 
3 


5 




^ 


13 


c- 


a, 


ij 


-2 


^ 


<LJ 


a, 


J3 


-O 


.£ £ 


^ 


M 


3 


u 


^ 


a. 




in 


S 


E 
tu 


MS 


1 




US 
1) 


S 

oi 


CO 


CO 

E 


to 

E 


£ 


y3 


i 


£ 
2 


Aie 


.5 


^ 




.2 


.2 




.2 


.2 


E .2 
E == 


.2 


g 


.2 


0) 

to 

1> 


.2 


u 


i 


U 


o 


o 




'^ 


1 


J3 

o 


O 


i 


i 


c3 ^ 


% 


3 


I 


-3 
U 


% 


O 




» 


o 


Tt- 


M 


VO 


po 


ro 


l-O 


t^ 


y^ 


Tl- 


PO PI 


p> 


lO 


Tf 


PO 


i^>. 


PO 


O s 


o 










_PO 

CO 


_PO 

d" 




p? 


PO 


PI 

d 


ro ro 


6 
PI 


CO 


vd' 
PI 


vd" 


_PO 


vo" 


^^ 


tj 


> 

O 


< 


c 

3 
1 — 1 


3 
< 


(J 

Q 


> 

O 


o 


ni 


o 

3 
3 
1— > 


3 


3 >> 


3 
3 
1—^ 


-d 


d 


3 
1— - 


a, 

en 


12; 


X 
h 


u 
3 




3 
















bO 








bO 








n 




O 




o 






2 






)- 


5 








2 


2 




ti. 
o 








2 


lp 




•^ 


13 


j_. 




(O 

s 


bb 

3 >~. 


^ 


2 


3 
to 


13 
tn 


13 

<n 


[o 




& 


S 


rS 


13 








^ 


73 








lU 






^ 




u 
u 


.5 


in 


J3 


1) 


n 


OJ 


<U 


.2 


's S 


<L> 


ys 


.2 


lU 


CU 


g 


Pi 


i 


"u 


O 


'5 


O 


o 


PQ 


u 


E 


ni 


% 


£ ^ 

c3 ^ 


"c3 


■(3 


% 


CO 




c3 
<u 

o 




o 




















_j_, 
















bi 






.3 




E 






_^ 


t; 


^ 


4-. "?3 


— 












-i: 




O 
ni 


m 

3 




VI 


a! 
T3 

< 


■fi 








-5 




13 


_<u 


13 




to 


2 

o 

P5 

d 

to 




(L) 


U 

3 

'G 




c5 
< 


Q 

£ 
.2 


E 

<; 

lU 

> 




d 

<u 
bX) 

o 


3 
nS 

£ 




ni 
PQ 

-a 


,2 

1 


ni 

5 
-a 


to 

s 

3 






u 


3 


1— - 




h-1 


% 


O 




< 




5 


ni 


1 


-a 


"o 
1—. 




3 
Pi 



(xli) 



c 
a. 

a 

o 
O 





6 










-v3 "^ 


o' 




ri" 














c 

o 


_C\ 






vp 




P 










3 ' 




^ 




bJo 














o 


CI 






ro 


< 


bib 

s 










^ bl) 
1^. 


1) 

bO 






3 
< 

c 
o 

to 














•5 c 


6 
<v 

Q 

bJo 


m 

vp 

2" 




WD 

3 


s 

a 
Pi 


•la 


s 










Pi 

c 
o 

23 vp 


c 
g 












2^ 

c 


3 
_in 

1 


<43 

w 
0) 

x; 
U 





-/■ 

rt 




-d 


O 

Pu 








-6 




-d 




-d 














^~ 


"d 


-d 




"d 


U 


















5 






p5 




£? 




W) 


bO 










a 


1 






_£ 


E 


1 


1 


1 


oT 


1 


2 


< 




3 




3 


h 


1 


1 





1 


a 


1 




3 


^ 


2i 


1 


' 


1 




1 




Pi^ 





tn 


<u 


in 




1 


1 


_g 


• 1 


u 






<D 


-*-" 










'> 






Tn 


c 


E 


Id 


E 


£ 








Pi 






'£ 


c 


iT 








^ 




0) 


-c 


^ 


_rt 


bc 


rt 


.5 






2 








rt 
C 
rt 

a 


(U 


a 












in 

C3 


be 

O 


in 


1 


a, 


1 


1 











•i 




















S 


























P 










V 








"" 








^ 




























1 


1 


1 




1 
















1 


1 


1 


1 


< 
a. 


1 








3 


1 


1 


1 


• - 


1 






^ 




2 


u 




1 


1 


1 


1 


3 




c 


^ 




o 








c 








rt 




Rj 


<D 












H 




rt 


rt 


u 


v2 








ra 




^ 


l-i 


E 


u 


£ 


■^ 


)-> 










u 




g 




OJ 














D 


V 


<U 




(U 










O 




35 

01 


s 


S 










£ 

u 




£ 


E 






o 


a, 


E 














"rt 


o 


rt 








o 




rt 


nl 


*t^ 


rt 


rt 


tn 














cn 


oq 


(l4 








!j^ 




fc 


fe 


K 


ta 


U 


b^ 










^ 


u 


<u 


g 


o 


.5 




o 






























2 

< 




^ 


s 

3 


> 


'5 


O 


> 


- 


- 


- 


. 


J 


- 


3 


- 


- 


- 


, 


; 


- 


1 


o:; 


'C 


•j; 




*c 


3 


o 


■j; 
































Ch 


CU 


c 


Oh 


U 


d. 






























b. Z 


N 


n 


M 


N 


M 


N 


N 


N 


N 


N 


ri 


M 


M 


N 


M 


N 


M 


N 





d 


N 


vp 


o 


iP 


VO 


vp 


vp 


vp 


iP 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


VO 


vp 


VO 


vp 


Vp 


vp 


VO 


VO 


O Bl 


un 






lO 




"^ 


O* 


i/i 


VO 


lo 


LO 


N* 


lo 


in 


lO 


in 


in 


in 


in 


d 


■^ 


D- 


&. 


^ 


bb 


M) 


n< 


H, 


p ^ 


D. 


a. 


^ 


cL 


s. 


a 


^ 


a, 


D- 


a. 


a, 


^ 


D- 


(U 


V 


o 


3 


2 


o 


<u 


D 


0) 


OJ 


ST 


0) 


1) 


v 


0) 


0) 


5J 


0) 


<D 


JT 


<u 


u 


Crt 


Ol 


o 


< 


< 


:« 


O) 


Cfi 


m 


CO 


7) 


c« 


Cfi 


Ol 


(/! 


72 


Crt 


c/) 


m 


(/! 


(/; 


{I. g. 


bO 
3 




2 






bC 

l-r 

3 


c 
o 


3 


c 
o 


c 




2 


2 




fcO 

u 
3 










2 




bO 

3 


o S 


XI 


J= 


0) 






J3 


si 

c 

■g 


J 


Dh 


bJD 

g 


% 


"3 


j5 


X 










"3 


2 


43 


U H 


in 

£ 
.2 




«3 
0) 


s 


; 


en 

i 


g 


£ 


>-• 

1> 






in 

£ 


s 


= 


s 


"3 


vd 

1) 


"3 
<d 

c 


in 
1 


(iJz 




O 


0) 






'^ 


S 


•5 


;-• 


£ 


in 


in 

lU 


s 


S 








rt 


in 

4) 


0) 


S 


M 


■| 


C5 






■^ 


3 


^ 


O 


3 

u 






o 


■^ 








1 


^ 






■^ 




N 


VO 


o 


■* 


c\ 


^ 


VO 


LO 


„ 


n 


ON 


~r 


'^ 


VO 


ro 


in 


r-^ 


00 


_ 


„ 


Ov 


u. 


JT^ 


/O 


;^ 


^Tf 


/o 


^Tt- 


_rO 


^'l- 


^'^ 


/o 


M 


jrf 


^■^ 


_ro 


^■^ 


_p 


j-o 


-^ 


^•^■ 


_Tt- 


rr, 


a H 


vo" 


■<f 


CO 


CJN 


ro 


ri 


l~^ 




vO~ 




(-1 


LO 


LO 


^ 


ds 


CI 


in 


f 


rn 


d 


in 

CI 


Q" 






o 


>-, 


>. 


;J 


^> 




_>. 




> 


^ 


<J 


c 


4> 


_j 


D. 


u 


>, 


M 


6 


c 


o 


dJ 




rt 


O. 


"3 
1 — . 








o 


CJ 


lU 


Cu 


►^ 


u 


a. 


r! 




<u 






o 


c 


:3 
1— , 


S 


< 




1 — . 




;2: 


o 


Q 


< 


o 


C^ 


< 


S 


< 


Q 


a 




































^ 








b. 
O 












Ml 




bO 


ba 










bJD 








> 




£? 




aj 


o 

■? 

c 


2 


, 


^ 


3 
tn 

s 


5 

bb 

c 

'i 


s 


3 
XI 
in 

£ 


XI 

3 


1£ 

<D 




13 


3 

E 


s 


- 


- 


d 
o 
in 

'a 


2 

"a; 
Id 

1) 


3 

in 

E 



E 


u 


d 


o 


tn 






^ 


3 


^ 


^ 


rt 


in 


c 


1) 


i^ 








in 


^ 


'C 


< 

p. 












i 


i 


i 


"a; 




a, 


<u 

O 


$ 










1) 


■| 






60 


















g 




















ri 




u 

a 


'C 

c 
I) 

u 


c 
o 




c 

5 


(« 


c 
o 

o 


O 
O 


in 

O 

U 


o 
U 


x: 
^'"^ 
'c 
5 


c 
o 

1 

Q 
i-A 


5 

5 


o 
E 


5 


in 

0) 

> 

o 




o 

6 


_o 


c 

-a 

X 


a 



T3 

>, 

rt 


£ 

iS 


M 


^ 






>-> 


Q 


hj 


^ 


d 

E 


U 


u 

(U 

bc 
u 
O 


O 


in 


in 


'3 
O 


U 


'5 


< 


^ 


d 

in 




^ 

T3 


>- 

u 
C 


a! 




c 




1^ 


£ 


.5 


a! 




3J 




rt 


in 


3 


^ 


in 

3 
tn 


3 

£ 


rt 




C 
< 






i 




0) 


rt 

s 


i 


S 


5 




0) 


45 


rt 
Z 


s 


J3 

CJ 


rt 




rt 

75 


j3 

u 



(xlii) 



Q 



OI-3 oi 

U 



7) . 






aj ._- ^ >— . 



n 

o 

(lT 
bO 

3 
O 

5 
cqvo 



CT 75 



. 0) 

(P o 

3 O 

O c 



PQvp o 



tR 



"S S 5 := 2 



m Oh u 



Q 5 



wv(./j_,,— t,^ tj *-H TO TO vi^.J-, 






P t; -a 



TO 3 
)-. O ^ 



U CL, 



VO 


^ 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 
































li^ 




lo 


u^ 


u-> 


lO 




LO 




























"" 


U 


^ 


^ 


*J 


^ 


^ 


^ 


^• 


^• 


jj 


^J 



VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


i-n 






lO 


LO 


LO 


lo 


1-^ 


^ 




M 


"^ 


'"' 


z. 


^ 


^~* 



m u:: u:t m m tn in m 



Dh 


Q^ 


a 


o 


u 


(L) 


tn 


7J 


C/J 



vw ^ ^^ >4y tu gj ii> (Lf 



O O 3 "o 



J^ M bJ3 



'-C •- 



= •= e 



'O u 



rt j3 c s S rt 

^ ^ O 



3 3 



i; ii rt 



u o 



^ ^ O 



i-O ro 00 >- 



"^ CO VO OO CO 



ro ro — 



■iJ r^ jJ a. ^ -O 

O ►^ O cJ: Q fe 



< '^ < 



3 S = 



bjO 2< fcfi 



^ O 



X3 


bjo 


D 


q) 


3 


3 


fe 


<! 


^. 






ffi 


£° 




^ 



;= -i: y ■= 



ni -5 



t: rt i> ^ rt 



n ^ >? H to — 



^ ^ E ^ ^ 



^ -^ 



^ W ffi 



U pa ^ 



= .bo = 

s n: K 
w <■ cJ 



2; S 



u 



i-J "rt 



rt -2 t: 



1) 


»3 
_0 


1) 
>> 

o 


O 


m 


^ 


>^ 


< 


(L> 


sa 


>^ 


a 




O 


J^ 


<i> 



o w 



t3 J2 — 



u K 



S U < E fe 



uj < 



(xliii) 



Of! ^ 



Q 1- O 

a '33 ^ 

■— > -S ^ 

•a 



-S t 



.2 ^ < 

"H J s 

= c ^ 

> Da 

a ^ 

K -d - 



U) 



'So T3 

.sll 

^ 3 « 
O 

^i is 

1 if ^ 

? t. " o 

05 .S — o 

« 05 C ^ 

=3 ° 

i I i 

>- O S - 
« §1 '^ 
"^ ^ g c 

i = - '-5 

J3 -a 00 !► 
C D N tf 

8 -3 -g .- 
S « 

«) vD 

"■5 =2 2 

V n 

H \a * vo 

'S S-. to - 

"■=">• 

00 ►-, ^ 3 
- •« ^ "? 



- .c 



- .c .- -o 

C O Q 3 

M "" "^ „ 

I i I 

3 _e -j i« 

CJ '5b -o 13 

■26:5 g 



00 .2 



c 
a, 

g 

o 

o 





lA) 






vo' 




vd 










rC 




B 
0) 










t3 


.= 






bd 

K 


< 

bo 

3 
O 

pi! 

c 
o 






<u 
bO 

3 




1) 

c 

3 
1—1 

V 

3 










> 

o 

2 




0) 

> 

ni 

O 


'> 

1) 

X! 










bjb 

3 

E 


E 

E 
E 

3 






•< 






O 




O 










ij 















u.. 






s 

u 






Pi 

c 
o 




Pi 

5 










<u 
in 




-a 
<" 2 

O !> 

a— 


-d 
<u 
tn 









.5 




C 

'e 








rt ro 




1^ 


rt n 








;^^ o 


S-'^ 


a. 








rC 











PQvp 




pa vp 








U ON 


3 

cn 


a. 

3 








-d 


1) 








-d 






-d 




TJ 










•T3 




-^^ 


cn 








— v~ 


cn 






u 

H 


1 


5 




1 


c 
o 


1 


c 
e 
o 
U 


c 
o 


.2 


bO 

u 
3 


1 




1 


1 


1 


B 






1 


2 

"oj 
(J3 

bjO 

E 
'u 

CI. 

cn 




E 



Q 

U 


1 


D. 

E 




1 




1 


•a 

>2 


to 

c 

£ 


o 

0) 


-3 
<n 

£ 
.2 


1 


<v 
o 


1 


1 


1 


to 

B 

a 


2 
tea 


1 





0, 

£ 






o 






S 

3 

u 






E 

3 

u 


c 
'ir. 


? 




"o 








u 


S 




>i 
"o 











>- 
<u 
a, 

0) 






































2 






yl 






































O 


















u 


























< 

u 
u 
O 


' 


' 


0) 

a 


1 


0) 

'rs 

3 


1 


o 
ni 


E 


o 

o 

73 


u 

E 


1 


£ 


1 


1 


1 






1 


u 



1-1 
C 


D 

E 
<u 

a. 

u 


E 

cn 








oj 




o 




rt 


i> 


nl 




ni 








rt 


0! 







n 










[i, 




& 




b 


E 


In 




fe 








[IH 


fc 




u 


U 


5 


^ 


"rt 


(U 












u 

<D 

in 


c 

4) 


1) 














"(3 




lU 






•< 
p5 


O 

a 
o 


> 
Pli 


- 


- 


' 


= 


= 


P-I 


- 


=^ 


- 


= 


= 


3 






U 





Ph 


- 


= 


H 


N 


M 


^1 


M 


M 


N 


M 


M 


N 


N 


N 


N 


N 


M 


M 


N 


N 


5 


M 


N 


N 


, 2 


vp 


vp 


O 


P 


vp 


\p 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


VO 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


Vp 


vp 


5; U 


T? 






" 


to 


i^ 






to 


•^ 


to 


> 


to 


to 


to 


to 


to 


to 




to 


'. 


s \^ 


M 


ci 


^ 




1- 






►" 


I- 




►1 




•" 


►- 


" 


" 


'-' 


►— 




" 


t^ 


;^5 


• 


^ 






^ 


^ 




^ 


^ 


4_i 


^ 


^ 


4J 


^ 


4J 


^ 


hJ 


4-j 


bJo 

< 


+J 


H-J 


bfl 


D, 


■^-> 


■4-J 


o. 


c 




o. 


CI. 


D- 


G, 


C 


CI. 


a 


Ci. 


a. 


c 


a, 


O, 


Oh 


Q 2: 


5 


o 


u 


<J 


<u 


<u 




<u 


1) 


0) 


o 


(U 


(U 


<u 


(U 


m 


<u 


OJ 


1; 


<U 


W 


<: 


ca; 


o 


o 


U) 


m 




Cfi 


cn 


cn 


Crt 


cn 


cn 


cn 


cn 


cn 


cn 


cn 


cn 


cn 


u.^ 


bJO 

3 


c 
o 






3 






c 
o 




2 


2 


c 
o 


2 


B 



c 



E 



B 



bO 

3 


B 



3 


3 


o U 

< </) 


.2 


a. 


= 


5 ■ 


(/I 

B 

rS 


o 

C 


1 


c 

'e 


o 

C 


<u 


"53 

0) 


tfi 
c 


"aj 

4) 


£ 


a, 
E 


'e 


bi) 

c 

'e 


1 


to 

B 

e 


cn 

E 


tn 

£ 
.5 


•5 


»-i 






j5 


u 




£ 




<u 




£ 




l-l 


^ 


E 


E 


s 


£ 


in 


S 


(^ 


■^ 


o 






^ 


o 




3 




J3 


j3 


3 










3 


3 
CJ 


■^ 


3 
u 


■^ 


^ 




Cn 


o 


Tj- 


M 


CO 


o 


t-^ 


M 


00 


o 


N 


t^ 


M 


'i- 


ro 


n 


00 


M 


„ 





00 


(z. 


_ro 


_"*• 


rn 


^■^ 


_rO 


J^ 


/O 


/o 


^M 


_Tf 


_ro 


N 


_CO 


^Tt 


;* 


i-< 


jn 


N 


/o 


_■<*• 


_ro 


O K 


« 


^ 




ci 






o 


to 


00 




rC 


■^ 




M 


vd 


0; 


r^ 




vd 





'f 


P" 


a, 


c 

3 
•— > 


o 


OJ 




a. 


d 


>> 


CJ 


O 


^ 


^ 
O 






1-^ 

CL, 


tj 




cn 


rt 


E 
1— > 


^ 




< 


o 


3 


<: 


< 


1— » 


§ 


o 


o 


S 


Uh 




a 


< 





S 


§ 


< 


H 
PS 










c 




C 


c 




c 




C 




c 


D. 

E 

CTJ 










£? 


u5 
cn 

x' 

ni 


bO 


bO 


b 
O 
U 
U 
< 


u 

o 
u 

c 

nl 

a: 


2 






o 

's 

6 

3 

u 


j3 
o 

O 


o 

M 

C 

6 

3 

u 


o 

'£ 
£ 

3 

u 


J3 

c 

0) 

o 


o 

"5) 

_c 

E 
E 

3 

u 


2 

yi 

< 


o 
a, 
E 

3 
O 

cn 


2 

"oj 

11 
to 

u 


E 


ni 


2 
"3 

«3 

bC 
_fi 

'C 
a, 

cn 


3 

£ 
.2 


3 

£ 
1 


3 

in 

£ 

.2 

1 


























^ 


c 














!2 














l-l 














D 







}-i 










oi 




u 

S 














■X2 




o 
o 


IS 


^ 


C 

o 
o 

cn 

<i 

c 


CO 


bO 

C 


_o 






CD 

H 
-a 


E 



g 



Im 

^ 


< 


o 

Ph 
.22 


O 

.5 


1 

Id 


D 

O 


o 

P^ 
g 


o 

o 

Pi 
p^ 

'> 

<D 

H-1 


Pi 

o 


I) 

Pi 

E 


Pi 

<U 
> 


^' 

bO 

o 


1 
cn 

cn 

0) 


cn 

CO 

c 


73 

U 
(L> 




cn 

Q 

c 


ni 

< 

c 

C 

3 

%.. 

H 








cn 

H 

3 


-E 


H 
H 




O 


'cn 
o 
1—. 


Td 
W 


O 


<t3 




^ 




0) 

o 


5) 

Pi 


rt 
^ 


£ 


X) 


Q 


E 



1 







cn 


1 — 1 



(xliv) 







fe 








Cj 








S 








OJ 








o 
























o 








Pk 








^ 








u 
















-Q 








rt 
















t: 








o 








U 










^ 


1) 


T3 




o 










(U 




c 




tC 


T1 


o 


(U 


(U 




fe 


^ 


0) 
h-1 


o 








l-l 




(U 




a> 




> 

a 


1- 


13 






V 




e 

nt 


»-■ 
u 
c 
o 


c 

a, 


<u 

a 


lie 


U 


u 




H) 
















0) 






O 


> 


- 


- 


o 








N 


C) 


M 


ri 


VO 


VO 


VO 


^ 




















LO 


LO 


i^ 




I-* 


*-" 


1— 


^ 


^ 


^ 


^ 


& 


D. 


Cu 


ex 


Ol 


u 


u 


<u 


C/J 


■Jl 


Ui 


Cfi 






bl) 




2 

'til 


2 


3 


^ 


« 


<43 


in 




1) 


<L) 




S 


<n 


tfl 


•"^ 


(U 










u 




^ 


O 


„ 


00 


„ 


Tj- 


M 


ro 


ro 


■5f 










LO 


Tl- 


vo 


ci 




C 
3 
1— > 


t) 


> 
o 


Q 


o 


z 






c 








c 




TD 


-a 


o 




«J 




U 


4= 


'^ 


w 


^ 




i> 






fe 




0) 


_rt 


fe 




^ 


O 


1-1 


U 


U 


H 


o 






4) 








bfl 








t: 


, 




>> 




<u 




o 


XI 


c 


>> 




^ 




K 


u 


hJ 


n 








H 


c 


'> 




o 
•— > 


ffi 







>^ 
z 

< 

o 
o 



Q -J 



o S 

u h 
< S2 

(^ 2 
W 



< 





1) 


(/i 


bti 


X 


JJ 




O 


"^ 


U 



pU 



u 



S I 



u 



W c/5 W 



I I I 



(J U^ ^ 



a, 


h-l 


h-1 


c/: 


> 


- 


3 






tn 


01 


to 


1-1 

P-, 








PI 


M 


PI 


N 


Cl 


N 


M 


IN 


MD 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 



I rt 



Ph W u 



VO VO VO 



00 " - ^ « '-' 



j7uo3j7ucjuooo 
cr)00<cAjOOOOOO 



•? t^ -Tt 



t"? Til t; 









W 



P) N VO n N 
ro M ro •* -"J- 



s < 



,^ O ^ 



<£ _4> tC -S y:; U3 



cfl w K <; W H 



crt ffi U 



G, •-= .-n ^ 



pq 


n 


pq 


1^ 




U 


c/i 


cl; 


^ 


d 








_g 


J3 


T) 




o 


rt 


i 


u 


1-1 


K 


S 


Q 



O < 2 ^ - 



~ - <u 



ffi Oi u u 



■c^ 






? u ■" 
be >, 

«j o 5 



< "-.fa 

>. cr-s 

!> u a. 

rt =: c 

hr" t- rt 

t < ac 

u &• o 

3 U 01 

js a T3 

rt 10 V 

J= o rt 

t^ rt i 

m" "! So 



„ 


^ 


o 




» 


o 


bb 

3 




2 


< 


<; 


U3 


-o 


•a 


rt 



«<2a 



(xlv) 



Si 

.8 



c 
a 

a, 

s 

o 
o 















o 








00 






O 
in 

10 

4> 


On 






CO 

vp 






vp 














in 

■a 








J3 






vp 






J- 






<« *?3 














3 








^ 






in 

m 

< 








^ 

C 






1 ^ 


t/) 












_j_, 








3 








3 






re 






fe ^ 


<: 

s 

a 












O 
PL, 

13 


3 






O 

£ 




T3 
3 
re 

3 

re 

£ 

(U 
<L) 


3 
>— . 

2' 
vg 

13 






2 
13 

15 


re 
E 

tj 
<u 
13 




15 c 
S 1 














s 








-d 






Cfi 


Ti 






'U 


Cfi 




d; -d 


g 

2 

M 
Q 

H 


1 


6 

'5 
o 




'^ 


1 


1 




3 


1 


1 


3 
O 

6 


3 
3 
O 

U 

c' 

(U 

> 


3 
O 

a, 

E 
re 


1 


1 


3 


s 

re 


1 


3 


3 

E 




3 

2 1 
0- 1 

E 

,3 






h-1 










's 






"B 


S 


in 






en 




E 


3 


ti 






cJi 


o 








o 
U 








O 




^ 






re 

W 




3 
U 


pu, 



























u 


B 








































(LI 


rt 
























1- 
















2 


£ 
























o. 
















'3 


in 


















Z 






u 
















Xi 




















o 






<u 


















13 


















H 






M 
















c^ 


in 


















< 


1 


1 


*!* 






1 


1 


1 


1 




^ 


^^ 






1 




1 




1 


1 


c 


1 


1 


c 






1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


o 


o 






1 




1 




1 


I. 1 


a 






rt 


































OJ 


S 








U 
^ 

1 


<L> 

E 












u 

2 

c 
o 
U 


E 
E 
o 


£ 
re 




re 

•J 




E 

re 




E 

re 




3 

a 
re 
U 














"^ 






























K 


13 


u 








C 


D 


























£ 2 


z 

< 




c 

O 
(J 


0^ 


3 


2 


- 


<u 


13 
_> 

PLi 


= 


:: 


3 


- 


3 


- 


1 


- 


- 


s 


' 


- 


£ 1 

3 > 

J; '^ 

Q PM 


.^ 


N 


M 


M 




C) 


n 


M 


M 


N 


M 


M 


M 


M 


M 


M 


M 


M 


M 


N 


M PI 


vp 


i? 


iP 




^p 


vO 


iP 


i? 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


VO 


vp 


VO 


vp 


vp 


vp vp 


O H 














oo^ 












»o 












", 


■^ H- 


« S 








1 


















ri 










00 


t~* 




" H 


*-• 


(— 


K- 


1 








•^ 


>— 


t-l 


^ 






'-' 




Nri 


»-• 




hi 


•^ 


< £2 


^ 


^ 


^ 




bin 


bb 


l> 


^ 


^ 


^ 


^ 




bJO 


^ 


D. 


^ 


^ 


0. 


^ 


bJo H-: 


Q :i 


u 


O 


o 




3 


3 


o 


O 


u 


O 


u 




3 


U 


U 


u 


u 


(U 


u 


3 


2 


o 


o 


o 




< 


< 


^ 


o 


o 


o 


o 




< 





CO 








O! 





< 




c 






^ 


c 
o 




c 


3 




3 

o 






C 
O 




3 



3 




3 


3 




I' & 


o 






5 






o 


O 





























o 2; 










D, 










Q, 






CL, 




a. 












" w 


Q. 






a. 


E 




H- 


a 




£ 






E 
re 




E 

re 


a 




0. 


O. 




w 


£ 


^ 


^ 


p 


2 


s 


£ 


3 


2 


2 


2 


S 


2 


E 


3 


2 2 


3 
O 






i« 

nj 
W 


<u 




tn 

d 
W 


ci 

in 

ri 
W 


Ij 

1^ 




<u 

15 


13 


in 


13 
<^ 
15 

a: 


in 


re 

in 

re 
W 


13 

15 


re 

.g 

re 

W 


re 
re 


oj 13 
13 15 




M 


•* 


_ 


'^ 


O 


t^ 


r^ 


n 


lO 


M 


"^ 


t>. 


„ 


ro 


10 


o\ 


VO 


Ov 


_, 


M 1- 


b 


^■^ 


__-^ 


^■<^ 


/o 


J^ 


^M 


_rO 


j-o 


^ro 


-P 


_PO 


_ro 


/^ 


_rO 


N 


_ro 


^ro 


JO 


_ro 


_Tt- ^T( 








tj 




> 

o 














3 


o 




vd" 
re 






(5 

M 

cu 

3 
3 
t— 1 










o 


IS 


^ 












< 


< 


o 




S 





















c 










3 




3 


3 




3 








3 




BS 


c 








o 










O 




O 


O 




3 




3 







m 
ii. 

o 

H 
U 
< 


o 

H. 

E 

3 




- 


s 


3 
in 


a, 
E 

tn 


2 
13 


3 

S 
(U 

o 


t 


^ 


E 

rt 
D 


>> 

1) 


U 

u 

in 

<L) 


E 
re 


3 

re 

£ 

<u 






£ 

re 

3 


C/2 




Oh 
£ 

n 

in 

re 

W 


2 

13 

vg 

15 




3 

'£ 
E 

3 
U 


0- 

£ 
re 

In 


re <u 




































m 






c 


< 
1^ 


(L> 

-a 

in 
>-. 


1) 
O 

c 
o 

< 


u 


S 


CJ 

o 
o 
rt 

O 

X 


c 

3 

W 

fq 
o 

3 
rt 

c 
^- 


E 

o 
pq 

in 
u 

n 

JS 

U 


E 

m 

o 

m 

3 


(J 
1) 

}-• 

PC 

3 
O 


1 

£ 

P3 

p^; 
< 


3 
O 

m 

£ 

V 
;-< 
<u 
t— , 


2 

in 

P5 

1—. 
u 

(U 

£ 

h-1 


3 

<u 
o 

4) 

O 


V 

3 

re 

u 

V 

to 






a 
&, 
_re 

U 

re 



0, 

re 
U 

w 

6 
_re 

1 


0) 

■5 

U 

Q 
tn 
3 

in 
3 

3 

<: 


in 
CJ 
5: 

re 

Q 

tn 
_aj 

re 

u 


tn 
'> 

re 

P 

tn 

> 


D 
k. in 

3 

Q < 
3 & 

•r 3 



(xlvi) 



ri 








^ 










VO 










'o 






ro 








— 


OJ 


" 












f—> 




*" ^ 










c 




4_, 


P 










Xi 
















rt 




OO 














^ 












m 


o 


bb 

3 
< 






rt 

•— > 

5 






_tn 
rt i 


3 

o 


rt 

oT 

bfj 


QJ 

G 








o 
U 

U 




P 

c 
_o 

tJ 


JJ 

3 

1 — > 




2 

rt 

X 




to 

PI 

13 . 




2 






£ 






-^ w 


"o 


j-T 








"4-4 




ri 








■4-* 




D XI 








rt 






= ^ 


I—* 


P< 


1) 








o 






C 






rt 




bo <u 


Pi 






J3 
1^ 




2 Si 


> 


o 

P3 










E 




C 

0) 


O 

T3 
3 






o 

(0 

J2 




5 " 




-d 






73 








iz; 


-d 


(X, 








S 




2 








< 


















"rt 


C 
C 

o 
U 




























10 




c 
o 




c 






c 






c 




c 






C 

o 


3 








j; 


^ 


c 


■^ 






1 


o 


1 


1 


o 


_x 


"So 
c 


o 


1 


o 


. 







1 


1 







5 


o 


^ 




' 1 


1 




1 


' 


a, 
£ 


'5 


a. 


1 


£ 


' 


2 


£ 
2 


a. 
£ 


1 


1 






H. 
E 


a. 
£ 


o 

rt 


' 


03 




rt 






rt 


^ 

fe 


% 


rt 




rt 




vg 


rt 










i:i 


rt 








en 

oi 






3 
O 

C/3 


c 

rt 


6 


rt 

w 




rt 

w 




rt 




1^ 

O 








O 


1 


u 

O 

15 


rt 












































































i-i 




















1 


1 




1 


. 




. 


c 




1 


, 






(U 




1 


1 




b 






<u 


1 


1 


1 




1 


1 




\ 






1 


1 


1 


-g 


3 




1 


1 




^ 


u 




aT 


1 
















rt 












v2 










"rt 


(U 




« 














0) 




;c 


(L> 








£ 


i) 








2 


c 
a, 








E 
c5 




s 

a! 






rt 




> 


c 

"rt 








o 


3 


rt 








"3 


E 

rt 


3 
■2 




fe 




f^H 






fe 




Ph 








s 


§ 


Ph 








fe 


U 


fe 


55 




15 




































"rt 


D 








o -ti 




































o 












- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


* 


2 


- 


" 


- 


" 


- 


- 




s 


" 




a, 
5 


rt 


- 


- 


s 


J Ph 




































U 


£ 








M M 


N 


M 


M 


N 


PI 


N 


M 


PI 


PI 


P) 


PI 


PI 


PI 


N 


p) 


P) 




PI 


p) 


p< 


p) 


PI 


P 'P 


vp 


iP 


VO 


P 


VD 


iP 


VO 


vp 


o 


VO 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 


vp 




\p 


vp 


'P 


VO 


vp 


fS "^ 


-' 


Co' 


^ 


n 


" 


-' 


fO 


CO 


-' 


n 


-" 


00 


oo" 




-' 


^ 




» 


>-i 


" 




» 


O 3 
























> 
o 






















tj 


£1. 


a 


o 




O 






tj 


tj 


o 


0^ 




o 


u 




o 


u 


cu 


aj 


u 


D << 


O 


in 


c 


o 


c« 


o 


Cfi 


c« 


O 


o 


o 


^ 


c« 


Cfi 


o 


o 




o 


o 


Cfi 


O! 


o 


c 
o 




c 


c 


c 


^ 




c 












a 
o 


c 
















c 






o 


o 


o 


5 




G 












o 
















o 


p, 














































^ i 




D. 


a 


a. 


Dh 




H, 












^ 


a. 
















H. 


2 


s 


£ 


£ 


£ 


2 


E 










-a 


rt 


£ 












TJ 


T3 


E 






rt 


rt 

J3 


rt 


rt 




rt 


" 


" 


" 


" 




rt 


- 


- 




- 


- 


'5 


13 

vg 


rt 

J3 








rt 


o 


3 
O 


rt 


rt 

w 










rt 




rt 












rt 


rt 

1^ 


3 
O 

in 


■O CO 


00 


lO 


oo 


ro 


r~- 


M 


VO 


o 


? 


Tf 


Tf 


■* 


0^ 


m 


Tl- 


'i- 




o 


ro 


00 


PI 


o 


ro _N 


/^ 


_rO 


_rO 


/o 


j-i 


_^ 


n 


^■^ 


^•^ 


/o 


__-^ 


_ro 


^■^ 


^•* 


;* 




/o 


^■^ 


JO 


;"* 


jrn 


in 
M 




O 






vo' 




iC 


rC 








pT 
PI 


CO 


PI 










d~ 


vo" 


LO 




u 

rt 

S 














a 
< 


C 








2 

•— > 


a; 


(J 










> 

o 




£ 

rt 
1— > 




















>^ 






























o 




c 
o 

p. 

E 


C 

o 
£ 




o 
U 

c 


O 
3 


5 


OJ 


G 
O 

a, 
E 


s 

E 




2 


c 
o 

a, 

£ 

rt 


5 
g 


5 

e" 








c 
o 

M) 

c 


2 


2 


1 




1) 


rt 


rt 


'7j 


0) 

2 


o 
E 






^ 
jz 


rt 

£ 






rt 

J3 




' 




" 


E 

3 

u 


13 
*£ 


13 




33 ^ 


> 

1) 

1-1 


in > 
rt 

M 


rt 
M 


S 




rt 
> 






3 
O 




OJ 


rt 


OJ 





1 








rt 


rt 






















c 




















U) 








t« 






73 










c 


o 




















0) 

rt 

"^ 

E 

rt 








73 






1) 










o 


tn 












*— 
















2 


rt 

T3 

w 


O 
5 


2 

o 




_0 
"rt 

O 

N 
C 

o 


"5 

to 

o 
>— > 


o 

t« 
rt 

u 


O 

>— > 

^' 
"rt 

"e 

ID 


c 


<u 

d 

"o 


In 

3 

C/2 


2 
o 
-1 

tn 

rt 


£ 

<i 
< 


£ 

in 
rt 


£ 

'c 
Q 




c 

rt 

£ 

i 

c 
/= 
o 

•— > 


tn 

rt 

W) 

o 

<u 


C 
O 
u> 
O 

'to 

O 

»— , 


4> 

o 

O 

>-> 

c 

0) 



(xlviil 







o >, 


ro 




rO 


m 








•* 








1 




t^ 


f*1 


<-i 












a -^ 


yj 




VO 


\u 








00 








n 




CO 


>o 


VO 




















































, 




Tj ^ 








00 








-* 












CJ 


CTi 


r^ 












r^i 




>-< 


M 








M 








.2 




*-* 


>, 


»^ 








1 






< 




3 


o! 








c 










iP 


3 




ft 








OS 






>> 






1—. 








1— > 








4:J 


d\ 




t^ 


< 








< 






u 




3 
O 










o 








-a 


C 


O 


u 


SO 


















Pi 










ft 








00 ft 


S 


<u 




























(4 












et 


j3 


















-6 


s 

-d 
















o 

tn 




^ 


J3 


in 


-d 
























c 






w 






















u 

z 






1 


e 
o 


1 




c 
o 


'r4 


C 

o 


1 


J?; 












1 


I 


o 


o 












c- 




1 


^ 


(U 


D- 




c 
o 


"U 


Tl 






' 




1 


ft 


ft 




H 


c 


-a 




b 






t 


h-1 


C 


















H 


fci 


'V 


« 


o 

% 






en 

a! 






o 








<4=: 
















in 

W 





.8 



C 

a. 

a 

o 
O 



I I I I I I I 



I I I I I 






U 



ft 



t^ U u v^ l- 

2 c« ft U ft 






N 



N 



^- „" J" „' « ►-■■ kT w" « « i-T hT -T ►-■■ « hT i-T <^ "* 

SrUUUOUOCJUOOnrcjUUtJUU333 

c«OOOOOOOOOOcfiOOOOOO<<:< 



W) 



h Z 

o u 

«s 

u h 

< i£ 

•J J 

(^ z 



TT £ 



£ S 



Hi: >^ z. ::i H 
ft ft " 
E E 



£ £ £ £ 



<js t: "t: 









W W ffi 



O X 
HI H 



- O « 






Q <; 



ft 
< 



2 o 

ft ft 

'a £ £ 

y:: :s rS 



c c c 



£ § 



W '*-' K^ "^ W ^ 1^ 



£ £ 






^ ^ 



« Ji 



w W 



;z; ^ ft 
ft W (J 



i i I .^ 

ft ft ft ft 
^ w ^ ^ 



i: c 



^ ^ 



S ^ O 



.ii ^ XI .S M "C 

=: ft V :=: -^ b 



1) ^ 



(n 



hJ = ,-) 



bo bio 1:! ^ 



U U < uj W E 



zi « 



^ 1/2 P ^ 
(xlviii) 



;§ ^ o o 



i; <" 



c ^ 



a 






V 


"o 




o 




ro 






o 


c 






1— > 








o 


<" !^ 






0) 


^ 








-a '^ 




a, 


Ml 


57 






u 


tn .« 




< 


3 
O 


:/) 






> 


S: nl 




c 


»J 








'^ 


1^^ 














u 






O \o 








aj 


ti-S 




j^ 


^ ► 








Hp 




m 


m ON 


<; 






&UW 




w 


"U 


■a 






Oi 






-o 














•a 




^ 












c 
















l-H 








c 


r- 




c 


^ 








o 


O 




o 






1 




















a 


iX 




a. 


o 








S 


S 


-a 


E 


a. 








.a 




<4= 


^ 


c 








S 




rt 


rt 


13 








W 


W 


0! 


w 


— 






1 












i 1 


1 




aj 


(U 






























C 

0) 


C 


v 


CD 


H 







CJ U El- fe 



ii -y o ■" 



pL, 


pL, 


U 


Ph 










m 


vp 


vp 




vp 


vp 


M 

vp 


M 

vp 


vp 


M 

vp 



" « '^ « " " " 

tb 4J tJO jj jJ jJ 4J 

3 o 3 u u o o 

< O < O O O O 



g3 


- 


3 










" 


" 










tn 




tn 

W 










OS 


ri 


Lr» 


„ 


n 


VO 







ro 


N 


Tf 


fl 


Tj- 


^•^ 








"■ 


vO~ 


rC 


1-0 


•^ 








1 


"^ 


I-" 


^ 


IH 


N 










;-i 


^ 


^ 


>, 


_^ 












eu 


Wh 


3 


u 










S 


< 


< 











c 








C 


















































0, 




c- 




D< 




0. 






Fi 




E 


T3 


E 


-a 


S 


» 


- 


rt 


m 


rt 


0) 


M 


'(L) 


n! 






^ 


B 


j3 


-3 


UH 


Xi 






rt 


-o 


S 


Oj 




rt 


ni 






w 


< 


w 


W 


w 


X 


w 






















u 
















CO 


<u 


en 

OS 




T! 


in 





V 


=. 


to 


^ 

V 


Q 


N 

c 




c3 

E 
.5 

1 






C 


"? 


'c 

Q 




c 
W 


■3 

c 



1— > 


to 


<u 

3 


en 



(x'ix) 



< 

CO 



« H 3 
QUO 


•- "^-i-:rsoo -tvs - -r 




d 

H 
H 
K 

P 


1 1 " 1 1 1 1 " 1 1 


ro 


O 

b!p 

P 


rO"| irOM-'i-'-MN 


00 


> 

OS 

BI 

to 
z 

a 

U 

P 


t^-ro^ O rooo flCO N 


o 


I^ 2 

;z;q 
ji z 


a^ o\ o\ 0\ o^ o CO o\ c\ o^ 


o 

ON 


z 

S 

o 
U 

b 
O 
U 

S 
< 

12; 












cccccccccc 

6gaEE£6E6S 
oooooooooo 
OOOOOOOOOO 






NOTES 



NOTES. 



NOTE A. 

Lieut. Col. Samuel John Storrs was born in Holliston, Nov. 22, 1837. 
He graduated from Amherst College in i860, and at once became prin- 
cipal of the High School in Amherst, and remained such until his en- 
listment. He was a successful teacher, and gained the respect and 
good will, not only of his pupils, but of the citizens of the town. He 
was highly esteemed by them all. After his enlistment in Co. G the 
choice fell on Col. Storrs almost unanimously for captain, and the com- 
pany congratulated itself on its fortune in securing a leader of such 
sterling qualities. These admirable characteristics and his fine form 
soon attracted the attention of the line officers ; and, when the field offi- 
cers were chosen, he was made lieutenant colonel. This promotion was 
a severe disappointment to Co. G, and placed it at a disadvantage until 
the gallant Capt. George S. Bliss was found. The company testified to 
their appreciation of their promoted captain by presenting him with a 
sword and a sash appropriate to his new rank. Col. Storrs's services 
with the regiment are known to the whole command, and need not be 
reviewed here. He was always ready for every service required of him, 
faithful in the discharge of every duty, and conscientious above most 
men in all his official acts. After the return of the regiment he went 
to New York City, studied law at Columbia College Law School, and 
was admitted to the bar in 1S66. His life from that time was spent in 
that city in the practice of his chosen profession. He led a quiet, 
unpretending life, and made many firm and lasting friends. His clients 
were business men, and became warmly attached to him ; and he had 
their confidence in an unusual degree. He was a sound lawyer, a 
man of cool and reliable judgment, and of sterling integrity. Of one 
thing his clients and friends were sure, he could be thoroughly trusted. 
His prominent characteristic was his conscientiousness. No man had 
a more manly or more sterling character than he. He was active in 
church work and in all good works of every kind, — a thorough, Chris- 
tian gentleman. May 21, 1871, he married Miss Julia A. Lamont, of 
New York. He died July 23, 1892, from heart failure, resulting from 
a severe surgical operation, from which recovery was confidently ex- 
pected. He was an active member of the Loyal Legion. 



liv HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 



NOTE B. 

JefEord Marshall Decker, adjutant of the regiment, was born in 
Wiscasset, Me., March 6, 1814, and was a soldier both by nature and 
education. For thirty (30) years before the war for the Union he had 
been an active member of the Massachusetts State Militia. He had 
served as captain of a company in Lawrence, captain of Co. G in 
Greenfield, and colonel of the loth Regiment. In addition to these 
thirty years militia service, he had held the commission of lieutenant 
colonel of the loth Regiment .Massachusetts Volunteers during thirteen 
(13) months' active service in the field, prior to his enlistment in the 
52d Regiment. 

While the Army of the Potomac was in camp at Brightwood, D.C., 
during the winter of '61-62, Lieut. Col. Decker was temporarily assigned 
to the command of the 7th Massachusetts Regiment, which position he 
filled most acceptably. He served with distinction in this army until 
the 31st of May, 1S62, on which day the battle of Fair Oaks was fought. 
Soon after this, on the 17th of July, his health having failed him, he 
was honorably discharged the service. 

During Decker's long experience as private, captain, and colonel in 
the militia organizations of the State he not only thoroughly mastered 
Scott's "Military Tactics," — recognized as the best military authority 
of the times, — but also became thoroughly familiar with the "Army 
Regulations," published by the government for the regulation and 
government of the armies of the United States. 

This knowledge, so essential to the efficient soldier, thus obtained, 
was utilized to the fullest e.xtent by him as drill-master and dis- 
ciplinarian. 

Soon after his discharge from the Army of the Potomac permission 
was given by Gov. Andrew to raise the 52d Regiment, with the privi- 
lege of electing its own line and field officers. When the line officers 
had been elected by their respective companies, it became necessary for 
them to elect the several field officers ; and, as Decker had, in the mean 
time, so far recovered his health as to be willing to re-enter the service 
of his country, certain of the line officers naturally sought to give him 
the command of the new regiment. But, upon being informed of this 
fact, his Excellency Gov. Andrew authorized the statement that he 
should refuse to commission him, for the reason that reports had reached 
him to the effect that " Decker had shown the white feather at Fair 
Oaks ! " This announcement from Gov. Andrew, as was intended, 
proved fatal to the wishes of Decker and his friends as to the colonelcy, 
whereupon the captain of Co. E, who had not sought or expected the 
honor, was nominated for, and in due time elected, commander of the 
regiment. 



NOTES IV 

The newly elected colonel, desiring to secure for the regiment the 
benefit of Col. Decker's invaluable services, appointed him quarter- 
master. The patriotic and conscientious governor peremptorily refused 
to commission him, and for the same reason previously given; namely, 
alleged misconduct in the presence of the enemy. 

When this decision of Gov. Andrew was made known to Decker, 
he said firmly : " Well, colonel, I will go with you, anyway. If I cannot 
go as quartermaster, I will go with you as a private. Please let me 
see the enlistment roll ! " The roll was handed him, and without a 
moment's hesitation he signed his name to it. 

This manly and courageous act on the part of Decker greatly moved 
Col. Greenleaf, so that, still believing in his innocence, and still deter- 
mined, if possible, to avail himself of the services of this soldier on his 
staff, he at once resolved on the vindication of his would-be quarter- 
master from the unjust charge of cowardice. With this object in view, 
he at once called upon the late Wendell T. Davis, Esq., of Greenfield. 
A mutual friend made known to him the situation, expressed to him 
briefly his confidence in Decker and his desire to make him a member 
of his staff, and requested him (Davis) to go immediately to the Army 
of the Potomac then in Virginia, and obtain for him duly executed 
affidavits from members of the loth Massachusetts Volunteers with re- 
spect to Decker's conduct at Fair Oaks. Mr. Davis generously com- 
plied with this request, and forthwith started for the front. No time 
was to be lost. The enlistment roll was signed in the morning, and Mr. 
Davis left Greenfield on his patriotic mission in the evening of the 
same day. 

In a few days he returned, bringing with him the desired affidavits 
from officers of the loth Massachusetts who were cognizant of the facts, 
including one from Gen. Henry S. Briggs, who had commanded the regi- 
ment up to the day that the battle was fought. These affidavits, four 
or five in number, were all in Decker's favor. They exonerated him 
fully and completely from the charge that had reached the governor's 
ears. 

Col. Greenleaf promptly laid these affidavits before his Excellency in 
person. They had much the intended effect. They were sufficient to 
satisfy Gov. Andrew that the charge of "white feather" against Lieut. 
Col. Decker was unfounded ; and yet he was still unwilling to confirm 
the appointment of quartermaster, on the ground that that position 
would not enable him to sufficiently prove his courage, which was the 
point in question. Accordingly, the appointment of quartermaster was 
withdrawn, and Private Decker was appointed adjtitant of the regiment, 
which position he cheerfully accepted, and in due time was commissioned 
by the good governor as such. 

Rarely, if ever, in the histor}^ of this country, either in peace or war, 
has the ofiice of adjutant been filled by a better soldier than was Jefford 



Ivi HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

Marshall Decker. He served the 52d Regiment most faithfully and 
efificiently from the time it left Camp Miller, November, 1862, until the 
13th of June, 1863, when, his health having again failed him, the colonel 
ordered him to the hospital in the rear. From that date he never saw 
another well day. He died — this genial, kindly, resolute soldier, one 
of the many martyrs to the Union cause — at Salem, Mass., Jan. i, 1870. 



NOTE C. 



Alanson B. Long was born in Greenfield, Franklin County, Mass., 
A.D. 1837. His father, Lemuel Long, was a farmer, genial and hospita- 
ble, from whom the son inherited in a large degree that spirit of good 
fellowship which was one of his strong characteristics. Of the fond, 
devoted mother, we have only to say that she was all that sacred name 
implies. By energetic effort, Alanson succeeded in obtaining the advan- 
tages of a liberal education, and in due time graduated from Dartmouth 
College and entered Harvard Law School. Here, unfortunately, he over- 
tasked himself and at the age of twenty-four was smitten with paraly- 
sis. After months of suffering he so far regained his strength as to 
make a sailing voyage to Europe and California, by which he was 
greatly benefited. On his return to New England he had so far re- 
covered as to be able to enter upon the duties of principal of the 
Greenfield High School, which position he was occupying when the 
52d Regiment was recruited in the counties of Franklin and Hampshire. 
He at once enlisted, and accepted the captaincy of Co. A. His life as 
a soldier is briefly told. 

Untiring in his devotion to duty, Capt. Long looked carefully after 
the welfare of the men under his command, and most cheerfully met 
every demand made upon him while in the service, even rising from his 
sick-bed in the hospital, at Port Hudson at midnight, and walking three 
miles to join his regiment, when he learned it had been ordered to par- 
ticipate in the memorable assault of the 14th of June, 1863. 

After the return of the 52d to Massachusetts Capt. Long read law for 
a time in the ofiice of Judge E. R. Hoar, but soon returned South, where 
he ultimately finished his law studies in the University of Louisiana, and 
was admitted, April, 1866, to the Louisiana bar, before which he became 
a successful practitioner. At the time of his death he was United States 
District Attorney of Louisiana, and his prospects were bright for a long 
and honorable career. To quote from an article published in the New 
Orleans Picayiine soon after his decease : " He was a very handsome 
man, considerably above the ordinary stature, well built, with an ex- 
tremely pleasant and open countenance, bright, dark eyes, and genial 
smile. His manner even to acquaintances was exceedingly cordial; and. 



NOTES IVU 

even when pressed with business, he found time to give a pleasant greet- 
ing or to impart any information. . . . He never forgot that he was a 
gentleman ; and the best evidence of this lies in the fact that here in the 
South, which he had aided to overcome, there lives not a human being 
who knew him but entertained the kindliest feeling for him." Alas 
that this life so bright and full of grand possibilities was so soon to be 
closed on earth ! Ever faithful to duty, Capt. Long was true to the grave 
responsibilities of the district attorney's office, which at that time — 
soon after the close of tlie war — were extremely trying and compli- 
cated. There had always lingered about him traces of his paralytic 
trouble, which manifested itself in a noticeable thickening of his 
speech when he was overfatigued ; and the arduous duties of his posi- 
tion brought on a fresh disturbance of his nervous system, resulting in 
his death in New Orleans, Oct. 30, 1870. A post tnortem examination 
revealed the fact that the membranes of the brain were congested, and 
that there was an effusion on the brain of about four ounces of serum. 
The physician who reported the autopsy closed his report with these 
words : " A brain of the size of his, and of so fine a quality and surface, 
is a sure indication of great mental power and splendid intellect, and 
could his life have been spared, in health of body, years would have 
developed him a man of gigantic powers of mind." 

This sketch of one of nature's noblemen, whose earth life closed when 
he was but thirty-three years of age, would be incomplete without a 
word respecting his integrity and his unselfishness. Men of business in 
New Orleans have spoken of his integrity as something phenomenal. 
Standing where others fell amid the temptations that surrounded young 
men in the South during this transition period, Alanson B. Long never 
forgot the purity of his New England home training. His manliness 
had ever the true ring. Of his forgetfulness of self, those who were 
the recipients of his tender care and devotion will ever bear witness. 
The last time he was in Greenfield, August, 1870, he lifted the mort- 
gage from his father's farm, and evidenced his provident care for his 
only sister. At this time he said to a friend, " I think I have made all 
comfortable, and I can now begin to plan a home life for myself." Once 
before, in a conversation with this friend, he had said, " I have looked 
death in the face every day for too many years to have it seem alto- 
gether that of a foe." Perhaps on that sad October afternoon, when 
Death found him quite alone, it seemed to his tired eyes the face of a 
friend. Brave, tender, manly soul ! Massachusetts sent out in the 52d 
Regiment no worthier son. 



Iviii HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

NOTE D. 

THE EPISODE OF PATRICK COXOLLY. 

After we had been in camp several weeks and had received several ^ 
mails from home, I saw a little Irish fellow, Pat Conolly, looking sad 
and disconsolate, while the others were reading their freshly received 
letters. I asked him if he had not received any letters that morning. 
He replied : " No. There is no one to write to me. I never had a 
letter in my life." "Have you no relatives?" I asked. "No," he 
said, " not one." I learned his story, and took care ever afterward to 
have a kind word for him whenever I met him, which he repaid with the 
abundant affection of a warm and generous nature. If, when on guard 
or picket, he was able to secure a canteen of milk or some fresh eggs, 
he was careful to see that the chaplain had a share. On the night after 
the battle at Irish Bend 1 secured a length of rail fence for my own use, 
while the rest was speedily turned into kindling-wood, to cook the coffee 
for supper. I took off the top rails and laid them over the bottom ones 
to secure a shelter for the night. While thus employed, Pat came up, 
and said he was looking for me, as he had heard I was sick and without 
any blanket. I told him it was true. I was a good deal used up, and 
my blanket was on my horse, and the horse had been left behind, and 
would not be up for a day or two. Pat at once offered to share his 
blanket with me. I declined, as kindly as I could. Pat was not neat ; 
and I knew that, if I accepted his offer to share his blanket, I should 
have more bed-fellows than I wanted. The next morning we were 
aroused before sunrise. As I crawled out from under the rails, Pat 
stood by waiting to offer to carry my haversack. He had his own gun, 
cartridge-box, knapsack, and haversack to carry. I told him we were to 
have a forced march that day, and he must look out for himself. He 
was heavily loaded. I had nothing but my empty haversack. It was a 
hard march. At night our horses came up, and I had a blanket to wrap 
about me as we lay in an open field. 

The ne.xt day I found Pat, as our straggling line made its way over 
the broad plains of Western Louisiana. He had confiscated a horse, 
which he was leading by a rope. Too unselfish to ride, he had piled as 
many knapsacks of Co. B's men as he could upon the horse, and thus 
relieved the tired and foot-sore men of a portion of their burden. At 
night Pat's horse and the chaplain's were tied side by side, and shared 
their rations between them, Pat close by as guard to both. The next 
day came an order to have all confiscated horses turned over to the 
quartermaster. I was eager to save Pat's horse for the good he was 
doing the company in carrying their knapsacks. While I was meditat- 
ing how we could save the horse, the quartermaster rode up, and ordered 



NOTES . ^i'"^ 

the knapsacks off and the horse turned over to him. Some one near 
me called out, " That is the lieutenant colonel's horse, sir." " Well, let 
him go then," replied the quartermaster. It was a stretch of the truth, 
but it was not the first time the truth was stretched all it would bear 
during the war. Pat kept his horse through all that long march, and 
then turned him over to the quartermaster. 

All went well with Pat till the siege of Port Hudson. On the day 
before the assault of the 14th of June Pat was made very happy by the 
arrival of two letters which I had caused to be written to him, one by 
my wife. He showed them to me with great delight. He passed un- 
scathed through the fierce battle of June 14. But the next day, as he 
lay behind a log, quite near the enemy's works, he thought he saw a 
head he could hit. He fired, and, in the excitement, popped up his own 
head to see if he had hit anything. A dozen bullets flew at him, and 
one struck him in the forehead and killed him instantly. The following 
night two men crept in to where the body lay. They found in his 
pockets the cherished letters. That was all. They threw a few shovels 
of earth over the dead body ; and that was the last of the good-natured, 
affectionate, unselfish, friendless Irish boy, Pat Conolly. There was no 
one at home to mourn his death. I shall always cherish his memory 
with tender affection. 



NOTE E. 



Rodolphus D. Fish was with the regiment on the expedition to 
Jackson Cross Roads. Being sick at the time, he was ordered into 
one of the wagons, and carried some distance by the panic-stricken 
colored mule-driver. While waiting for the regiment to come up, he 
and others were taken prisoners. His own account of his experience 
as a prisoner is as follows : — 

" Shortly there was a dire commotion, — a volley of musketry, — and 
we were prisoners, rifled of our belongings, made to mount the teams as 
drivers, dash through an opening in the fence, across fields, through 
streams. We finally came upon a road running northward. Such was 
the haste that the mules must not drink while fording the stream ; and 
thus we drove till near midnight, so exhausted that in slipping from the 
saddle I fell on the ground asleep, and lay in the wet sand without cov- 
erino- till daylight, dreaming of the springs of cool water in Franklin 
County. 

"At dawn we remounted, and about noon reached their camp near 
Woodville, Miss., having been shamefully treated. At one time a guard 
raised his carbine and threatened to shoot me ; but God kept my heart 
in perfect peace. Here we were more carefully searched, losing many 



Ix HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

valuables, after which they fed us with sour pone, and then prepared for 
an early start on Monday for Jackson. During the night I got an ear 
of corn to gnaw upon. At early dawn some fifty of us were hustled into 
a few wagons, and the third day reached a small village, thence by rail 
to Jackson, having had one small meal a day. At Jackson we were 
searched again, with a revolver in the face. Pockets, stripes, and 
linings yielded a harvest of money and keepsakes, my watch among 
the rest. Here they issued dry meal, giving no facilities for cooking. 
Before the search I had sent a black boy found hanging round out to 
secure some food, giving him a pocket-glass for pay. After three hours 
he returned with two pones, saying he got fifty cents for the glass and 
gave the whole for the food, which, divided between the boy and a few 
men, soon disappeared. 

" Leaving Comrade Dickinson in the hospital, the day following we 
took rail for Mobile, being treated on the way with raw bacon, and 
assured that once we reached the city they would serve us with coffee, 
— corn-meal coffee. Our portion here was a fair lunch a day in three 
pieces, six hours apart. 

"The fourth day our number increased to one hundred and fifty. 
We started by rail for Richmond, passing through Montgomery, Macon, 
Columbia, and on the fourth day reached Raleigh, N.C., where they fed 
us with four hard-tack, the first food since we started, although each 
day we passed throuiih cities having commissary stores, having been 
twice marched to the doors thereof and refused. How we begged to 
jump from the box-cars and eat the luscious dewberries growing pro- 
fusely by the track. But no ! 

" From Raleigh we slowly steamed away to Petersburg, reaching the 
city at dawn. All was excitement. One of our army divisions was 
hovering around Richmond, while the conflict raged at Gettysburg and 
the railway was taxed to its utmost capacity to carry every boy that 
could hold a gun to the defence of the capital. So it was nearly night 
when we were taken in by a train following one loaded with paroled 
Confederates. Six miles out of Richmond the first engine exploded, 
injuring many poor boys ; and we marched in on the track, and were 
quartered in an old tobacco warehouse, opposite Thunder Castle. 

'• In the morning the authorities searched us again with brutal treat- 
ment, after which we pinched ourselves to see if the bones were left. 

"To our astonishment and joy, in the afternoon we were herded with 
some fourteen hundred more Yankee prisoners they dare not keep in 
the city, and taken in and on box and platform cars to City Point for 
parolement, via Lynchburg and Petersburg. 

" Coming around the curve in sight of the dear old flag on the steamer, 
and the stars and bars on the bluff, the rebs began to cheer, and the 
Yankee skeletons jumped to their feet and three times drowned their 
huzzas. How we hustled on board ! and. while pushing out from the 



NOTES Ixi 

wharf, were fed each with half of a large loaf of nice, clean, white bread, 
a large slice of ham, and a cup of hot coffee that was coffee. Down I 
sat upon the deck, and praised God. Did anything ever look or taste so 
good ? 

"Taken to the parole camp at Annapolis, clothed in new garments, 
fed two weeks, sent home, the goodies provided all the way, the 
happy greetings at Greenfield, Shelburne Falls, and home, and the thou- 
sand and one questions about the regiment, which arrived three weeks 
later, — these you must imagine." 



NOTE F. 



RESOLUTIONS PASSED BY THE SOPHOMORE CLASS OF AMHERST 

COLLEGE. 

Whereas our beloved friend and classmate, Alfred Dwight Clapp, has 
been removed by death, 

Resolved^ That we acknowledge the Infinite Providence in this afflic- 
tion, and bow in submission to the divine will. 

Resolved, That we mourn the loss of a dear friend and brother, whose 
upright and honorable character won for him our respect and confidence. 

Resolved, That in his death, occasioned by disease contracted in the 
arduous and exhausting duties of a soldier's life, we see a noble life 
sacrificed in his country's cause. 



CAPT. GEORGE S. BLISS. 

Capt. George S. Bliss was born in Northampton, Dec. 22, 1839. He 
was educated in the public schools of Northampton, and from the earliest 
boyhood gave promise of a noble and manly character. 

On the breaking out of the war he enlisted, June 21, 1861, in Co. C, 
loth Regiment, and served with that noted regiment through the dreadful 
Peninsula Campaign. He took part in the battles of Yorktown, Will- 
iamsburg, Malvern Hill, and Fair Oaks, where he was slightly wounded. 
He was strongly attached to the loth, and his experience there did much 
to fit him for the position he afterward held as captain of Co. G, 52d 
Regiment. In consequence of his wound he received a brief furlough, 
and came home to Northampton. At that time Co. G was " in search for 
a captain." Capt. Storrs had been promoted lieutenant colonel. His 
successor was mustered out of service while the regiment was at Camp 



Ixii HISTORY OF THE 52D REGIMENT 

Miller. George S. Bliss, a sergeant of the loth, was at home, and was 
highly recommended to fill the vacant office in Co. G, and was immedi- 
ately chosen captain. He resigned his place in the loth, and was com- 
missioned and entered upon his office two days before the regiment left 
for the front. He was a brave and skilful officer, kind and considerate 
for his men, an excellent drill-master, and deeply interested in the well- 
being of any man under his command. He gained the respect and love 
of every one in his company. No sacrifice was too great for them to 
make for him. 

On the 13th of June he said to his company: "We are going into 
battle in the morning. Every man must do his duty. There must Ise 
no skulking. A dead soldier is better than a living coward." On the 
following day, while leading liis company, he received a wound in his 
breast, which resulted in his death on the i6th. In a letter written 
home on the 13th he says: "I am not eager to see the fighting; but, if 
ordered in, I shall try to do my duty. If it be my fate to fall, be assured 
you shall have no reason to be ashamed of my record." In his death 
Co. G and the whole regiment lost one of its bravest and most efficient 
officers. 



NOTE G. 



Two Bibles were sent to Col. Greenleaf at the time the regiment was 
organized, to be given to the two most deserving soldiers. Just before the 
regiment started for home a meeting of the staff was held to dispose 
of these two Bibles. One was unanimously voted to Edgar G. Pomeroy, 
of Co. G, who had served as orderly sergeant. The other was given to 
James K. Hosmer, of the Color Guard, for his valuable services as nurse 
in the hospitals, especially at Springfield Landing. 



NOTE H. 



Daniel VV. Lyman, of Co. K, was one of the youngest men in the regi- 
ment, — a few months more than eighteen when he enlisted, — a native of 
Easthampton. He was a frequent correspondent of the Northampton 
Gazette. A soldier faithful in all his duties. Worn out by the march 
from Barre Landing, he was sent to a hospital in New Orleans, and so 
far recovered that he joined his regiment shortly before the assault on 
Port Hudson. A conscientious. Christian man, constantly grieved that 
so much needless work was put upon the soldiers on Sunday, and that 
so many battles were fought on that day. In an extract from a letter 



NOTES Ixiii 

written to his father June i6th, he is told that " Daniel was one of 
the victims of the disastrous assault upon the rebel works made last 
Sunday. He was instantly killed, and afterwards buried by his com- 
rades on the spot where he fell. Your son had carried himself bravely 
and manfully in this campaign. He was interested in all that was done 
for the religious welfare of the regiment. He was led by the noblest 
sentiments of patriotism to devote himself to this cause, and you may 
well feel that he is a sacrifice which you have laid upon the altar of your 
country and your God." 


















^S"-" ^i'^^K -y^^■^ife^'^^^ ^^^^y'^'-i^ ^>^i^^-^ «^f^- 




^^^j!^^-^)*^-^' 

^ 









['^ M\('^f 



'A'!- 






s 



rr 



^'xjW ^Js'^J^'^xiW '^s^l^%:^';^0^' ^M^^^y^i^ -4^%^^^^' 

5^ 4^ M^ f^A'^M M 



M^ )^z^ ^^L id^ pd^. i\- '^% ^"^^ B«. a\ ^^% ^4 " .kH. .\ 



n 




^.m 






^^:%i,i^^'^^.i^ 









mtT^^^ 













-h 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

|M!I 



013 760 197 7 



